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Geographic Information Systems: Lecture - I

This document provides an overview of a course on Geographic Information Systems (GIS). It defines GIS as a computer system for holding and using spatial data about places on Earth. The course objectives are to provide foundations in GIS theory and applications for water resource management. Topics covered include GIS data types and sources, software, analysis methods, and case studies. The key components of a GIS system are outlined as hardware, software, data, analysis methods, and personnel. Applications of GIS in water resource management are also discussed.

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Santhosh Jithendra
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259 views

Geographic Information Systems: Lecture - I

This document provides an overview of a course on Geographic Information Systems (GIS). It defines GIS as a computer system for holding and using spatial data about places on Earth. The course objectives are to provide foundations in GIS theory and applications for water resource management. Topics covered include GIS data types and sources, software, analysis methods, and case studies. The key components of a GIS system are outlined as hardware, software, data, analysis methods, and personnel. Applications of GIS in water resource management are also discussed.

Uploaded by

Santhosh Jithendra
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Geographic Information Systems

Course Code: CE 710 Instructor In-charge: Dr. RAAJ Ramsankaran

Lecture - I
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Objectives
To provide good foundation in theory as well as practical application of GIS in Water Resources Management Studies.
To provide exposure to a Remote sensing Image Processing and GIS software through lab assignments.

GIS Topics to be covered in this course


Overview of GIS GIS Application domains GIS Data Data acquisition for GIS Spatial data models Spatial Data Analysis Potential Applications and Case studies

Outline of Todays Lecture


What is GIS? What are the applications of GIS? What are the characteristics of GIS? What analysis can GIS perform ? Where I can find more info about GIS and allied subjects ?

What is an Information System ?

An Information System is a set of processes, executed on raw data to produce information which will be useful when making decisions.

What is a Geographic Information System (GIS)?


A GIS is a particular form of Information System applied to geographical data.

Some Popular Definitions of GIS


Rhind(1989): GIS is a computer system that can hold and use data describing places on the Earth.
Burrough (1986): A set of tools for collecting, storing, retrieving at will, transforming, and displaying spatial data from the real world for a particular set of purposes.

Department of Environment UK (1987): A system for capturing, storing, checking, manipulating, analyzing, displaying data which are spatially referenced to earth
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Definition of GIS contd.,


ESRI (1990): A GIS is an organized collection of computer hardware, software, geographic data, and personnel to efficiently capture, store, update, manipulate, analyze, and display all forms of geographically referenced information.

Why we need a GIS?


Choosing a site, targeting a market, planning a distribution network, zoning a neighbourhood, allocating resources, and responding to emergencies-all these problems involve questions of geography. It has the power to answer questions on 'where?', 'why?', 'what?', 'when?' and 'how?' quickly and accurately, all with the location information on hand.
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Why we need a GIS? Contd


For instance, with a GIS, you can: Display geographic information in the form of maps, charts and tables. Design simple to sophisticated "what-ifs" in the form of database and map queries. Investigate patterns, relationships, and details about places at different scales and in different map projections. Perform statistical analysis and database functions. Create your own geographic areas for mapping and analysis Lay out and print a map, chart, table and graphic images
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Flow of GIS Process


Capture Data Register Map Base Store Data in Computer Process Data Display Results
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Interpret Data

Convert Data to Digital


Format

Components of GIS System

Hardware

Software

GIS
Personnel

Data

Analysis Methods
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Major Hardware Components


V.D U Disk Drive Keyboard

Plotter

C.P.U

Mouse

Printer Scanner

Digitizer

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Software Component
GIS software provides the functions and tools needed to store, analyze, and display geographic information. Key software components are
a database management system (DBMS) tools for the input and manipulation of geographic information tools that support geographic query, analysis, and visualization a graphical user interface (GUI) for easy access 14 to tools

Data Component
Maybe the most important component of a GIS is the data. Geographic data and related tabular data can be collected inhouse or bought from a commercial data provider. Most GISs employ a DBMS to create and maintain a database to help organize and manage data

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Methods Component
A successful GIS operates according to a well-designed plan and business rules, which are the models and operating practices unique to each organization.

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People Operating GIS


GIS technology is of limited value without the people who manage the system and to develop plans for applying it. GIS users range from technical specialists who design and maintain the system to those who use it to help them do their everyday work.

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CAD and GIS- A comparison


CAD Objects (No spatial reference) Topology does not exist (No relation between features)

GIS features (Spatially geo reference exists)


Topology exists (Query and Analysis of data is possible) Each feature has individual layers Automated mapping and spatial analysis

All line features may be in single layer (roads, sewer lines, etc..)
Automated mapping Limited to small area application

Applicable to large areas


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GIS Application Areas


(not limited to)
Civil Engineering Urban planning Network Analysis Forestry Environmental Monitoring & Management Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Flood/drought analysis Natural resource management Geology Health management Crime mapping Military Mining Hydrology and Water Resource Management Etc
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Case study examples


Site selection for new housing complex in IIT B
Site selection for locating Rainwater Harvesting tanks in IIT B Campus Distributed Hydrological Modelling Hazards Risk Modelling
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What does Water Resources Management (WRM) mean?


Different people have different ideas, since they may have different water problems. Too much : Flood Too limited: Drought Too dirty: Pollution

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WRM contd.,
Understanding from different people To people in arid countries
To people in wet countries To the water engineer To the environmentalist To the lawyer To the economist To the politicians
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GIS Applications in Water Resources Management Studies


Water Resources Assessment

Water Resources Development


Water Resources Planning Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM)
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Peer Reviewed Journals on GIS and Remote sensing


Computers and Geosciences Geoinformatica International Journal of Geographical Information Science ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing International Journal of Remote Sensing IEEE Transactions in Geoscience and Remote sensing Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sesning Photonirvachak Official Journal of Indian Society of Remote sensing Remote of Environment 24 Transactions in GIS

Peer Reviewed Journals on Hydrology and Water Resources


Journal of Hydrology Hydrological Sciences Hydrological Processes Catena Water Resources Research Hydrology and Earth System Sciences (HESS) Environmental Modelling and Software Water Resources Management ASCE Journal of Hydrologic Engineering
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Reference books
Reference Books:

R1: Thomas M Lillesand, and Ralph W Kiefer; Remote sensing and Image Interpretation, John Wiley & Sons, 1994, 3rd ed.
R2: DeMers, M.N., Fundamentals of Geographical Information Systems, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2000. 2nd ed..

R3: Burrogh, P and R. McDonnell, Principal of Geographical Information Systems, Oxford University Press, 1998.
R4: Chandra A.M and Ghosh S.K., Remote Sensing & Geographical Information System, Narosa Publishing House, 2006, 1st ed. Chen, Y., Takara, K., Cluckie, I. and Smedt, F.H. (Eds.), GIS and Remote sensing in Hydrology, Water resource and Environment, IAHS Publication 289, IAHS press. 2004. Qihao Weng, Remote Sensing and GIS Integration: Theories, Methods, and Applications, McGraw Hill Publishers, 2009, 1st ed.
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Free Online Data Sources


Google earth - For high resolution maps www.esri.com/data/free-data/index.html http://www.mapcruzin.com/download-freearcgis-shapefiles.htm http://data.geocomm.com/ http://glcf.umiacs.umd.edu/index.shtml

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Topics to be covered in next session

GIS data types, data sources


Different means of data collection GIS and HIS

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