Supplementary Problems

These problems are intended for more advanced students. Some of them require concepts from
Calculus and Linear Algebra.
1. Use the identity cos(3 ) = 4 cos3 ( ) 3 cos( ) to solve each of the following equations:
(b) 8 x 3 6 x

(a) 4x3 - 3x = ;

3 = 0;

(c) x3 - 3x + 1 = 0.

2. Convert each of the following functions into the form rsin( ), with appropriate
constants r and , and thus find the maximum and minimum values of f ( ) without using
differentiation. Check using calculus.
(a) f ( ) = 2 sin( ) 2 3 cos( );
(b) f ( ) = 20 cos( ) + 21 sin( ).
3. Prove the following identities and generalize:
(a)

sin(2)
sin

(b)

2
2
2
cos
cos
;
2
4
8

sin(2)
sin

' 8cos

' 4cos2

2
3

& 1 @ 4 cos2

2
9

& 1.

4. Let P ' e 2i ' cos(2) % isin(2). Show the following:

(a) P n ' cos(n2) % isin(n2);
(b) 1 % P % P 2 % % P n&1 '

1 & Pn
;
1 & P

(c) 1 % cos(2) % cos(22) % % cos[(n & 1)2] '

[1 & cos(2)] [1 & cos(n2)] % sin(2) sin(n2)
;
2 & 2 cos(2)

50

(d)

sin(2) % sin(22) % % sin(n2)

(n % 1)2
' tan
.
cos(2) % cos(22) % % cos(n2)
2

5. Use the Euler Formula e 2i ' cos(2) % isin(2) to express

(a) cos(2) in terms of e 2i and e &2i ;
(b) sin(2) in terms of e 2i and e &2i .
6. This problem assumes familiarity with Calculus.
(a) Find the Taylor series about 0 of cos(x) and sin(x). Note: It is known that both of these
series still converge if the real number x is replaced by any complex number z.
(b) Use the results of part (a) and the Euler Formula to find a series for exi.
(c) Replace x with -i in the result of part (b) and simplify the resulting series. How does the
"e" introduced in this text compare to the "e" (that is, the base of the natural
logarithm) introduced in Calculus?
7. Prove that 2sin

" & $
B
" % $
B
%
cos
%
2
4
2
4

' sin($) % cos(").

8. Show that sin(x + y + z) = sin(x)cos(y)cos(z) + cos(x)sin(y)cos(z)

+ cos(x)cos(y)sin(z) - sin(x)sin(y)sin(z).
9. Show that cos(x + y + z) = cos(x)cos(y)cos(z) - sin(x)sin(y)cos(z)
- sin(x)cos(y)sin(z) - cos(x)sin(y)sin(z).
10. (a) With the calculator in radian mode put 'SIN(X)' on level 2 of the stack and, 'X' on level
1, then press RS .
(b) Leave the result of (a) on the stack but change the mode to degrees and repeat part (a).
(c) Why do you get different results to parts (a) and (b)?
Problems 11 and 12 assume familiarity with Linear Algebra.

51

 21
11. Let the linear operator T(v) be defined by T( v) = 1
2 3

3
v , let OAB be as in
21
1
2

Problem 42 of Exercises for Chapter 2 Sections 3, 4, and 5, let v = OA, and let w = OB.
Verify that T(v) and T(w) have the same effect on OAB as multiplying A and B by

e (2/ 3) i had on that triangle. In this sense, the linear operator T and multiplying by e (2/ 3) i
are equivalent operations.

cos( ) sin( )
i
v and multiplying by re ,

sin( ) cos( )

12. Show that the linear operator T ( v ) = r

r > 0, are equivalent processes in the sense given in Problem 11 above.

13. Sketch and identify the locus of all points A in the Argand Plane that satisfy the following
equations:
(a) |A - 3i| + |A + 3i| = 10.
(b) |A - 3i| - |A + 3i| = 1.

52

Answers and Hints for Selected Odd Numbered Problems

Exercises for Chapter I
1. acute;

3. (i)
(ii)

37 ;

right; 90o:

obtuse; 156o:

11
3;
2

(a) 3 2;

(b)

(a) 4.24

(b) 9.53

5. x = 9/2

The rest are not possible in a triangle.

(d)

(c) 8.00

(d) 5.74

y = 6.

7. (a) Yes (b) No

9. (a) u =

a
b
v= 2.
2 ;
r
r

(b) r = 2.823;

u = 0.326;

v = 0.138

13. Hint: Make repeated use of the theorem in Section 5.

15. Hint: Use Problem 14.

17. (a) 13

(b) 15

(c)

;
6

(d)

.
4

Exercises for Chapter II Sections 1 and 2

-7 i/12
;
1. (a) 8e

5i/4
;
(b) 2e

2e -17 i/12 ;

(d) 4e

-3 i/ 2

11i/12
.
3. (a) 6e

5. |G + H| = 5.
9 (a) The line OU.

(b) The line through O perpendicular to OU.

13 i/9
.
11. 6e

15. (a) 16e i ;

2 i
(b) 28e ;

i
(c) 28e ;

53

33.

(c) 8

(d) 28ei .

17. (a) Yes;

(b) Yes;

(c) Yes.

i/20
.
19 (b) 4e

Exercises for Chapter II Sections 3, 4, and 5

1. (a) 4 3 + 4i;

(b) - 4 3 + 4i;

(c) -1 - i;

(e) 2 2 2 2 i.

(d) -9i;
5. -7 - 8i.

7. (a) 13e i = 12 5i;

(c) 13e

(+ )i

= 12 5i;

(b) 13e( - )i = 12 + 5i;

(d) 13e

5e ( + )i = 3 4i;

9. (a)

i
2

= 5 12i.

(b) 6 2e(7 /4)i = 6 6i;

(c) 5e - i = 3 4i;

(d) 6 2e-(3 /4)i = 6 6i;

(e) 30 2e( +3 /4)i = 42 6i;

( f) 30 2e( 3 /4)i = 6 42i.

11. (a) 56 + 33i;

13.

74.

15.

185.

19. (a)

(b) 16 + 63i.

5e ( + /2)i = 4 + 3i;

(c) 5e ( - /2)i = 4 3i;

(e) 5e

i
2

= 4 + 3i;

( b) 5e ( + )i = 3 + 4i;
(d) 5e -i = 3 + 4i;
(f) 25e 2i = 7 24i;

(g) 125e 3i = 117 44i.

54

21.

P = 10e -( /3)i = 5 5 3i;

P = 10e ( / 3) i = 5 + 5 3i;

P = 10e (2 / 3) i = 5 + 5 3i;

P = 10e -(2 /3)i = 5 5 3i.

23. (a) 12 + 5i;

(b) 33 + 56i;

(c) -12 - 5i;

(d) 7 + 24i;

(e) 63 + 16i.

25. 134217728 + 134217728 3i.

27. (c) 2 117.

Exercises for Chapter II Sections 6 and 7

3. 3.02e 0.1499i

3.02e1.4065i

3.02e -2.3634i

3.02e -1.1068

9. (a)

3.02e 2.6631i

5.95e -2.5156i = 4.82 3.49i;

(b)

(c) 34.79e0.8303i = 23.47 + 25.68i;

(d) 69.48e2.5099i = 56.07 + 4103

. i.

11. 10.55
13. (a) 53o;

344o;

200o;

102o.

(b) 16.5 miles on a bearing of 44o.

(c) 31.5 miles on a bearing of 192o.

Exercises for Chapter III Section 1

1. (a) r =

0.64e-3.1229i = 0.64 0.01i;

34; a = -5; b = -3.

55

(b) cos( ) =

5
;
34

sin( ) =

3
;
34

sec( ) =

34
;
5

csc( ) =

34
.
3

3. r =

13; a = -3; b = 2; cos( ) =

3
;
13

5. (a)

31
;
2 2

(b)

7. (a)

29
;
17 13

(b) -12/13;

3+1
;
2 2

(c)

cot( ) =

5
3

tan( ) =

2
.
3

31
.
3+1

(c) -3/2;

(d) -15/17

11. HINT: Make use of Euler formula and its conjugate.

Exercises for Chapter III Section 2

3. Arcsin(1 / 2) =

5. (a)

;
2

(b)

;
6

5
+ 2 n and
+ 2 n for any integer n.
6
6

;
4

(c)

.
3

Exercises for Chapter III Section 3

3. = 75 ;

x=

).

3+1
2

Exercises for Chapter III Section 4

1. cos(38.4o) = 0.7837;

sin(38.4o) = 0.6211;

tan(38.4o) = 0.7926;

sec(38.4o) = 1.2760;

csc(38.4o) = 1.6099;

cot(38.4o) = 1.2617.

56

3. cos(-0.447) = 0.9017;

sin(-0.447) = -0.4323;

tan(-0.447) = -0.4794;

sec(-0.447) = 1.1090;

scs(-0.447) = -2.3134;

cot(-0.447) = -2.0861.

5. 1.150
13. Distance is 342.3 m and the angle is 27.5o.

57

INDEX

, 2, 6, 8
absolute value, 10, 11, 15, 21, 27, 31
acute, 2, 6, 34, 36, 39
addition formula, 32, 33, 35
addition of complex numbers, 11, 17
additive
identity, 13
inverse, 13, 37
alpha shift, iv
angle, 2-11, 18, 20, 22, 28, 30, 32-37, 39-43,
46-48
acute, 2, 6, 34, 36, 39
obtuse, 2, 6, 39
right, 2, 3, 6, 22
annunciator, 24
Arccos, 38, 39, 43, 44, 47
Arcsin, 38, 39, 42, 43, 47
Arctan, 38, 39, 43, 48
Argand Plane, 10, 11, 13, 15, 16, 22, 26, 52
argument, 10-12, 14, 15, 22, 24-27, 29, 31, 34
Associativity
of addition, 13
of multiplication, 13
bearing, 4, 30
bold problem numbers, v
calculator commands
(X,Y), 45
, 24, 26
B, 26, 43, 47
2D/3D, 44
AS, iv, 24, 25
CALC, 44
CANCEL, 44, 45
CANCL, 44
CAS, 24
CHK, iv, 24
CHOOS, iv, 24
CMPLX, 27
CONVERT, 28
DA, iv, 24
DRAW, 44, 45

EDIT, 46
ENTER, 4, 25, 27, 28, 44-47
EQW, 26, 28
ERASE, 44, 45
EVAL, 26-28
F?, iv, 3, 24, 45
FIX, iv
FLAG, 24
FMT, iv
ft, 3
i, 26, 28
in, 3
LA, iv, 24
LENGTH, 3
LINE, 46
LS, iv, 3, 25-28, 43, 45, 47
MODE, iv, 24, 27
MODES, iv
MTH, 27
NXT, 27, 28, 44
OK, iv, 24, 44
Polar, 24
RA, iv, 24, 26, 28
RESET, 44
REWRI, 28
RS, iv, 3, 24, 25, 27
SPC, 25, 27, 28
STACK, 47
SWAP, 47
TOOL, 47
UA, iv, 24, 28
UNITS, 3
WIN, 44
calculator functions
+, 3
+/-, iv, 27, 28, 44
-, 27, 46, 47
, 4, 25, 28, 43, 47
, 4, 26, 46
6QB, 28
x, 3, 26, 28
58

1/x, 43
ABS, 27, 28
ACOS, 43, 45
ARG, 27, 28
ASIN, 43, 47
ATAN, 43
C->R, 27
CONJ, 27
COS, 42, 43, 45, 47
ex, 26, 28
IM, 27
NEG, 27
R->C, 27, 28
RE, 27
SIGN, 27
SIN, 42-44, 46, 47, 51
TAN, 42, 43
x2, 3, 47
Commutativity
of addition, 13
of multiplication, 13
complex number, 10, 11, 13-18, 20, 22-29, 31,
34, 35, 40, 51
on calculator, 24-28
polar form, 10, 12-14, 17, 18, 20, 24,
27-29, 34
rectangular form, 16-20, 23, 27, 29, 34
system, 10, 11, 13
conjugate, 15, 19, 27, 32, 33
cos, 31-38, 41-43, 50, 51
Cosine, 38, 39
cot, 31, 35-37, 43
csc, 31, 35-38, 43
decimal approximation, v, 6, 43
degree, 2, 8, 24-26, 30, 42, 44, 46, 47, 49, 51
mode, 24, 44, 51
directed segment, 1, 11, 15
direction, 1, 2, 6, 11, 15, 25, 26, 30
display mode, iv
fix, iv, 3, 24
standard, iv, 26-28
distributive law, 13
division, 15, 23

double angle formulas, 32, 34, 35

down arrow, iv
endpoint, 1
equation writer, 26, 27
Euler Formula, 31, 32, 51
exact values, v, 6, 28, 29
H-VIEW, 44
half angle formula, 32, 35
hold, iv, 44
hypotenuse, 2, 5, 17, 18, 25, 36
identity
additive, 13
multiplicative, 13
imaginary axis, 16, 17, 19
imaginary part, 17, 27-29, 32
inverse
additive, 13, 37
multiplicative, 13, 37
inverse function, 37
inverse trigonometric functions, 37, 38
isosceles, 5, 42
Law of Cosines, 40-42, 46
Law of Sines, 39-42, 46, 47
left arrow, iv
left shift, iv
magnitude, 1, 2, 6, 10, 11, 15, 20, 22, 24-26,
28, 29
modulus, 10, 27
multiplication of complex numbers, 11, 17
multiplicative
identity, 13
inverse, 13, 37
negative, 10, 12, 15, 16, 27, 37
obtuse, 2, 6, 39
origin, 10-13, 15, 16, 19, 23, 24, 26, 41, 44
parallel, 1, 4, 6, 25
parallelogram, 6, 8, 9, 11, 12, 17, 21
polar form, 10, 12-14, 17-20, 23, 24, 27-29, 34
product, 11, 12, 14, 25, 28
proportional sides, 4, 5, 9, 22
pure imaginary number, 16
Pythagoras, theorem of, 2, 3, 19, 22
Pythagorean Identity, 35, 41
59

radian, v, 2, 8, 10, 18, 20, 24-26, 29, 42, 43,

47, 48
mode, 26, 43, 47
ray, 1, 2, 10, 12, 18
real axis, 16, 17, 19
real part, 17, 27-29, 32
reciprocal, 15, 31, 37, 38, 43
rectangular form, 16-20, 23, 27, 29, 34
rhombus, 21
right angle, 2, 6, 22
right arrow, iv
right shift, iv
right triangle, 2, 5, 6, 8, 18, 36, 39, 48
roots, 14, 21, 22, 28, 32, 34, 35
RPN, iv, 44
sec, 31, 33, 35-37, 43, 47
segment, 1, 2, 11, 15
side, of a triangle, 2, 5, 6, 17, 22, 36, 39, 40, 42
similar triangles, 3-5, 7
sin, 31-39, 41-44, 46, 47, 50, 51
Sine, 37
soft key, iv
soft menu, iv
solving a triangle, 39, 42, 46, 48

square root of a complex number, 21, 22, 32,

34, 35
subtraction, 5, 15-17, 20, 27, 33, 41
subtraction formula, 33-35, 41
Sum, 2, 11, 14, 25, 26
system flags, iv
tan, 31, 33-38, 42, 43
Tangent, 38, 43
triangle, 2, 3, 5-8, 17, 18, 25, 36, 39, 42, 46, 48
30o -60o-90o, 5, 6, 8, 18, 25
45o-45o-90o, 5, 6, 17
equilateral, 5
isosceles, 5, 42
right, 2, 5, 6, 8, 18, 36, 39, 48
similar, 3-5, 7
trigonometric function, 31, 33-35, 43, 47
UG, iv, 3, 24, 26, 43
units, 3
unity, 10, 11, 13-16, 26
up arrow, iv
V-VIEW, 44
vertex, 2
well defined, 31

60