Application of differentiation

Definition of Maximum and Minimum

Rate of change

Motion

Definition

Critical Point

A point on curve where the gradient is zero (0) that is:

= 0 or

is not defined.

3 types of critical point:

Maximum point Minimum point Inflection point

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Maximum Point

Minimum Point

=0

is not defined

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= 0 the critical point is also known as the stationary point. The maximum and minimum points are also called turning points.
If

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 Find

the intervals on which the function = 2 4 + 3 is increasing and decreasing.

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 = 2 4 + 3 = 2 4 = 2( 2)
If < 2, < 0 (-ve). Therefore, is decreasing. It follows that < 0 if < < 2 is decreasing.

If > 2, > 0 (+ve). Therefore, is increasing.

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 Maximum

point Refer the following graph, point A is a maximum point. The slope of the curve is positive (+ve) to the left of point (, ) and negative to the right of the point (, ). If = () have a maximum point at = , then = 0 at = .

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Maximum point

()

(, )

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Test table

<

>

()

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 Minimum

point Refer the following graph, point B is a minimum point. The slope () changes from negative (-ve)to the left of point (, ) and the curve is positive (+ve) to the right of the point (, ). If = () have a minimum point at = , then = 0 at = .

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 Minimum

point

(, )

()

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Minimum point

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Test table < = >

()

Slope

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 Determine

the maximum and minimum points of the function = 4 2 using the First Derivative Test.

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 = 4 2 = 4 2 Critical point when = 0, 4 2 = 0, = 2

=
0

>
-

= 2 is a maximum number, so that the maximum point is 2, 2 = (2, 4) . The minimum point does not exist.
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 Suppose

is twice differentiable at a stationary point 0 .

If 0 > 0, then has a relative minimum at 0 . If 0 < 0, then has a relative maximum at 0 .

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METHODS

Step on finding max/min points:

Find y(x) and y(x) . Find x when y(x)=0 or where y doesnt exist. Substitute x in y(x). Do 2nd derivative test:
i. ii. iii.

y(x) < 0 max point at x. y(x) > 0 min point at x. y(x) = 0 test failed, use 1st derivatives test.

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Locate and describe the relative extrema of = 4 2 2 .

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 = 4 3 4 = 4 3 4 = 4 2 1 = 4( 1)( + 1) = 12 2 4 Solving () yields the critical points = 0, = 1, = 1. Then, check for 0 = 12(0)2 4 = 4 < 0 1 = 12(1)2 4 = 8 > 0 1 = 12(1)2 4 = 8 > 0 Thus, there is relative maximum at = 0, and there are relative minima at = 1 and = 1.

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 Use

the second derivative test to find the minimum and maximum point, if exist for the function = 3 3 2 + 2

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 = 3 2 6 = 3 2 = 6 6 The critical point when = 0; = 0 and = 2. 0 = 6 0 6 < 0; shows that there is a relative maximum at = 0. Then (0, 0 ) is a maximum point = (0, 2). 2 = 6 2 6 > 0; shows that there is a relative minimum at = 2. Then 2, 2 is a minimum point = (2, 2).
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 At

the critical point = , when:

> 0 to the left of = and

> 0 to the right of =

Then there will be an inflection point.

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 At

the critical point = , when:

< 0 to the left of = , and < 0 to the right of =

= 0 at = is called the point of inflection.

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Concave up

Inflection point
(0.0)

Concave down

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 Determine

the maximum, minimum or inflection points for the function = 3 + 3 2 + 3

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 = 3 + 3 2 + 3 = 3 2 + 6 = 6 + 6 = 6 At critical point, 3 2 + 6 = 0 3 + 2 = 0 = 0 = 2 = 3 = 7

=0

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When = 0,

2 2 2 2

= 6 0 + 6 = 6 (+ve)

Therefore (0,3) is a minimum point. When =-2, = 6 2 + 6 = 6 (-ve)

Therefore (2, 6) is a maximum point.

At inflection point,
= 1 Since
2 2

=0
6 + 6 = 0

= 5 0 therefore (-1,5) is an inflection point.

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Determine the maximum, minimum or inflection points if they exist for each of the function below:
a. b. c.

= 3 3 2 9 = 2 6 =
1 3 3

1 2 2

6 + 8

Next, sketch the graph of the function.

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Rate of change for related quantities:

In related rates problems one tries to find the rate at which some quantity is changing by relating it to other quantities whose rates of change are known.

If the function is y(x), then is called the rate of change of y with respect to x. Notice that:

> 0 ( ) < 0

it shows how changes in y are related to changes in x. For example, if = 3, means that y is increasing 3 times as fast as x.
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In mechanics, if s denotes the position of a particle at a time t, then:

The velocity, v, of the particle is given by , the rate of change of displacement with respect to time.

The acceleration of the particle is given by = the rate of change of velocity with respect to time.

2 2

The area, A, of the particle is given by , the rate of change of an area, A with respect to time. The volume, V, of the particle is given by , the rate of change of a volume, V with respect to time.

 If

variables x and y which are differentiable functions of time t such as y = f(t) and x = g(t), then differentiating with respect to t produces the related rates which are

and

Using

the Chain Rule we obtain the rate of change of variable y with respect to x that is
=

 Method

to solve such problems:

Draw a figure and assign variables to the quantities Find an equation that relates the variables Differentiate implicitly with respect to time Substitute specific numerical value

1.

Given that = 3 4 2 where x and y are two related variables, find the rate of change of x when x = 2 if y increases at a rate of 2 unit 1 .

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= 3 4 6 3 4

= 2 3 4 3 =
2 = 6 3 4

= 2 = 6 34 When = 2,

1 = 3 34 1 = 3 3 2 4

= 1 .
1 6

1 6

Therefore,

x increase at a rate of

1 .

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2. The radius of sphere increases at a rate of 2 1 . How fast is the surface area of a sphere increases when the radius is 3 cm.
r = 3 cm

The rate of change: = 2 /

Volume = 3 3 Surface area = 4 2

= 2 1

Let V is a volume of sphere and is a surface area of sphere.

4 3 3

= 4 2 2
= 2 1 = 2 2 4 2 1

Given that,

Then, = = = 8 2 3 1 When radius r = 3, then = 8(3)2 3 1 = 723 1

3. The length of the side of a cube is increasing at a rate of 0.1 1 . Find the rate at which the volume is increasing when the length of the side is 2.
4. Volume of a sphere is = If the volume is increasing at a rate of 103 1 , find the rate at which the radius, r is increasing when r = 5cm.
4 3 . 3

Displacement (m) S(t)

( @ )

Velocity

Acceleration ( @ ) a(t) = v(t) = s(t)

v(t) = s(t)

The displacement of a particle, s is the distance and the direction from its starting position to its finishing position

The velocity of a particle, v is the movement of the particle from point A to point B

The acceleration of a particle, a is the velocity of a particle changes from point A to point B

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Displacement (m) S(t)

( @ )

Velocity

Acceleration ( @ ) a(t) = v(t) = s(t)

v(t) = s(t)

Displacement (m) S(t)

( @ )

Velocity

Acceleration ( @ ) a(t) = v(t) = s(t)

v(t) = s(t)

s=0 s<0 s>0 O

a
+ve

+ve

-ve

+ve

t v
-ve

t a
-ve

t t

1. Suppose that the height of a skydiver t seconds after jumping from an airplane is given by = 640 20 16 2 feet. Find the persons acceleration at time t.

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 Since

acceleration is the derivative of velocity, we first compute velocity: = = 0 20 32 = 20 32 ft/s. Computing the derivative of this function gives as below: = = 32 ft/s2 negative sign is shown as the direction decreases by 32 ft/s2 every second due to gravity.

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2. A particle moves along a straight line and passes through a fixed point O. Its displacement, s m, from point O is given by
= where t is the time, in seconds, after passing through point O. a) Find the velocity function of the particle. b) Hence, draw the graph of the velocity function for 0 5. 2 2
3 3

3. A particle moves along a straight line and passes through a fixed point O. Its velocity, 1 , is given by = 15 2 2 where t is the time, in seconds, after passing through point O. Find the acceleration of the particle a) At t = 5 b) When it is at instantaneous rest

 It

will illustrate how to apply the methods of calculus to problems requiring you to find the maximum or minimum.

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1.

A rectangular sheet of metal having dimensions 20cm by 12cm has squares removed from each of the four corners and the sides bent upwards to form an open box. Determine the maximum possible volume of the box.

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Solution
x x x (20 2x) 12 cm x x x (12 2x) x

20 cm

20 cm x 12 cm

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 Suppose

we consider a 20 cm x 12 cm piece

of card.

Volume of box, = 20 2 12 2 = 240 64 2 + 4 3 Our mathematical problem:

We have now created a mathematical problem Maximize the volume

 The

appropriate method for this is using derivative. We use derivative to find the value of x which makes the volume the maximum:
= 240 64 2 + 4 3
d

= 240 128 + 12 2 =0

 Two

4 60 32 + 3 2 = 0 60 32 + 3 2 = 0 Using quadratic formula,

values are found for

(32) (32)2 4(3)(60) 2(3)

= 8.239 = 2.427

 Substitute

x to find the volumes Only one value produces a valid answer If x = 8.239 cm, then

= 240(8.238) 64 8.239
= - 129.94 cm3 If x = 2.427 cm, then
= 240(2.427) 64 2.427

+ 4 8.239

+ 4 2.427)

= 262.68 cm3 Therefore, we use the second derivative test to justify the maximum volume.

 Use

the second derivative:

= 240 128 + 2 = 128 + 24 2

12 2

x = 8.239 cm, then

If

x = 2.427 cm, then

2 2

Therefore, the maximum volume is 262.68 cm3