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Prelim Practice

1) The document discusses the orthogonal projection of a function g(x)=1 onto a subspace V spanned by h(x)=x. It is shown that the closest element in V to g is f(x)=1-2/3x, which is the orthogonal projection. 2) It presents a strategy to show that if λ is not in the spectrum of an operator A, then λ is not in the approximated spectrum σ0. It demonstrates that if λI-A is invertible, then λI-AN is invertible for large N, implying λ is not in σ0. 3) Therefore, the approximated spectrum σ0 is contained within

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Patrick Tam
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28 views

Prelim Practice

1) The document discusses the orthogonal projection of a function g(x)=1 onto a subspace V spanned by h(x)=x. It is shown that the closest element in V to g is f(x)=1-2/3x, which is the orthogonal projection. 2) It presents a strategy to show that if λ is not in the spectrum of an operator A, then λ is not in the approximated spectrum σ0. It demonstrates that if λI-A is invertible, then λI-AN is invertible for large N, implying λ is not in σ0. 3) Therefore, the approximated spectrum σ0 is contained within

Uploaded by

Patrick Tam
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Analysis Prelim Practice

Patrick Tam August 11, 2013

Spring 2013 Analysis Prelim Problem 1) Let U be the subspace spanned by the function h(x) = x. Then U is precisely V . We know that (U ) = U . Since U is nite dimensional, it is a closed subspace so
U = U = (U ) = V .

Suppose u V and v V . Since The orthogonal projection of g (x) onto V is given by subtracting a function w in V from g such that
f (x) = g (x) w(x) V.

We know that w(x) = ax for some a C. So we can write


f (x) = 1 ax.

To pick a such that f (x) V , we just provide the following computation.

0 1

xf (x)dx = 0
0 0 1

x(1 ax)dx = 0
1

x ax2 dx = 0 x2 ax3 2 3 |1 0 =0

1 a (0 0) = 0 2 3 3 a= . 2 3 Thus, f (x) = 1 2 x is in V . It is the closest element in V to g (x) = 1 since it is the orthogonal projection of g onto V .

Spring 2013 Analysis Prelim Problem 2) Our strategy will be to show that if / (A), then / 0 . Suppose / (A). Then I A is invertible and (I A)1 is a bounded linear operator by the inverse mapping theorem. Let M > 0 be a bound for (I A)1 . So we can write,
(I A)1 (I An ) I = (I A)1 (I An ) (I A)1 (I A) = (I A)1 ((I An ) (I A)) = (I A)1 (A An ) .

So

(I A)1 (I An ) = I + (I A)1 (A An ) = I (I A)1 (An A)

Since An A in norm, there exists N N such that


||An A|| < 1 2M

for all n N . Let x B . Then


||(I A)1 (AN A) (x)||B M || (AN A) (x)||B M 1 1 ||x|| ||x||. 2M 2

1 . Using the power series expansion, we get Thus, ||(I A)1 (A AN ) || 2

(I A)1 (I AN )

= I + (I A)1 (A AN )

=
i=0

(I A)1 (A AN ) .

1 Since ||(I A)1 (A AN ) || 2 , this series converges and is an inverse for (I A)1 (I AN ). Thus, i

(I A)1 (A AN )
i=0

(I A)1 (I AN ) = I

and

i=0

(I A)1 (A AN )

(I A)1 is an inverse for I AN . So I AN is invertible and

/ (AN ) = 0 . We conclude that 0 (A).

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