University of Florida ECE Department

Joel D. Schipper Summer 2007

LECTURE #16: Moore & Mealy Machines

EEL 3701: Digital Logic and Computer Systems
Based on lecture notes by Dr. Eric M. Schwartz

Sequential Design Review: - A binary number can represent 2n states, where n is the number of bits. - The number of bits required is determined by the number of states. Ex. 4 states requires 2 bits (22 = 4 possible states) Ex. 19 states requires 5 bits (25 = 32 possible states) - One flip-flop is required per state bit. Steps to Design Sequential Circuits: 1) Draw a State Diagram 2) Make a Next State Truth Table (NSTT) 3) Pick Flip-Flop type 4) Add Flip-Flop inputs to NSTT using Flip-Flop excitation equation (This creates an Excitation Table.) 5) Solve equations for Flip-Flop inputs (K-maps) 6) Solve equations for Flip-Flop outputs (K-maps) 7) Implement the circuit

Moore State Machines: - Outputs determined solely by the current state - Outputs are unconditional (not directly dependent on input signals)
INPUT

INPUT STATE STATE

INPUT

OUTPUT

OUTPUT

INPUT

GENERIC MOORE STATE MACHINE Note: This should look at lot like the counter designs done previously.

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University of Florida ECE Department

Joel D. Schipper Summer 2007

Example: Design a simple sequence detector for the sequence 011. Include three outputs that indicate how many bits have been received in the correct sequence. (For example, each output could be connected to an LED.) 1) Draw a State Diagram (Moore) and then assign binary State Identifiers.
X=1 X=0 A B X=0

000 X=0 X=1 X=0

001

STATES A=00 B=01 C=11 D=10

X=1

111 X=1

011

MOORE SEQUENCE DETECTOR FOR 011 Note: State A is the starting state for this diagram. 2) Make a Next State Truth Table (NSTT)
State A A B B D D C C Q1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 Q0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 X 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 X 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 O2 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 O2 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 O1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 O1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 O0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 O0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 State+ B A B C B A B D Q1+ 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 Q0+ 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0

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University of Florida ECE Department

Joel D. Schipper Summer 2007

3) Pick Flip-Flop type - Pick D Flip-Flop 4) Add Flip-Flop inputs to NSTT to make an excitation table
Q1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 Q0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 X 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 O2 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 O1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 O0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 Q1+ 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 Q0+ 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 D1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 D0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0

5) Solve equations for Flip-Flop inputs (K-maps)

X\Q1Q0 0 1 00 0 0 01 0 1 11 0 1 10 0 0 X\Q1Q0 0 1 00 1 0 01 1 1 11 1 0 10 1 0

D1 = XQ0 6) Solve equations for Flip-Flop outputs (K-maps)

Q1\Q0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 Q1\Q0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1

D0 = X + Q1Q0

Q1\Q0 0 1

0 0 1

1 1 1

O2 = Q1Q0

O1 = Q1

O0 = Q1 + Q0

Note: Moore designs do not depend on the inputs, so X can be neglected. 7) Implement the circuit

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University of Florida ECE Department

Joel D. Schipper Summer 2007

Example: Design a sequence detector that searches for a series of binary inputs to satisfy the pattern 01[0*]1, where [0*] is any number of consecutive zeroes. The output (Z) should become true every time the sequence is found. 1) Draw a State Diagram (Moore) and then assign binary State Identifiers.

Recall: Picking state identifiers so that only one bit changes from state to state will generally help reduce the amount of hardware required for implementation. Only the transition from Success to First requires two bits to change. 2) Make a Next State Truth Table (NSTT)
State Start Start First First Success Success Second Second unused SuccessD SuccessD Delay Delay Q2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 Q1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 Q0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 * 0 0 1 1 X 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 * 0 1 0 1 Z 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 X 1 1 0 0 State+ First Start First Second First Start Delay Success X Delay Success Delay SuccessD Q2+ 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 X 1 0 1 1 Q1+ 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 X 1 1 1 1 Q0+ 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 X 1 0 1 0

3-7) Do the remainder of the design steps.

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University of Florida ECE Department

Joel D. Schipper Summer 2007

Mealy State Machines: - Outputs determined by the current state and the current inputs. -Outputs are conditional (directly dependent on input signals)
INPUT/OUTPUT

INPUT/OUTPUT

INPUT/OUTPUT

STATE

STATE

INPUT/OUTPUT

GENERIC MEALY STATE MACHINE

Example: Design a sequence detector that searches for a series of binary inputs to satisfy the pattern 01[0*]1, where [0*] is any number of consecutive zeroes. The output (Z) should become true every time the sequence is found. 1) Draw a State Diagram (Mealy) and then assign binary State Identifiers.

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University of Florida ECE Department

Joel D. Schipper Summer 2007

Moore vs. Mealy Timing Comparison

Clock (CLK): Input (X): Moore Output (Z): Mealy Output (Z): Current State (Qi): Next State (Qi+): Initialize _ 0 _ Start _ 1 1 0 0 Start Start 2 0 0 0 Start First 3 0 0 0 First First 4 1 0 0 First Second 5 0 0 0 Second Delay 6 0 0 0 Delay Delay 7 1 0 1 Delay SuccD 8 0 1 0 SuccD Delay 9 1 0 1 Delay SuccD A 1 1 1 SuccD Succ B 1 1 0 Succ Start C 0 0 0 Start First

Note: The Moore Machine lags one clock cycle behind the final input in the sequence. The Mealy Machine can change asynchronously with the input.

One of the states in the previous Mealy State Diagram is unnecessary:

Note: The Mealy Machine requires one less state than the Moore Machine! This is possible because Mealy Machines make use of more information (i.e. inputs) than Moore Machines when computing the output. Having less states makes for an easier design because our truth tables, K-maps, and logic equations are generally less complex. In some cases, the reduction of states is significant because it reduces the number of flip-flops required for design implementation. In spite of the advantages of using a design with less states, we will still use the 6-state Mealy Machine for the remainder of these notes to facilitate a direct comparison with the 6-state Moore Machine. Page 6 of 8

University of Florida ECE Department

Joel D. Schipper Summer 2007

2) Make a Next State Truth Table (NSTT)

State Start Start First First Success Success Second Second unused SuccessD SuccessD Delay Delay Q2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 Q1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 Q0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 * 0 0 1 1 X 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 * 0 1 0 1 Z 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 X 0 1 0 1 State+ First Start First Second First Start Delay Success X Delay Success Delay SuccessD Q2+ 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 X 1 0 1 1 Q1+ 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 X 1 1 1 1 Q0+ 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 X 1 0 1 0

Note: This is identical to the Moore Machine, except for output Z.

3) Pick Flip-Flop type Select D Flip-Flops..

4) Add Flip-Flop inputs to NSTT using Flip-Flop excitation equation

State Start Start First First Success Success Second Second unused SuccessD SuccessD Delay Delay Q2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 Q1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 Q0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 * 0 0 1 1 X 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 * 0 1 0 1 Z 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 X 0 1 0 1 State+ First Start First Second First Start Delay Success X Delay Success Delay SuccessD Q2+ 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 X 1 0 1 1 Q1+ 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 X 1 1 1 1 Q0+ 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 X 1 0 1 0 D2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 X 1 0 1 1 D1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 X 1 1 1 1 D0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 X 1 0 1 0

5) Solve equations for Flip-Flop inputs (K-maps)

Q2Q1\Q0X 00 01 11 10 00 0 0 1 X 01 0 0 0 X 11 0 0 1 X 10 0 1 1 X Q2Q1\Q0X 00 01 11 10 00 0 0 1 X 01 0 0 1 X 11 1 1 1 X 10 0 1 1 X Q2Q1\Q0X 00 01 11 10 00 1 1 1 X 01 0 0 0 X 11 1 0 0 X 10 1 1 1 X

D2 = Q2 Q0 + Q2 X + Q1Q0 X

D1 = Q2 + Q1Q0 + Q0 X

D0 = Q0 X + Q0 X + Q1Q0

Note: This is identical to the Moore Machine.

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University of Florida ECE Department

Joel D. Schipper Summer 2007

6) Solve equations for Flip-Flop outputs (K-maps) Moore Mealy

Q2Q1\Q0 00 01 11 10 0 0 1 1 X 1 0 0 0 X Q2Q1\Q0X 00 01 11 10 00 0 0 0 X 01 0 0 1 X 11 0 1 1 X 10 0 0 0 X

Z Moore = Q1Q0

Z Mealy = Q2 X + Q1Q0 X

Recall: Moore outputs do not depend on the input. - ZMoore can only change when the state changes (synchronous). - ZMealy can change asynchronously because it can change with X. Note: The Moore and Mealy Machines solve the same problem.

7) Implement the circuit

D2 X, Q2, Q1, Q0 Combo Logic C D D-FF Q Q Q2

D1 X, Q2, Q1, Q0 Combo Logic

D D-FF C

Q1 Combo Logic

D0 X, Q2, Q1, Q0 Combo Logic

D D-FF C

Q0

Clk

Notes: The 3 boxes of combinational logic on the left are the same for both of the Moore and Mealy designs because the state transitions are the same. This would not have been the case had we implemented the 5-state Mealy Machine. The larger box of combinational logic on the right is different for the Moore and Mealy designs because the output, Z, is computed differently.

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