International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology- Volume4Issue3- 2013

Hardware and Software co-simulation of BPSK Modulation and Demodulation

U.sivakrishna1, T.Krishna Murthy2
1 2

M. Tech (VLSI), Department of ECE, Sree Vidyanikethan Engineering College, Tirupati, India ,

Assistant Professor, Department of ECE, Sree Vidyanikethan Engineering College, Tirupati, India, board, which behaves as a Demodulator. At the end of the demodulator, the modulating signal was obtained. The main difference is the System Generator block which makes possible the administration of the Xilinx components. In proposed the BPSK model is designed using hardware model. This Architecture is designed for using IPCORES. The advantage of this method is, in future if we want to Improve the system (like Increase the channels) not necessary to change the hardware, Software itself modifies the design and implemented on hardware. Here FPGA (Spartan 3 XC3s200-tq144) is hardware for Implementation. Because it has more MAC units and the processing, speed is very high. The modulator and demodulator algorithms have been implemented on FPGA using the VHDL language on Xilinx ISE 12.3 for the software implementation The resources used in generating the BPSK modulation and demodulation were a computer with the Xilinx Web Pack ISE on it, two Spartan 3 Starter Kit boards and a LeCroy Wave Surfer Xs Series Oscilloscope, ahigh performance digital oscilloscope. The paper is organized into 6 sections. The paper begins with an introduction in section 1. Section 2 presents the theoretical backgrounds about the digital communication system and about the BPSK modulation and demodulation. After discussing in theory, implementation of the BPSK system in Mat lab/ Simulink and System Generator are presented in section 3. Section 4 is dedicated to the implementation of the system: modulator and demodulator on the Spartan 3 Starter Kit boards. The results are discussed in section 5. The final section, 6, presents the conclusions. II. THEORETICAL BACKGROUNDS

Abstract The paper presents a theoretical background of digital communication systems and the BPSK modulation and Demodulation. The purposed design is the BPSK system. The objective is Generation of BPSK modulated signal and demodulation of the same after passing through the channel and observe the spectrum of BPSK Signal and effect of variation of channel bandwidth. The BPSK system is simulated using Matlab/ Simulink environment and System Generator, a tool from Xilinx used for FPGA design as well as implemented on Spartan 3 Starter Kit boards. The local clock oscillator of the board is 50 MHz which corresponds with a period of 20ns. The frequency of the BPSK carrier is 31,250 kHz. Key words-bpsk, system generator, Spartan 3

I. INTRODUCTION In previous the BPSK modulation is designed in different ways and implemented in different processors like DSP Processors, ASIC Designs. The problem is once we will design the architecture we cannot change after Implementation suppose If we want to increase the number of channel we have to change hardware also. The proposed method overcomes these problems. In the last years, a major transition from analog to digital modulation techniques has occurred and it can be seen in all areas of satellite communications systems, cellular and wireless. A digital communication system is more reliable than an analog one thanks to the advanced signal processing algorithms used at the transmitter and the receiver ends. The aim of the paper is to create a BPSK (Binary Phase Shift Keying) system made of a modulator, a channel and a demodulator. The modulated signal was achieved in the first Spartan 3 board, passed through a channel and transmitted to the second

A. Digital Communication System

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A typically digital communication system is presented in Fig.1. to be compatible with available transmission facilities. At the receiver end, demodulation must be accomplished by recognizing the signals. The modulation technique used in this paper is BPSK (Binary Phase Shift Keying) and it is widely used in digital transmission. BPSK modulation is the simplest form and most robust of all the PSK modulation techniques. It is able to modulate at only 1bps and it is not suitable for high data-rate applications. The BPSK modulator is quite simple and is illustrated in fig.2. The binary sequence m(t) or modulating signal is multiplied with a sinusoidal carrier and the BPSK modulated signal s(t) is obtained. The waveforms of the BPSK signal generated by the modulator are shown in fig.3.

Figure 1: A Digital Communication System. The components of the digital communication system are both digital and analog parts. The digital part consists of digital source/user, source encoder/ decoder, channel encoder/ decoder and the digital modulator/ demodulator. The analog part is made of the transmitter, receiver, the channel models and noise models. The message to be sent is from a digital source, in our case, from a computer. The source encoder accepts the digital data and prepares the source messages. The role of the channel encoder is to map the input symbol sequence into an output symbol sequence. The binary information obtained at the output of the channel encoder is than Passed to a digital modulator which serves as interface with the communication channel. The main purpose of the modulator is to translate the discrete symbols into an analog waveform that can be transmitted over the channel. In the receiver, the reverse signal processing happens. A channel is the physical medium that carries a signal between the transmitter and the receiver. The signal is corrupted with noise whatever the medium used for transmission. The role of a digital communication system is to transport digital data between the transmitter and receiver. As the signals propagate between the two nodes, they may be submitted to distortion due the channel imperfection. The digital data is transmitted between the transmitter and the receiver by varying a physical characteristic of a sinusoidal carrier, either the frequency or the phase or the amplitude. This operation is performed with a modulator at the transmitting end to impose the physical change to the carrier and a demodulator at the receiving end to detect the resultant modulation on reception. B. BPSK Modulation and Demodulation Digital modulation is the process by which digital symbols are transmitted into waveforms that are compatible with the characteristics of the channel. The modulation process converts the signal in order

Figure 2: BPSK Modulator

Figure 3: BPSK waveforms To demodulate the signal, it is necessary to reconstitute the carrier. This process is made in the Carrier Recovery Circuit. Next, the BPSK modulated signal is multiplied with the carrier, pass through an

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integrator and a decision circuit to obtain in the end the modulating signal. The modulated signal added with noise arrives at the input of the demodulator. The first block in the demodulator is saturation (fig.7).

Figure 4: BPSK Demodulator. Figure 7: BPSK Demodulator. III. BPSK SYSTEM A.BPSK System in Simulink The BPSK modulator (fig.5) is made of two sine carriers, the second one delayed with 180 and a switch which will choose between the first or third output depending on the value of the second input. If the second input is 1, the output value will be sine, but if the second input is 0, the output will be sine. The saturation block [16] establishes upper and lower bounds for an input signal. If the input signal is within the limits of upper and lower bounds, the input signal passes through unchanged, otherwise the signal is clipped to the Upper and/or lower bounds (fig.8).

Figure 8: The signal at the output of the saturation block.

After limiting the signal to the upper and lower bounds, it is multiply by a sine waveform, which is the carrier obtained in theory from the carrier recovery circuit and then passed through the transfer function block which implements a transfer function between the input and the output. The signal obtained is illustrated in fig.9.

Figure 5: Binary data source and BPSK Modulator

Figure 6: The waveforms on the scope (a) Sine (b) Sine (c) Modulating signal (d) Modulated signal The modulated signal is then pass through a channel where noise is added. The channel also has a limited frequency bandwidth so that it can be viewed as a filter.

Figure 9: The signal at the output of the pulse shaper block.

The obtained signal enters the pulse shaper block and at its output the demodulated signal is found (fig.10).

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Figure 10: (a) The modulating signal (b) The demodulated signal.
B.BPSK System in System Generator System Generator is a digital signal processing design tool from Xilinx. Designs are made in the Simulink environment using a Xilinx specific block set. All implementation steps, including synthesis, place and route are automatically performed to generate an FPGA programming file Our BPSK system implemented in System Generator has the same block as in fig.4: data source, a modulator, a channel and a demodulator. The main difference is the System Generator block which makes possible the administration of the Xilinx components. The modulating signal is generated internal by a LFSR (Linear Feedback Shift Register). The carrier is generated internal by DDS blocks from System Generator. The DDS Compiler Block is a direct digital synthesizer and it uses a lookup table scheme to generate sinusoids. A digital integrator generates a phase that is mapped by the lookup table into the output waveform. The mux block implements a multiplexer. It has one select input and a configurable number of data inputs that can be defined by the user. The d0 and d1 inputs of mux represent the sine waves. The sel input of mux represents the modulating signal and selects between the d0 and d1 inputs. If LFSR is 1, the modulated signal remained same as the carrier, but if 0 was transmitted, the yielded carrier is transmitted.

Fig 12: BPSK Modulator waveform

Figure 13: A second implementation of the BPSK Modulator in System Generator.

Figure 11:BPSK Modulator in System Generator.

Fig 14: 2nd implementation BPSK Modulator waveforms

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Fig.17 illustrates the modulating signal generated in the modulator and the demodulated signal obtained after the demodulation operation.

Figure 15: A third implementation of the BPSK Modulator in System Generator.

Figure 17: (a) The modulating signal (b) The Demodulating signal

Fig 16: 3rdnd implementation BPSK Modulation

waveforms The carrier is recovered due to the DDS compiler and then multiplied with the modulated signal affected by noise. The obtained signal is then added with all the samples, multiplied, from 0a period. This operation takes place in the accumulator. Once we have a result, it is compared with a threshold. If the compared signal is positive, the demodulator take the decision that 1 was transmitted, otherwise, 0.

Figure 18: Modulator and Demodulator in System Generator. IV. BPSK SYSTEM ON THE SPARTAN 3 BOARD

The BPSK System Modulator is implemented on the Spartan 3 Starter Kit board is, exactly, the implementation in System Generator which is shown below. The carrier is generated internal, in a ROM

Figure 19: BPSK Modulator experimental setup. Figure 16: BPSK Demodulator in System Generator. The modulating signal is generated internal, in the modulator, by a LFSR. The carrier is also

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generated internal, and is made of 16 different values kept in a ROM memory. The yielded carrier with 180 phase shift is obtained by reading the ROM memory later with 8 samples. If LFSR was 1, the modulated signal remained same as the carrier, but if 0 was transmitted, the modulated signal became the yielded carrier. The modulated signal is then sent to the DAC (Digital-to- Analog Converter) on the board in order to be sent through the channel. The principle of the BPSK modulator implemented on the FPGA is illustrated in fig.20.

Figure 22: The principle of the BPSK demodulator on the FPGA

Figure 20: The principle of the BPSK modulator on the FPGA

Figure 23: Design Summary of the BPSK Modulator.

Figure 21: BPSK Demodulator experimental setup. The modulated signal affected with noise arrives at the second board which behaves as a demodulator. The signal enters the demodulator with the help of a pmod AD1 which transforms the analog signal into a digital one. This digital signal is then multiply with the recovered carrier, generated internal in a ROM memory, practically an integration was achieved. The result is kept in an accumulator and compared with a decision threshold and so, the demodulated signal is obtained. The principle of the BPSK demodulator implemented on the FPGA is illustrated in fig.22.

Figure 24: Design Summary of the BPSK Demodulator

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V. RESULTS Fig.22 and Fig.23 illustrates the design summary of the modulator and demodulator boards. The design summary shows the various synthesizer options that were enabled and some device utilization and timing statistics for the synthesized design VI. CONCLUSION We proposed an implementation of the BPSK System (Modulator and demodulator) in the Matlab/ Simulink environment. Then, we made a proposal of a BPSK System in System Generator. Both, the modulating signal and the carrier are generated internal, the modulating signal by a LFSR and the carrier by a DDS Compiler. The modulated signal is obtained at the output of a mux block and, then, passed through a communication channel where noise is added. The obtained signal is then added with all the multiplied samples from the carrier in a period. The operation takes place in the accumulator. Once we have a result, it is compared with a decision threshold. The BPSK System implemented on the Spartan 3 Starter Kit board has the same principle as the implementation in System Generator. Although System Generator has an option to generate the VHDL code, for this design the code was made from the beginning because the generated code was hard to read. The only difference was that of the carrier which was indeed generated internal, in a ROM memory, but made of 16 different values. The yielded carrier with 180 phase shift was obtained by reading the ROM memory later with 8 samples. Comparing the design summary obtained the logic utilization of the board was lower in terms of the slice flip-flops and LUTs used. All of these make the design suitable in terms of propagation, implementation and logic utilization of the Spartan 3 boards used in this work.

[2] O.Azarmanesh, S.Bilen, Developing a rapid prototyping method using a Matlab/ Simulink/ FPGA development to enable importing legacy code, Proceedings of the SDR 08 Technical Conference and product Exposition, USA, 2008. [3] Y.H.Chye, M.F.Ain, N.M.Zawawi, Design of BPSK Transmitter Using FPGA with DAC, in Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE 9 th Malaysia Conference on Communications, Malaysia, 2009, pp.451-456. [4] P.Dondon, J.M.Micouleau, J.Legall, .K.Kadionik, Design of a low cost BPSK modulator/demodulator for a practical teaching of digital modulation techniques, in the 4th WSEAS/IASME International Conference on Engineering Education, Greece, 2007, pp.61-66. [5] P.Krivi, G.timac, FPGA Implementation of BPSK Modem for Telemetry Systems Operating in Noisy Environments, Proceedings of the 33rd International Convention on Information and Communication Technology, Electronics and Microelectronics, Croatia, 2010, pp.1727-1731. [6] S.O.Popescu, A.S.Gontean, G.Budura, Simulation and Implementation of a BPSK Modulator on FPGA, in Proceedings of the 6th IEEE International Symposium on Applied Computational Intelligence and Informatics (SACI 2011),Romania, 2011, pp.459-463. [7] S.T.Karris, Introduction to Simulink with Engineering Applications, Orchard Publications, USA, 2006. [8] System Generator for DSP. Getting Started Guide. Xilinx. 2008 [9] Spartan 3E FPGA Starter Kit board. User guide. Xilinx. 2011. [10] ISE 10.1 Quick Start Tutorial, Xilinx, 2008.

REFERENCES

[1] F.Ahamed, A.Scorpino, An educational digital communications project using FPGAs to implement a BPSK Detector, IEEE Transactions on Education, Vol.48, No.1, 2005, pp.191-197.

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