Note 1

Ling fong Li
Contents
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Necessity of eld theory in relativistic system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Non-relativistic eld theory-many body problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 Gauge principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.4 Natural unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2 Review of Special Relativity 4
2.1 Lorentz transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.2 Energy and Momentum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.3 Tensor analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3 Action principle 8
3.1 Particle mechanics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.2 Field Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4 Symmetry and Noethers Theorem 10
4.1 Particle mechanics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.2 Field Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1 Introduction
1.1 Necessity of eld theory in relativistic system
In non-relativistic quantum mechanics, Schrodinger equation implies conservation of particle number. This
can be seen as follows. Schrodinger Equation gives
Hc = i~
0c
0t
=
_
d
3
r(c
y
Hc) = i~
_
d
3
r(c
y
0c
0t
)
and its complex conjugate
c
y
H = i~
0c
y
0t
=
_
d
3
r(c
y
Hc) = i~
_
d
3
r(c
0c
y
0t
)
Here we have used the fact that Hamiltonian is hermitian, H = H
y
. Then
==
d
dt
_
d
3
rc
y
c = 0
_
d
3
r(c
y
c) independent of time
Thus the number of particles is conserved and no particle creation or annihilation.
But from the canonical commutation relation,
[r, j] = i~
we get the uncertainty relation
rj > ~
For relativistic system, the uncertainty in j will induce uncertainty in energy 1 through the relation,
j
2
c
2
+ :
2
c
4
= 1
2
to give
1 =
jj
1
c
2
>
j~c
2
1r
or r >
jc
1
(
~c
1
)
To avoid new particle creation we require E6mc
2
. Then we get a lower bound on r
r >
jc
1
~
:c
= (

c
)(
~
:c
)
(a) Non-relativistic particles,
Here the velocity is small compared with c,

c
1,
Then x can be made arbitrary small and wavefunction c(x) has the meaning that [c(x)[
2
is the
probability density for nding the particle in a volume d
3
r around

r . In other words, particles can
be localized for arbitrary small volume in space.
(b) Relativistic particle
In this case, we have

c
- 1,
and
r > (
~
:c
)
This means that particles can not be localized to a distance smaller than the Compton wavelength ot
the particle. In other words, if we use the wavefunction to describe particles, then particle creation
can not be avoided at distance r smaller than theCompton wavelength ot the particle
Note that the usual relativistic wave equations in the forms of Klein-Gordon equations or Dirac equa-
tions run into diculties precisely because particle creations are not inclused.
1.2 Non-relativistic eld theory-many body problem
Field theory is also a very useful tool for the study of collective phenomena in the non-relativistic many
body problem in the form of quasi-particles e.g. superuidity,superconductivity........ The formalism here
is usually called the Second quantization where one creation and annihilation operators a
I
,a
y
I
for each
energy level. For example the transisition from state | to state / is described by the operator (a
y
I
a
I
) anni-
hilates a particle in state | and creates a particle in state k.
1.3 Gauge principle
The development of high energy physics in recent years has converged to the description of all fundamental
Interactions in terms of gauge theories;
(a) Strong Interaction-QCD;
gauge theory based on SU(3) symmetry
(b) Electromagnetic and Weak interaction-
Electroweak theory-gauge theory based on ol(2) l(1) symmetry
(c) Gravitational interaction-
Einsteins theory-gauge theory of local coordinate transformation.
1.4 Natural unit
In high energy physics it is very convient to us the natural unit in which
~ = c = 1
so that many formulae simplied. Recall that in MKS units
~ = 1.055 10
34
J sec
Thus } = 1 implies that energy has the same dimension as (time)
1
. Also
c = 2.99 10
8
:,:cc ==(ti:c) = (|c:qt/)
c = 1 will have the eect that ti:c and |c:qt/ will have the same dimension. In this unit, at the end of
the calculation one puts back the factors of ~ and c depending on the physical quantities in the problem.
For example, the quantity :
c
can have following dierent meanings depending on the contexts;
(a) Reciprocal length
:
c
=
1
~
nec
=
1
3.86 10
11
c:
(b) Reciprocal time
:
c
=
1
~
nec
2
=
1
1.29 10
21
:cc
(c) energy
:
c
= :
c
c
2
= 0.511'c
(d) momentum
:
c
= :
c
c = 0.511'c,c
The following conversion relations
~ = 6.58 10
22
'c :cc ~c = 1.973 10
11
'c c:
are quite useful in getting the physical quantities in the right units.
Example: Thomson cross section
o =
8c
2
3:
2
c
=
8c
2
(~c)
2
3:
2
c
c
4
= (
1
137
)
2

(1.973 10
11
'c c:)
2
(0.5'c)
2
(
8
3
) 6.95 10
25
c:
2
Another exercise is to relate Newton constant
G
.
= 6.67 10
11
:
3
/q
1
:cc
2
to some energy scale, Planck scale. Use
~c = 3.16 10
26
J:
we can write
G
.
= 6.67 10
11
(
:
2
/q
:
2
)
:
/q
2
= 6.67 10
11
J
:
/q
2
Then we get for the combination
(
~c
G
.
) = 3.16 10
26
J:
1
6.67 10
11
J:
/q
2
= 4.73 10
16
(/q)
2
Use
_
~c
G
.
= 2.176 10
8
(/q)
and
1/qc
2
= 1/q (3 10
8
:,:cc)
2
= 9 10
16
:
2
/q
:
2
= 9 10
16
J or 1/q = 9 10
16
J,c
2
we have
==
_
~c
G
.
= 1.96 10
9
J,c
2
Use the conversion factor
1c = 1.6 10
19
J, 1Gc = 1.6 10
10
J or 1J =
1
1.6
10
10
Gc
we nally get
:
j
=
_
~c
G
.
=
1.96 10
9
1.6
10
10
Gc = 1.225 10
19
Gc,c
2
This is the usual statement that the energy associated with gravity (Planck scale) is ~10
19
Gc. Another
way to express the result is
G
.
= 6.07 10
39
(~c)(Gc,c
2
)
2
2 Review of Special Relativity
The basic principles of special relativity are:
(a) The speed of light has the same value in all inertial frames.
(b) Physical laws take the same forms in all inertial frames.
2.1 Lorentz transformation
The coordinate transformation which relates 2 dierent inertial frames is called the Lorentz transformation.
The reason for using Lorentz transformation is to simplify the analysis because in some situation it is more
convienent to choose one frame than the other. Suppose the coordinate system O
0
is moving with velocity
in x-direction with respect to O, then their coordinates are related by
r
0
=
r t
_
1
2
j
0
= j, .
0
= ., t
0
=
t r
_
1
2
(1)
Or
r
0
= (r t) , j
0
= j, .
0
= ., t
0
= (t r) , =
1
_
1
2
This implies that
t
2
r
2
j
2
.
2
= t
02
r
02
j
02
.
02
or t
2

r
2
= t
02

r
0 2
Lorentz invariant
In other words, the combination in the form of proper time
t
2
= t
2

r
2
is invariant under Lorentz transfomation. This relation ensures that the speeds of light are the same in all
inertial frames and can be seen as follows.Suppose
!
r
1
(t
1
) and
!
r
2
(t
2
) are 2 points on a trajectory of a free
particle.Then the speed of the particle is
[

[ =
1
[t
2
t
1
[
_
(r
1
r
2
)
2
+ (j
1
j
2
)
2
+ (.
1
.
2
)
2
For the case, [

[ = 1,we get
(t
1
t
2
)
2
= [

r
1

r
2
[
2
Since this is invariant under Lorentz transformation, we get the speed of light is the same in all inertial
frame:. Another common way to paremetrize the Lorentz transformation in Eq(1) is given by
r
0
= cosh. r sinh. t, j
0
= j, .
0
= ., t
0
= sinh. r cosh. t
where
tanh. =
For the case of innitesmal interval (dt, dr, dj, d.), we can dene the innitesmal proper time as
(dt)
2
= (dt)
2
(dr)
2
(dj)
2
(d.)
2
It is convient to combine space time coordiantes into Minkowski space,
r
j
= (t, r, j, .) = (r
0
, r
1
, r
2
, r
3
)
and r
j
is called 4 cctor. Dene Lorentz invariant product as
r
2
= (r
0
)
2
(r
1
)
2
(r
2
)
2
(r
3
)
2
We can introduce a metric q
ji
to write this as,
r
2
= r
j
r
i
q
ji
where
q
ji
=
_
_
_
_
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
_
_
_
_
For convenience, we can dene another 4-vector
r
j
= q
ji
r
i
= (t, r
1
, r
2
, r
3
) = (t,

r )
so that
r
2
= r
j
r
j
Or for innitesmal coordinates, we have
(dr)
2
= (dr)
j
(dr)
j
= (dr
0
)
2
(d

r )
2
Write the Lorentz transformation as
r
j
r
0j
=
j
i
r
i
For example for Lorentz transformation in the rdirection, we have

j
i
=
_
_
_
_
_
_
1
_
1o
2
o
_
1o
2
0 0
o
_
1o
2
1
_
1o
2
0 0
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
_
_
_
_
_
_
Introduce generalized Lorentz transformationa as linear transformation of x
j
which leaves x
2
=x
j
x
j
invariant. Write
r
02
= r
0j
r
0i
q
ji
=
j
c

i
o
q
ji
r
c
r
o
then r
2
= r
02
implies

j
c

i
o
q
ji
= q
co
(2)
and is called pseudo-orthogonality relation.
2.2 Energy and Momentum
We now want to write the usual physical quantities like energy and momentum in Minkowski space. Start
with inntesma coordinate 4 cctor
dr
j
= (dr
0
, dr
1
, dr
2
, dr
3
)
Since the proper time
(dt)
2
= dr
j
dr
j
= (dr
0
)
2
(d

r )
2
= (dt)
2
(
d

r
dt
)
2
(dt)
2
= (1
2
)(dt)
2
is Lorentz invariant, we can get the 4 c|ocitj by taking the ratio,
n
j
=
dr
j
dt
= (
dr
0
dt
,
d

r
dt
)
which is also a 4 cctor in Minkowski space. It is easy to see that there is a constraint on these 4
components of n
j
,
n
j
n
j
=
dr
j
dt
dr
j
dt
= 1
Note that the spatial components are

n =
d

r
dt
=
d

r
dt
(
dt
dt
) =

(
dt
dt
) =
1
_
1
2

and for 1, we see that

n -

In other words, n
j
is just the generalization of the velocity

in ordinary space. From 4 c|ocitj, we
can form the 4 :o:c:tn: as
j
j
= :n
j
= (
:
_
1
2
,
:

_
1
2
)
For 1,
j
0
=
:
_
1
2
= :(1 +
1
2

2
+ ...) = : +
:
2

2
+ ...
which is just the total energy and

j = :

1
_
1
2
= :

+ ...
is the usual momentum. Thus energy and momentum combine into a 4 cctor,
j
j
= (1,

j )
Note that
j
2
= 1
2

j
2
=
:
2
1
2
[1
2
] = :
2
which is a constriant between energy and momentum.
2.3 Tensor analysis
To implement the second part of the special relativity, physical laws take the same forms in all inertial
frames, we need to express physical laws in terms of tensors in Minkowski space. We now give a simple
introduction to tensor analysis in Minkowski space. Basically, tensors have the same transformation prop-
erties as product of vectors. In Minkowski space,we have two dierent types of vectors with transformation
properties,
r
0j
=
j
i
r
i
, r
0
j
=
i
j
r
i
We can multiply these vectors to produce 3 dierent type of 2:d rank tensors with transformation prop-
erties,
T
0ji
=
j
c

i
o
T
co
, T
0
ji
=
c
j

o
i
T
co
, T
0j
i
=
j
c

o
i
T
c
o
The most general tensor will have the transformation property,
T
0j
1
j
n
i
1
im
=
j
1
c
1

j
n
cn

o
1
i
1

o
m
im
T
c
1
cn
o
1
o
m
(3)
Note the transformation of tensor components is linear and homogeneous.
Tensor operations; operation which preserves the tensor property
(a) Multiplication by a constant, (cT) has the same tensor properties as T
(b) Addition of tensor of same rank
(c) Multiplication of two tensors
(d) Contraction of tensor indices. For example,T
jco
j
is a tensor of rank 3 while T
jco
i
is a tensor or
rank 5. This follows from the psudo-orthogonality relation in Eq(2).
(e) Symmetrization or anti-symmetrization of indices. This can be seen as follows. Suppose T
ji
is a
second rank tensor,
T
0ji
=
j
c

i
o
T
co
Then interchanging the indices we get
T
0ij
=
i
c

j
o
T
co
=
i
o

j
c
T
oc
Adding these two equations, we get
T
0ji
+ T
0ij
=
j
c

i
o
_
T
co
+ T
oc
_
This means the symmetric combinations transforms into symmetric tensor. Similarly by substracting
these two equations, the anti-symmetric tensor transforms into antisymmetic one.
(f) Numerical tensors : q
ji
, and -

have the property

j
c

i
o
q
ji
= q
co
, -
coc
det () =
c
j

o
i

c
o
-
jijo
These mean that q
ji
, and -

transform in the same way as tensors if det () = 1.

i
0
i

j
are all second rank antisymmetric tensor.
The most important property of tensors in Minkowski space is that if all components of a tensor vanish
in one inertial frame they vanish in all inertial frame. This follows from the linear and homogeneous nature
of the tensor transformation given in Eq(3). From this property we see that if we express physical laws in
terms of tensors in Minkowski space then they will take the same form in all inertial frame. For example,
if we have in one inertial frame the relation,
)
j
= :a
j
then we can dene a new tensor
t
j
= )
j
:a
j
and all components of t
j
vanish in this inertial frame. So all components of t vanish in all other inertial
frame, i.e.
t
0j
= )
j
0
:a
0j
= 0
Or
)
j
0
= :a
0j
This is content of the statement that physical laws take the same form in all inertial frames.
3 Action principle
All classical mechanics can be reformulated in terms of action principle which states that the actual
trajectory of a partilce is the one which minimizes the action.
3.1 Particle mechanics
Consider a simple case where a particle moves from x
1
at t
1
to x
2
at t
2
. Write the action as
o =
_
t
2
t
1
1(r, _ r) dt 1 : Lagrangian
Then the action principle says the least action
co = 0
will give the equation of motion. To get the least action, we make a small change in the trajectory r(t),
r(t) r
0
(t) = r(t) + cr(t)
with end points xed
i.c. cr(t
1
) = cr(t
2
) = 0 initial condition
Then the change in the action is
co =
_
t
2
t
1
[
01
0r
cr +
01
0 _ r
c( _ r)] dt
Note that
c _ r =
_
r
0
(t) _ r(t) =
d
dt
[c(r)]
i.e. the change in derivative is the derivative of the change. Then
co =
_
t
2
t
1
[
01
0r
cr +
01
0 _ r
d
dt
(cr)] dt =
_
t
2
t
1
[
01
0r

d
dt
(
01
0 _ r
)]crdt
where we have integrated by parts and used the initial condition. For o to be minimum, we require
co
cr
= 0,
i.c.
01
0r

d
dt
(
01
0 _ r
) = 0 Euler-Lagrange equation
The conjugate momentum is dened as
j =
01
0 _ r
The Hamiltonian is dened by Legendre transform to change the variable _ r for j,
H(j, ) = j _ r 1(r, _ r)
For the simple case, where the force is derivable from a potential \ (r), Newtons equation of motion is
:
d
2
r
dt
2
=
0\
0r
We can write a Lagrangian of the form
1 =
:
2
(
dr
dt
)
2
\ (r)
so that
01
0r
=
0\
0r
,
d
dt
(
01
0 _ r
) = :
d
2
r
dt
2
Thus Euler-Lagrange equation gives usual Newtons equation of motion. Also, the Hamiltonian given by
H = j _ r 1 =
:
2
( _ r)
2
+ \ (r) where j =
01
0 _ r
= :_ r
is just the total energy. Generalization to more than one degree of freedoms is straightforward,
r(t)
i
(t), i = 1, 2, ..., :
o =
_
t
2
t
1
1(
i
, _
i
) dt
Euler-Lagrange equations are
d
dt
(
01
0 _
i
)
01
0
i
= 0 i = 1, 2, ..., :
j
i
=
01
0 _
i
, H = j
i
_
i
1
Example: Simple harmonic oscillator in 3-dimensions
Here the Lagrangian is given by
1 = T \ =
:
2
( _ r
1
2
+ _ r
2
2
+ _ r
3
2
)
:n
2
2
(r
2
1
+ r
2
2
+ r
2
3
)
and
01
0r
i
= :n
2
r
i
01
0 _ r
i
= : _ r
i
Euler-Langarange equation gives
:
..
r
i
= :n
2
r
i
which is just the usual equation for simple harmonic oscillator derived from Newtons second law.
3.2 Field Theory
Field theory can be viewed as the limiting case of particle mechanics where number of degrees of freedom
is innite. We will use a continuous function c(

r , t) to describe this system

r , t). We will write

r , t), 0
j
c) d
3
rdt 1 : Lagrangian density
Variation of action gives
co =
_
[
01
0c
cc +
01
0(0
j
c)
c(0
j
c)] dr
4
=
_
[
01
0c
0
j
01
0(0
j
c)
]ccdr
4
where we have used c(0
j
c) = 0
j
(cc) and do the integration by part. Then co = 0 implies
==
01
0c
= 0
j
(
01
0(0
j
c)
) Euler-Lagrange equation
Conjugate momentum density is dened by
(

r , t) =
01
0(0
0
c)
and Hamiltonian density is
H =
_
c 1
Generalization to more than one eld is striaghtforward,
c(

r , t) c
i
(

r , t), i = 1, 2, ..., :
The equations of motion are
01
0c
i
= 0
j
(
01
0(0
j
c
i
)
) i = 1, 2, ..., :
and conjugate momentum is

i
(

r , t) =
01
0(0
0
c
i
)
The Hamiltonian density is
H =
i

i
_
c
i
1
4 Symmetry and Noethers Theorem
Continuous symmetry implies conservation law. This is the content of Noethers theorem. For example,
invariance under time translation
t t + a, a is arbitrary constant
gives energy conservation.This can be illustrated as follows. Newtons equation of motion for a force derived
from a potential \ (

r , t) is of the form,
:
d
2
r
dt
2
=

\\ (

r , t)
Suppose V(

r ,t)=V(

r ) is independent of time,i. e. invariant under time translation. Then

r
dt

_
d
2
r
dt
2
_
=
_
d

r
dt
_

\\ =
d
dt
[\ (

r )]
Or
d
dt
[
1
2
:(
d

r
dt
)
2
+ \ (

r )] = 0
which is just the energy conservation. Similarity, invariance under spatial translation

r +

a
gives momentum conservation and invariance under rotations gives angular momentum conservation.
Noethers theorem is a unied treatment of symmetries in the Lagrangian formalism.
4.1 Particle mechanics
We will rst illustrate Noethers theorem in classical mechnics. We use the action given by
o =
_
1(
i
, _
i
) dt
Suppose S is invariant under some continuous symmetry transformation,

i

0
i
= )
i)
(c)
)
where )
i)
(c)
0
: are some functions of a parameterc,with )
i)
(0) = c
i)
. Consider innitesmal transformation,
c 1
then

i

0
i

i
+ c)
0
i)
(0)
)
=
i
+ c
i
with c
i
= c)
0
i)
(0)
)
The change of o under the transformation is
co =
_
[
01
0
i
c
i
+
01
0 _
i
c _
i
] dt where c _
i

d
dt
(c
i
)
Using the equation of motion,
01
0
i
=
d
dt
(
01
0 _
i
)
we can write cS as
co =
_
[
d
dt
(
01
0 _
i
)c
i
+
01
0 _
i
d
dt
(c
i
)] dt =
_
[
d
dt
(
01
0 _
i
c
i
)] dt
Thus co = 0 will yield
d
dt
(
01
0 _
i
c
i
) = 0 or
d
dt
(
01
0 _
i
c)
0
i)
(0)
)
) = 0
This can be written as
or
d
dt
= 0, =
01
0 _
i
c)
0
i)
(0)
)
This combination is the conserved charge.
Example: rotational symmetry in 3-dimension
Write the action as
o =
_
1(

r ,
_
r ) dt =
_
1(r
i
, _ r
i
) dt
Suppose o is invariant under rotation in 3-dimension,
r
i
r
0
i
= 1
i)
r
)
where 1 is an orthogonal matrix, i.e.
11
T
= 1
T
1 = 1 or 1
i)
1
iI
= c
)I
For innitesmal rotations, we write
1
i)
= c
i)
+ -
i)
[-
i)
[ 1
Orthogonality requires,
(c
i)
+ -
i)
)(c
iI
+ -
iI
) = c
)I
==-
)I
+ -
I)
= 0 i, c, -
)I
is antisymmetric
We can compute the conserved charges as
J =
01
0 _ r
-
i)
r
)
= -
i)
j
i
r
)
If we write -
i)
= -
i)I
0
I
t/c: J = 0
I
-
i)I
j
i
r
)
= 0
I
J
I
J
I
= -
i)I
r
i
j
)
J
I
can be identied with k-th component of the usual angular momentum.
4.2 Field Theory
The generalization to eld theory is straightforward. Start from the action wrtten in the form,
o =
_
1(c, 0
j
c) d
4
r
under the symmetry transformation,
c(r) c
0
(r
0
),
where we have included the transformations which involve change of coordinates,
r
j
r
0j
For innitesmal transformation, we write
cc = c
0
_
r
0
_
c(r) , cr
0j
= r
0j
r
j
For the transformation involving changes of coordinates, we need to include the change in the volume
element
d
4
r
0
= Jd
4
r where J =

0(r
0
0
, r
0
1
, r
0
2
, r
0
3
)
0(r
0
, r
1
, r
2
, r
3
)

is the Jacobian for the coordinate transformation. For innitesmal transformation we can write,
J = [
0r
0j
0r
i
[ - [q
j
i
+
0(cr
j
)
0r
i
[ - 1 + 0
j
(cr
j
)
where we have used the relation
dct(1 + -) - 1 + Tr(-) )or [-[ 1
Then
d
4
r
0
= d
4
r(1 + 0
j
(cr
j
))
The change in the action is then
co =
_
[
01
0c
cc +
01
0(0
j
c)
c(0
j
c) + 10
j
(r
j
)] dr
4
It is useful to dene the change of c for xed x
j
,
cc(r) = c
0
(r) c(r) = c
0
(r) c
0
(r
0
) + c
0
(r
0
) c(r) = c
0
(r) c
0
(r
0j
c
0
)cr
j
+ cc
Note the operator c commutes with the derivative operator 0
j
.
or cc = cc + (0
j
c)cr
j
Similarly,
c(0
j
c) = c(0
j
c) + 0
i
(0
j
c)cr
i
Then
co =
_
[
01
0c
(cc + (0
j
c)cr
j
) +
01
0(0
j
c)
(c(0
j
c) + 0
i
(0
j
c)cr
i
) + 10
j
(cr
j
)] dr
4
Use Euler-Lagrange equation of motion
01
0c
= 0
j
(
01
0(0
j
c)
)
we can write
01
0c
cc +
01
0(0
j
c)
)c(0
j
c) = 0
j
(
01
0(0
j
c)
cc +
01
0(0
j
c)
0
j
(cc) = 0
j
[
01
0(0
j
c)
cc]
where we have used
0
j
(cc) = c(0
j
c)
We can also combine other terms as
[
01
0c
(0
i
c) +
01
0(0
j
c)
0
i
(0
j
c)]cr
i
+ 10
i
(cr
i
) = (0
i
1)cr
i
+ 10
i
(cr
i
) = 0
i
(1cr
i
)
Then we get
co =
_
dr
4
0
j
[
01
0(0
j
c)
cc + 1cr
j
]
and if cS=0 under the symmetry ransformation of elds, then
0
j
J
j
= 0
j
[
01
0(0
j
c)
cc + 1cr
j
] = 0 current conservation
Simple case: space-time translation
Here the coordinate transformation is,
r
j
r
0j
= r
j
+ a
j
==c
0
(r + a) = c(r)
then
cc = c
0j
0
j
c
and the conservation laws take the form
0
j
[
01
0(0
j
c)
(a
i
0
i
c) + 1a
j
] = 0
j
(T
ji
a
i
) = 0
where
T
ji
=
01
0(0
j
c)
0
i
c q
ji
1
is the energy momentum tensor. In particular,
T
0i
=
01
0(0
0
c)
0
i
c
and
1
i
=
_
dr
3
T
0i
is the total momentum of the elds.