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Per Unit

electrical power

Uploaded by

Fatima Mir
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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41 views

Per Unit

electrical power

Uploaded by

Fatima Mir
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Per-Unit System

1. Per Unit Value = Actual Value Base Value (1.1) Spu =


S

Sbase
I

(1.2)

I pu =

I base
V Vbase Z Z base

(1.3)

Vpu = Z pu = 2. Conversion of Per Unit Values Z pu =

(1.4) (1.5)

Z S = base Z 2 Z base Vbase


2 Vbase Z pu Sbase

(1.6)

Z = Z base Z pu =

(1.7)

3. Usually, the nominal apparent power (S) and nominal voltage (V) are taken as the base values for power (Sbase) and voltage (Vbase). The base values for the current (Ibase) and impedance (Zbase) can be calculated based on the first two base values.

Vbase I base =

Sbase Sbase Vbase


(1.8)

Z base =

Vbase V 2 base = I base Sbase

(1.9)

4. Transformer Voltage Base

Vb1

Vb2

V1/V2
V Vb 2 = 2 V b1 V1

(1.10)

5. Per Unit in 3 Circuit


S B = 3VB I B IB = SB , 3VB
2

(1.11)

VB = 3I B Z B V / 3 (VB ) ZB = B = IB SB
6. Change of Base (1.12)

old Z SB Z Z = old = ZB (VBold )2 old old Z pu be the per unit impedance on the power base S B & voltage base VBold
old pu

(1.13)

new Z SB Z Z = new = ZB (VBnew )2 new new Z pu be the per unit impedance on the power base S B & voltage base VBnew
new pu

(1.14)

From (1.13) and (1.14),


Z
new pu

=Z

old pu

new SB VBold old new S B VB

(1.15)

If the voltage base are the same,


new SB new = Z old Z pu pu old SB

(1.16)

7. How to Choose Base Values ? Divide circuit into zones or regions separated by transformers. Choose two base values from IB,VB, ZB, SB . All voltages are line-to-line. For example, we can choose SBase and VBase from region one (but this choice is arbitrary). Calculate the base voltages for the remaining regions using the change of base formula (see (1.10)) Calculate Z Base for the all regions (see(1.9)).

V1 : V2
So urc Zone 1 VBase1 Zone 2 VBase2

V2 : V3
Zone 3 VBase3

V3 : V4
Zone 4 VBase4

I Base1 =

SBase VBase1

Z Base1 =

VBase1 I Base1
Figure 1: Base Value Selection

8. Procedure for Per Unit Analysis Choose S Base , VBase and then calculate VBase and Z Base for the regions Calculate the p.u. values of all quantities in each region. Draw impedance diagram to solve for unknown circuit values in p.u Convert back to actual quantities if needed.

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