By H.V.

RAMA KRISHNA MURTHY SSE/ELEC

Inside a Microprocessor How it thinks Computer Memory How it stores data Program Instructions Tell it what to do

Addition Subtraction Multiplication Division Comparison Logic Operations

OPERAND A

RESULT

OPERAND B CONTROL

Assembly Line Specialization Dont Waste Resources

Get Instruction From Memory Store In Instruction Register

FETCH

DECODE

EXECUTE

Instruction #1

Determine Instruction Type Get Necessary Data Setup ALU

FETCH

DECODE

EXECUTE

Instruction #2

Instruction #1

Perform Required Operation Store Result In Result Register

FETCH

DECODE

EXECUTE

Instruction #3

Instruction #2

Instruction #1

Stores Data and Instructions Communicates With Microprocessor

MICROPROCESSOR

System Bus
SYSTEM BUS

MEMORY CHIPS

Scratch Pad Stores Data and Programs During Execution Only Retains Data While Powered On

Instruction Manual Data Doesnt Change Used When System Starts

1.1 Introduction to 8085 1.2 Microprocessor architecture 1.3 Instruction set 1.4 Addressing modes

The first microprocessor was introduced in 1970 by Intel (named 4004). It ran at the speed of 108KHz. Four years later, Intel created the 8080 running at just over 2 Mhz.
This microprocessor was used on the world's firs personal computer, named Altair. Also at this time, IBM started researching for their microprocessor, called POWER (Performance Optimization With Enhanced RISC).

Control Unit Arithmetic Logic Unit Registers Accumulator Flags Program Counter (PC) Stack Pointer (SP) Instruction Register/Decoder Memory Address Register General Purpose Registers Control Generator Register Selector Microprogramming

BASED ON FUNCTIONS Data Transfer Instructions Arithmetic Instructions Logical Instructions Branch Instructions Machine Control BASED ON LENGTH One-word or 1-byte instructions

Two-word or 2-byte instructions

Three-word or 3-byte instructions

The 8085 instructions can be classified as follows:

Data transfer operations

Between Registers Between Memory location and a Registers Direct write to a Register/Memory Between I/O device and Accumulator

Arithmetic operations (ADD, SUB, INR, DCR) Logic operations Branching operations (JMP, CALL, RET)

Implied Addressing:

The addressing mode of certain instructions is implied by the instructions function. For example, the STC (set carry flag) instruction deals only with the carry flag, the DAA (decimal adjust accumulator) instruction deals with the accumulator. Register Addressing: Quite a large set of instructions call for register addressing. With these instructions, specify one of the registers A through E, H or L as well as the operation code. With these instructions, the accumulator is implied as a second operand. For example, the instruction CMP E may be interpreted as 'compare the contents of the E register with the contents of the accumulator. Most of the instructions that use register addressing deal with 8bit values. However, a few of these instructions deal with 16-bit register pairs. For example, the PCHL instruction exchanges the contents of the program counter with the contents of the H and L registers.

Immediate Addressing: Instructions that use immediate addressing have data assembled as a part of the instruction itself. For example, the instruction CPI 'C' may be interpreted as compare the contents of the accumulator with the letter C. When assembled, this instruction has the hexadecimal value FE43. Hexadecimal 43 is the internal representation for the letter C. When this instruction is executed, the processor fetches the first instruction byte and determines that it must fetch one more byte. The processor fetches the next byte into one of its internal registers and then performs the compare operation. Direct Addressing: Jump instructions include a 16-bit address as part of the instruction. For example, the instruction JMP 1000H causes a jump to the hexadecimal address 1000 by replacing the current contents of the program counter with the new value 1000H. Instructions that include a direct address require three bytes of storage: one for the instruction code, and two for the 16-bit address

Register Indirect Addressing: Register indirect instructions reference memory via a register pair. Thus, the instruction MOV M,C moves the contents of the C register into the memory address stored in the H and L register pair. The instruction LDAX B loads the accumulator with the byte of data specified by the address in the B and C register pair.

Embedded Systems
Operations managed behind the scenes by

a microcontroller

Microcontroller (MCU)
An integrated electronic computing device

that includes three major components on a single chip

Microprocessor (MPU) Memory I/O (Input/Output) ports
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Support Devices
Timers A/D converter

Serial I/O

All components connected by common communication lines called the system bus.

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A group of electronic circuits fabricated on a semiconductor chip that can read binary instructions written in memory and process binary data according to those instructions CPU and MPU

A semiconductor storage device consisting of registers that store binary bits Two major categories
Read/Write

Memory (R/W) Read-onlyMemory (ROM)

D7 D0
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Input devices such as switches and keyboards provide binary information to the microprocessor Output devices such as LEDs, video screens, and printers receive information from the microprocessor

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The MPU communicates with memory and I/O using the system bus consisting of:
Address bus: unidirectional and carries

memory and I/O addresses Data bus: bidirectional; transfers binary data and instructions between MPU and memory and I/O Control lines: Read and Write timing signals asserted by MPU
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Machine Language: binary instructions

Difficult to decipher and write Prone to cause many errors in writing

All programs converted into the machine

language of a processor for execution

Hex Mnemoni c 80 28 1B ADD B ADD A, R0 ABA
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Instructio n 10000000 00101000 00011011

Description

Processor

Add reg B to Acc Intel 8085 Add Reg R0 to Acc Intel 8051

Add Acc A and B Motorola 330_01 6811

Assembly Language: machine instructions represented in mnemonics

Has one-to-one correspondence with

machine instructions Efficient in execution and use of memory; machine-specific and not easy to troubleshoot

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High-Level Languages (such as BASIC, C, and C++)

Written in statements of spoken languages

(such as English)

machine independent easy to write and troubleshoot requires large memory and less efficient in execution

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Unsigned Integers: All eight bits (Bit7 to Bit0) represent the magnitude of a number
Range 00 to FF in Hex and 0 to 255 in

decimal

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Signed Integers: Seven bits (Bit6 to Bit0) represent the magnitude of a number.
The eighth bit (Bit7) represents the sign of a

number. The number is positive when Bit7 is zero and negative when Bit7 is one. Positive numbers: 00 to 7F (0 to 127) Negative numbers: 80 to FF (-1 to -128) All negative numbers are represented in 2s complement
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Binary Coded Decimal Numbers (BCD)

8 bits of a number divided into groups of

four, and each group represents a decimal digit from 0 to 9 Four-bit combinations from A through F in Hex are invalid in BCD numbers
Example: 0010 0101 represents the binary coding of the decimal number 25 which is different in value from 25H.
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American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII)

Seven-bit alphanumeric code with 128

combinations (00 to 7F) Represents English alphabet, decimal digits from 0 to 9, symbols, and commands

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System hardware
Includes discrete components such as a

microprocessor, memory, and I/O Components connected by buses

address, data, and control

System software
A group of programs that monitors the

functions of the entire system

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Includes microprocessor, memory, I/O ports, and support devices (such as timers) on a single semiconductor chip Buses are generally not available to a system designer I/O ports are generally multiplexed and can be programmed to perform different functions

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