Unit I (Ordinary Differential Equation)

1.ODE with constant coefficients: Solution C.F + P.I y = == =

Sl.No. NatureofRoots C.F

Particular Integral:

Type-I
If ( ) 0 f x = == =

then . 0 P I = == =

Type-II
If ( )
ax
f x e = == =
1
.
( )
ax
P I e
D
= == =

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Replace Dby a .If ( ) 0 D ,thenitisP.I.If ( ) 0 D = == = ,thendiff.denominator
w.r.t Dandmultiply x innumerator.Againreplace Dby a .Ifyougetdenominator
againzerothendothesameprocedure.

Type-III

Case: i If ( ) sin ( ) cos f x ax or ax = == =

1
. sin (or) cos
( )
P I ax ax
D
= == =
Hereyouhavetoreplaceonlyfor
2
D notfor D.
2
D isreplacedby
2
a .Ifthe
denominatorisequaltozero,thenapplysameprocedureasinTypeI.

Case: iiIf
2 2 3 3
( ) (or) cos (or) sin (or) cos f x Sin x x x x = == =

Usethefollowingformulas
2
1 cos 2
2
x
Sin x

= == = ,
2
1 cos 2
cos
2
x
x
+ ++ +
= == = ,
x x x = = = =
3
3 1
sin sin sin3
4 4
, x x x = + = + = + = +
3
3 1
cos cos cos 3
4 4
andseparate
1 2
. & . P I P I

Case: iiiIf ( ) sin cos ( ) cos sin ( ) cos cos ( ) sin sin f x A B or A B or A B or A B = == =
Usethefollowingformulas:
( (( ( ) )) )
( (( ( ) )) )
( (( ( ) )) )
( (( ( ) )) )
1
( ) in cos ( ) sin( )
2
1
(ii) cos sin ( ) sin( )
2
1
( ) cos cos cos( ) cos( )
2
1
( ) sin sin cos( ) cos( )
2
i s A B sin A B A B
A B Sin A B A B
iii A B A B A B
iv A B A B A B
= + + = + + = + + = + +
= + = + = + = +
= + + = + + = + + = + +
= + = + = + = +

Type-IV
If ( )
m
f x x =

1
.
( )
m
P I x
D
=

1
1 ( )
m
x
g D
=
+

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( )
1
1 ( )
m
g D x

= +

HerewecanuseBinomialformulaasfollows:

i) ( )
1
2 3
1 1 ... x x x x

+ = + +
ii) ( )
1
2 3
1 1 ... x x x x

= + + + +
iii) ( )
2
2 3
1 1 2 3 4 ... x x x x

+ = + +
iv) ( )
2
2 3
1 1 2 3 4 ... x x x x

= + + + +
v)
3 2 3
(1 ) 1 3 6 10 ... x x x x

+ = + +
vi)
3 2 3
(1 ) 1 3 6 10 ... x x x x

= + + + +

Type-V
If ( )
ax
f x e V = where sin , cos ,
m
V ax ax x =

1
.
( )
ax
P I e V
D
=

Firstoperate
ax
e byreplacingDbyD+a.

1
( )
ax
e V
D a
=
+

Type-VI
If ( )
n
f x x V = where sin , cos V ax ax =

sin I.P of
cos R.P of
iax
iax
ax e
ax e
=
=

Type-VII(SpecialTypeProblems)

If ( ) sec (or) cosec (or) tan f x ax ax ax =

1
. ( ) ( )
ax ax
P I f x e e f x dx
D a

= =

1. ODEwithvariableco-efficient:(EulersMethod)

Theequationisoftheform
2
2
2
( )
d y dy
x x y f x
dx dx
+ + =
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Impliesthat
2 2
( 1) ( ) x D xD y f x + + =
Toconvertthevariablecoefficientsintotheconstantcoefficients
Put log z x = implies
z
x e =

2 2
3 3
( 1)
( 1)( 2)
xD D
x D D D
x D D D D
=
=
=
where
d
D
dx
= and
d
D
dz
=

Theaboveequationimpliesthat ( ) ( 1) 1 ( ) D D D y f x + + = whichisO.D.E
withconstantcoefficients.
2. LegendresLineardifferentialequation:
Theequationifoftheform
2
2
2
( ) ( ) ( )
d y dy
ax b ax b y f x
dx dx
+ + + + =
Put log( ) z ax b = + implies ( )
z
ax b e + =

2 2 2
3 3 3
( )
( ) ( 1)
( ) ( 1)( 2)
ax b D aD
ax b D a D D
ax b D a D D D
+ =
+ =
+ =
where
d
D
dx
= and
d
D
dz
=

3. MethodofVariationofParameters:

Theequationisoftheform
d y dy
a b cy f x
dx dx
+ + = + + = + + = + + =
2
2
( )

1 2
. C F Ay By = + and

1 2
. P I Py Qy = +
where
2
1 2 1 2
( ) y f x
P dx
y y y y
=

and
1
1 2 1 2
( ) y f x
Q dx
y y y y
=

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4.

Curlof F

1 2 3
/ / /
i j k
XF x y z
F F F
= =

5.

If F

isSolenoidalvectorthen 0 F =

i
6.

7.

If F

isIrrotationalvectorthe 0 XF =

8.

MaximumDirectionalderivative =
9.

Directionalderivativeof inthedirectionof a

a
a

=

10.

Anglebetweentwonormalstothesurface
1 2
1 2
cos
n n
n n
=

i


Where ( )
1 1 1
1 1
( , , ) at x y z
n =

& ( )
2 2 2
2 2
( , , ) at x y z
n =

11.

UnitNormalvector, n

12.

Equationoftangentplane
1 1 1
( ) ( ) ( ) 0 l x x m y y n z z + + =
Wherel,m,narecoefficientof , , i j k

in .
13.

Equationofnormalline
1 1 1
x x y y z z
l m n

= =
14.

WorkDone=
C
F dr

i ,where dr dxi dyj dzk = + +

15.

If .
C
F dr

beindependentofthepathisthat curl 0 F =

16.

Inthesurfaceintegral
.
dxdy
dS
n k
=
,
.
dydz
dS
n i
=
,
.
dzdx
dS
n j
= & dS ndS =

Unit II (Vector Calculus)

2. Gradientof / / / i x j y k z = = + +

3. Divergenceof F

F =

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17. Greens Theorem:
If , , ,
u v
u v
y x


arecontinuousandone-valuedfunctionsintheregionRenclosed
bythecurveC,then
C R
v u
udx vdy dxdy
x y
| |
+ =
|

\

.
18. Stokes Theorem:
Let F

bethevectorpointfunction,aroundasimpleclosedcurveCandoverthe
opensurfaceShavingasitsboundary,then
( )
x
C S
F dr F nds =

i i
19. Gauss Divergence Theorem:
Let F

beavectorpointfunctioninaregionRboundedbyaclosedsurfaceS,
then
S V
F nds Fdv =


i i







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Unit III (Analytic Function)

1. Necessaryconditionforf(z)isanalyticfunction
CauchyRiemannEquations: &
u v v u
x y x y

= =

(C-Requations)

2. PolarformofCauchy-RiemannEquations:
1 1
&
u v v u
r r r r

= =


3. ConditionforHarmonicfunction:
2 2
2 2
0
u u
x y

+ =


4. Ifthefunctionisharmonicthenitshouldbeeitherrealorimaginarypartofa
analyticfunction.
5. Milne Thomson method:(Tofindtheanalyticfunctionf(z))
i) Ifuisgiven ( ) ( , 0) ( , 0)
x y
f z u z iu z dz =


ii) Ifvisgiven ( ) ( , 0) ( , 0)
y x
f z v z iv z dz = +

6. Tofindtheanalyticfunction
i) ( ) ; ( ) f z u iv if z iu v = + = addingthesetwo
Wehave ( ) ( ) (1 ) ( ) u v i u v i f z + + = +
then ( ) F z U iV = + where , & ( ) (1 ) ( ) U u v V u v F z i f z = = + = +
HerewecanapplyMilneThomsonmethodforF(z).
7. Bilineartransformation:
( )( )
( )( )
( )( )
( )( )
1 2 3 1 2 3
1 2 3 1 2 3
w w w w z z z z
w w w w z z z z

=


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Unit IV (Complex Integration)
1.

Cauchys Integral Theorem:
Iff(z)isanalyticand ( ) f z iscontinuousinsideandonasimpleclosedcurveC,
then ( ) 0
c
f z dz =

.
2.

Cauchys Integral Formula:
Iff(z)isanalyticwithinandonasimpleclosedcurveCand
0
z isanypointinside
C,then
( )
2 ( )
C
f z
dz if a
z a
=

3.

Cauchys Integral Formula for derivatives:
Ifafunctionf(z)isanalyticwithinandonasimpleclosedcurveCandaisany
pointlyinginit,then
( )
2
1 ( )
( )
2
C
f z
f a dz
i
z a

Similarly
( )
3
2! ( )
( )
2
C
f z
f a dz
i
z a

, Ingeneral
( )
( )
1
! ( )
( )
2
n
n
C
n f z
f a dz
i
z a

+
=

4.

Cauchys Residue theorem:
Iff(z)beanalyticatallpointsinsideandonasimpleclosedcuvec,exceptfora
finitenumberofisolatedsingularities
1 2 3
, , ,...
n
z z z z insidec,then
( ) 2 (sum of the residues of ( ))
C
f z dz i f z =

.
5. Critical point:
Thepoint,atwhichthemappingw=f(z)isnotconformal,(i.e) ( ) 0 f z = iscalled
acriticalpointofthemapping.
6. Fixed points (or) Invariant points:
Thefixedpointsofthetransformation
az b
w
cz d
+
=
+
isobtainedbyputtingw=zin
theabovetransformation,thepointz=aiscalledfixedpoint.
7. Re { ( )} ( ) ( )
z a
s f z Lt z a f z

= (Simplepole)
8. ( )
( )
1
1
1
Re { ( )} ( )
( 1)!
m
m
m
z a
d
s f z Lt z a f z
m dz

(MultiPole(or)Poleoforderm)
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9.

( )
Re { ( )}
( )
z a
P z
s f z Lt
Q z

10.

Taylor Series:
Afunction ( ) f z ,analyticinsideacircleCwithcentreata,canbeexpandedin
theseries
2 3
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ... ( ) ...
1! 2! 3! !
n
n
z a z a z a z a
f z f a f a f a f a f a
n

= + + + + + +
Maclaurins Series:
Takinga=0,Taylorsseriesreduceto
2 3
( ) (0) (0) (0) (0) ...
1! 2! 3!
z z z
f z f f f f = + + + +
11.

Laurents Series:
0 1
( ) ( )
( )
n n
n n
n n
b
f z a z a
z a

= =
= +

where
1
1
1 ( )
2 ( )
n n
C
f z
a dz
i z a
+
=

&
2
1
1 ( )
2 ( )
n n
C
f z
b dz
i z a

=

,theintegralsbeing
takenanticlockwise.
12.

Isolated Singularity:
Apoint
0
z z = issaidtobeisolatedsingularityof ( ) f z if ( ) f z isnotanalyticat
0
z z = andthereexistsaneighborhoodof
0
z z = containingnoothersingularity.
Example:
1
( ) f z
z
= .Thisfunctionisanalyticeverywhereexceptat 0 z = .
0 z = isanisolatedsingularity.
13. Removable Singularity:
Asingularpoint
0
z z = iscalledaremovablesingularityof ( ) f z if
0
lim ( ) f z
z z

existsfinitely.
Example:
sin
lim ( ) lim 1
0 0
z
f z
z
z z
= =

(finite) 0 z = isaremovable
singularity.
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CONTOUR INTEGRATION:
15.

Type: I
Theintegralsoftheform
2
0
(cos , sin ) f d

Hereweshallchoosethecontour
astheunitcircle : 1 or , 0 2
i
C z z e

= = .Onthistype
2
1
cos
2
z
z

+
= ,
2
1
sin
2
z
iz

= and
1
d dz
iz
= .
16.

Type: II
Improperintegralsoftheform
( )
( )
P x
dx
Q x

,whereP(x)andQ(x)arepolynomials
inxsuchthatthedegreeofQexceedsthatofPatleastbytwoandQ(x)doesnot
vanishforanyx.Here ( ) ( ) ( )
R
C R
f z dz f x dx f z dz

= +

as ( ) 0 R f z dz

.
14. Essential Singularity:
Iftheprincipalpartcontainsaninfinitenumberofnonzeroterms,then
0
z z = is
knownasaessentialsingularity.
Example:
( )
2
1
1/
1/
( ) 1 ...
1! 2!
z
z
z
f z e = = + + + has 0 z = asanessential
singularity.
17. Type: III
Theintegralsoftheform ( ) cos (or) ( ) sin f x mxdx f x mxdx



where
( ) 0 as f x x .
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Unit V (Laplace Transform)
1.

Definition: [ ]
0
( ) ( )
st
L f t e f t dt

2.

Sl.No

1. [ ] 1 L
1
s

2.
n
L t (

1 1
! ( 1)
n n
n n
s s
+ +
+
=
3.
at
L e (

1
s a

4.
at
L e

1
s a +

5. [ ] sin L at
2 2
a
s a +

6. [ ] cos L at
2 2
s
s a +

7. [ ] sinh L at
2 2
a
s a

8. [ ] cosh L at
2 2
s
s a

3.

LinearProperty: [ ] [ ] [ ] ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) L af t bg t aL f t bL g t =
4.

FirstShiftingproperty:
If [ ] ( ) ( ) L f t F s = ,then
i)
[ ] ( ) ( )
at
s s a
L e f t F s

( =


ii)
[ ] ( ) ( )
at
s s a
L e f t F s

+
( =

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5. SecondShiftingproperty:
If [ ] ( ) ( ) L f t F s = ,
( ),
( )
0,
f t a t a
g t
t a
>
=

<

then [ ] ( ) ( )
as
L g t e F s

=
6. Changeofscale:
If [ ] ( ) ( ) L f t F s = ,then
[ ]
1
( )
s
L f at F
a a
| |
=
|
\

7. Transformofderivative:
If [ ] ( ) ( ) L f t F s = ,then
[ ] ( ) ( )
d
L tf t F s
ds
= ,
2
2
2
( ) ( )
d
L t f t F s
ds
( =

,
Ingeneral ( ) ( 1) ( )
n
n n
n
d
L t f t F s
ds
( =


8. TransformofIntegral;
If [ ] ( ) ( ) L f t F s = ,then
1
( ) ( )
s
L f t F s ds
t

(
=
(



9. Initial value Theorem:
If [ ] ( ) ( ) L f t F s = ,then
( ) ( )
0 s
Lt f t Lt sF s
t
=


10. Final value Theorem:
If [ ] ( ) ( ) L f t F s = ,then
( ) ( )
s 0
Lt f t Lt sF s
t
=


11.
Sl.No
1.
1
1
L
s

(
(

1
2.
1
1
L
s a

(
(

at
e
3.
1
1
L
s a

(
(
+

at
e

4.
1
2 2
s
L
s a

(
(
+


cos at
5.
1
2 2
1
L
s a

(
(
+


1
sin at
a

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6.
1
2 2
s
L
s a

(
(

cosh at
7.
1
2 2
1
L
s a

(
(

1
sinh at
a

8.
1
1
n
L
s

(
(


1
( 1)!
n
t
n

12. DeriativeofinverseLaplaceTransform:
[ ] [ ]
1 1
1
( ) ( ) L F s L F s
t

=
13. Colvolutionoftwofunctions:
0
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
t
f t g t f u g t u du =

14. Covolution theorem:
Iff(t)&g(t)arefunctionsdefinedfor 0 t then [ ] [ ] [ ] ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) L f t g t L f t L g t =

15. ConvolutiontheoremofinverseLaplaceTransform:

[ ] [ ] [ ]
1 1 1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) L F s G s L F s L G s

=

16. SolvingODEforsecondorderdifferentialequationsusingLaplaceTransform
i) [ ] [ ] ( ) ( ) (0) L y t sL y t y =
ii) [ ] [ ]
2
( ) ( ) (0) (0) L y t s L y t sy y =
iii) [ ] [ ]
3 2
( ) ( ) (0) (0) (0) L y t s L y t s y sy y = take [ ] ( ) y L y t =
17. Solvingintegralequation:
[ ]
0
1
( ) ( )
t
L y t dt L y t
s
(
=
(

18. InverseLaplaceTransformbyContourIntegralmethod
[ ]
1
1
( ) ( )
2
st
c
L F s F s e ds
i

19. PeriodicfunctioninLaplaceTransform:
Iff(x+T)=f(x),thenf(x)isperiodicfunctionwithperiodT.
[ ]
0
1
( ) ( )
1
T
st
sT
L f t e f t dt
e

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