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Y X y X X X y y y X X y X X X: Differential Equations

A differential equation is an equation involving derivatives of functions such as dy/dx or d2y/dx2. The order of a differential equation is the highest derivative present. Common methods for solving differential equations include direct integration, variable separation, and substitution. The general solution contains constants of integration while the particular solution has defined values for these constants. Family of curves show how solutions vary with different constant values. Modelling problems use differential equations to relate inputs and outputs in a system.

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77 views

Y X y X X X y y y X X y X X X: Differential Equations

A differential equation is an equation involving derivatives of functions such as dy/dx or d2y/dx2. The order of a differential equation is the highest derivative present. Common methods for solving differential equations include direct integration, variable separation, and substitution. The general solution contains constants of integration while the particular solution has defined values for these constants. Family of curves show how solutions vary with different constant values. Modelling problems use differential equations to relate inputs and outputs in a system.

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JiongHow Sosad
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Differential Equations dy d 2 y A differential equation (D.E) is an equation involving , etc. Example: d x dx 2 d2 y d 2 y dy = cos x + x , + = y etc ( ) dx 2 dx 2 dx d2 y The order of a D.

E is the highest differential in the equation. Example: 2 = cos ( x ) + x is dx order 2. Solving a D.E 1. Direct integration dy a. = f ( x ) then y = f ( x ) dx dx d2 y dy b. = f ( x ) then = f ( x ) dx and followed by y = 2 f ( x ) dx d x dx dx dy 1 2. Variable separable = f ( x ) g ( y ) then dy = f ( x ) dx dx g( y) 3. Substitution You are given a substitution to convert a given D.E into (1) or (2) Solution to a D.E 1. General solution (G.S) A general solution is obtained after solving a D.E. It has constants of integration in the solution 2. Particular solution (P.S) A particular solution if a solution where the constants of integration in the G.S had its values found. Family of curves Family of curves is the curves of the G.S where different values of constant of integration C are substituted into. and its curves are sketched out. Note: 1. Read the question carefully. Some question explicitly placed restriction on the possible values of C and some question C has restriction in context to the question. If there are no condition placed on C , the common values used are C < 0, , C = 0 and C > 0. 2. The variables may also have restriction placed in context of the question. Example time/length/population cannot be negative

Modelling problems At H2 level, a simple input/output model is usually used to model a problem.

d x in d t

dxout dt

Steps in solving a modelling question. 1. Read the question carefully to identify the input and output. dx dxin dxout 2. Then = dt dt dt 3. Substitute given data to simplify the D.E if possible 4. Solve the D.E to find G.S 5. Substitute initial condition t = 0 if given to find P.S Usual type of question 1. Non-modelling type of questions Given D.E solve to find G.S or P.S 2. Sketch family of curves 3. Explain/find trends of solutions. Example as t or x 4. Comment Example: Why is it a good model? What are the assumptions made?

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