Applications of Laws of Motion

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Applications of Laws of Motion

Due: 7:00pm on Monday, October 1, 2012 Note: You will receive no credit for late submissions. To learn more, read your instructor's Grading Policy

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For Items 2, 9, 10, 11, 15, 16 and 17, please submit your answers online, and also submit written work showing how you solved these problems. Put your written solutions in the homework box on the second floor of the Physics Building by the same due date and time as for the online assignment.

Two Blocks and Two Pulleys

A block of mass is attached to a massless, ideal string. This string wraps around a massless pulley and then wraps around a second pulley that is attached to a block of mass that is free to slide on a frictionless table. The string is firmly anchored to a wall and the whole system is frictionless. Use the coordinate system indicated in the figure when solving this problem.

Part A
Assuming that is the magnitude of the horizontal acceleration of the block of mass , what is , the

tension in the string? Express the tension in terms of and .

You did not open hints for this part.

ANSWER: =

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Part B
Given . Express the acceleration magnitude in terms of , , and . , the tension in the string, calculate , the magnitude of the vertical acceleration of the block of mass

You did not open hints for this part.

ANSWER: =

Part C
Given the magnitude of the acceleration of the block of mass acceleration of the block of mass . Express in terms of . , find , the magnitude of the horizontal

You did not open hints for this part.

ANSWER: =

Part D
Using the result of Part C in the formula for as a function of . and . that you previously obtained in Part A, express

Express your answer in terms of ANSWER: =

Part E
Having solved the previous parts, you have all the pieces needed to calculate acceleration of the block of mass . Write an expression for . Express the acceleration magnitude in terms of , , and . , the magnitude of the

You did not open hints for this part.

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ANSWER: =

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Problem 5.92
Two blocks connected by a cord passing over a small, frictionless pulley rest on frictionless planes (the figure ).

Part A
Which way will the system move when the blocks are released from rest? ANSWER: the blocks will slide to the left the blocks will slide to the right

Correct

Part B
What is the acceleration of the blocks? ANSWER:

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Try Again; 5 attempts remaining

Part C
What is the tension in the cord? ANSWER: =

Try Again; 5 attempts remaining

Contact Forces Introduced

Learning Goal: To introduce contact forces (normal and friction forces) and to understand that, except for friction forces under certain circumstances, these forces must be determined from: net Force = ma. Two solid objects cannot occupy the same space at the same time. Indeed, when the objects touch, they exert repulsive normal forces on each other, as well as frictional forces that resist their slipping relative to each other. These contact forces arise from a complex interplay between the electrostatic forces between the electrons and ions in the objects and the laws of quantum mechanics. As two surfaces are pushed together these forces increase exponentially over an atomic distance scale, easily becoming strong enough to distort the bulk material in the objects if they approach too close. In everyday experience, contact forces are limited by the deformation or acceleration of the objects, rather than by the fundamental interatomic forces. Hence, we can conclude the following: The magnitude of contact forces is determined by , that is, by the other forces on, and acceleration of, the contacting bodies. The only exception is that the frictional forces cannot exceed smaller than this or even zero). (although they can be

Normal and friction forces

Two types of contact forces operate in typical mechanics problems, the normal and frictional forces, usually designated by and (or , or something similar) respectively. These are the components of the overall contact force: perpendicular to and parallel to the plane of contact.

Kinetic friction when surfaces slide

When one surface is sliding past the other, experiments show three things about the friction force (denoted 1. The frictional force opposes the relative motion at the point of contact, ):

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2.

is proportional to the normal force, and

3. the ratio of the magnitude of the frictional force to that of the normal force is fairly constant over a wide range of speeds.

The constant of proportionality is called the coefficient of kinetic friction, often designated continues, the frictional force is then (valid when the surfaces slide by each other).

. As long as the sliding

Static friction when surfaces don't slide

When there is no relative motion of the surfaces, the frictional force can assume any value from zero up to a maximum , where is the coefficient of static friction. Invariably, is larger than , in agreement with the observation that when a force is large enough that something breaks loose and starts to slide, it often accelerates. The frictional force for surfaces with no relative motion is therefore (valid when the contacting surfaces have no relative motion). The actual magnitude and direction of the static friction force are such that it (together with other forces on the object) causes the object to remain motionless with respect to the contacting surface as long as the static friction force required does not exceed . The equation is valid only when the surfaces are on the verge of sliding.

Part A
When two objects slide by one another, which of the following statements about the force of friction between them, is true? ANSWER: The frictional force is always equal to The frictional force is always less than . .

The frictional force is determined by other forces on the objects so it can be either equal to or less than .

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Part B
When two objects are in contact with no relative motion, which of the following statements about the frictional force between them, is true? ANSWER: The frictional force is always equal to The frictional force is always less than . .

The frictional force is determined by other forces on the objects so it can be either equal to or less than .

Part C
When a board with a box on it is slowly tilted to larger and larger angle, common experience shows that the box will at some point "break loose" and start to accelerate down the board. The box begins to slide once the component of gravity acting parallel to the board equals the force of static

friction. Which of the following is the most general explanation for why the box accelerates down the board? ANSWER: The force of kinetic friction is smaller than that of static friction, but Once the box is moving, kinetic friction. Once the box is moving, When the box is stationary, is larger than the force of static friction. equals the force of static friction, but once the box starts moving, the remains the same.

is smaller than the force of static friction but larger than the force of

sliding reduces the normal force, which in turn reduces the friction.

Part D
Consider a problem in which a car of mass Select the best answer. ANSWER: is on a road tilted at an angle . The normal force

is found using

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Comparing Friction Forces with Gravity Conceptual Question

A large crate filled with physics laboratory equipment must be moved up an incline onto a truck.

Part A
The crate is at rest on the incline. What can you say about the force of friction acting on the crate?

You did not open hints for this part.

ANSWER: The frictional force points up the incline. The frictional force points down the incline. The frictional force is zero.

Part B
A physicist attempts to push the crate up the incline. The physicist senses that if he applies slightly more force the crate will move up the incline but cannot muster enough strength to get the motion started. What can you say now about the force of friction acting on the crate? ANSWER: The frictional force points up the incline. The frictional force points down the incline. The frictional force is zero.

Part C

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The first physicist gets a second physicist to help. They both push on the crate, parallel to the surface of the incline, and it moves at constant speed up the incline. How does the force exerted by the two physicists on the crate compare with the force of friction on the crate?

You did not open hints for this part.

ANSWER: is less than equals is greater than .

PSS 5.2 Newtons Second Law: Dynamics of Particles

Learning Goal: To practice Problem-Solving Strategy 5.2 Newtons Second Law: Dynamics of Particles. You want to move a heavy box with mass 30.0 across a carpeted floor. You pull hard on one of the edges of the , causing the box to move horizontally. . What is the box's acceleration

box at an angle 30 above the horizontal with a force of magnitude 240

The force of friction between the moving box and the floor has magnitude 41.5 just after it begins to move? Problem-Solving Strategy: Newtons second lawDynamics of particles

IDENTIFY the relevant concepts: Identify the target variableusually an acceleration or a force. If the target variable is velocity, time, or distance, you will use Newton's second law to find the acceleration and then use kinematics to find the target variable. SET UP the problem using the following steps: 1. Draw a simple sketch of the situation. Identify one or more moving bodies to which youll apply Newtons second law. 2. For each body you identified, draw a free-body diagram that shows all the forces acting on the body. 3. Label each force with an algebraic symbol for the forces magnitude. 4. Choose your x and y coordinate axes for each body, and show them in that body's free-body diagram. 5. If more than one body is involved, there may be relationships among their motions; for example, they may be connected by a rope. Express any such relationships as equations relating the accelerations of the various bodies. EXECUTE the solution as follows: 1. For each object, determine the components of the forces along each of the objects coordinate axes. 2. For each object, write a separate equation for each component of Newtons second law, and .

3. Make a list of all the known and unknown quantities. In your list, identify the target variable or variables. 4. Check that you have as many equations as there are unknowns. If you have too few equations, go back to Step 5 of Set up the problem". 5. Do the easy partthe math! Solve the equations to find the target variable(s).

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EVALUATE your answer: Does your answer have the correct units? Does it have the correct algebraic sign? When possible, consider particular values or extreme cases of quantities and compare the results with your intuitive expectations. Ask, Does this result make sense?

IDENTIFY the relevant concepts

The target variable in this problem is the acceleration of the box. Since you know the magnitudes and directions of all of the forces, you can use Newton's second law to find the acceleration.

SET UP the problem using the following steps

Part A
The figure shows the situation described. Which of the following describes the best coordinate system? You should generally align the positive x axis with the direction in which your object of interest is accelerating.

ANSWER: Positive x axis to the left, positive y axis upward Positive x axis to the right, positive y axis downward Positive x axis to the left, positive y axis downward Positive x axis to the right, positive y axis upward

Part B
This question will be shown after you complete previous question(s).

EXECUTE the solution as follows

Part C

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This question will be shown after you complete previous question(s).

EVALUATE your answer

Part D
This question will be shown after you complete previous question(s).

Pushing Too Hard

A baggage handler at an airport applies a constant horizontal force with magnitude across a rough horizontal surface with a very small constant acceleration . to push a box, of mass ,

Part A
The baggage handler now pushes a second box, identical to the first, so that it accelerates at a rate of does the magnitude of the force applied to the first box? . How

that the handler applies to this box compare to the magnitude of the force

You did not open hints for this part.

ANSWER:

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Part B
Now assume that the baggage handler pushes a third box of mass How does the magnitude of the force that the so that it accelerates at a rate of .

handler applies to this box compare to the magnitude of the force applied to the first box?

You did not open hints for this part.

ANSWER:

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Board Pulled Out from under a Box

A small box of mass is sitting on a board of mass and length . The board rests on a frictionless horizontal surface. The coefficient of static friction between the board and the box is . The coefficient of kinetic friction between the board and the box is, as usual, less than . Throughout the problem, use for the magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity. In the hints, use for the magnitude of the friction force between the board and the box.

Part A
Find , the constant force with the least magnitude that must be applied to the board in order to pull the

board out from under the the box (which will then fall off of the opposite end of the board). Express your answer in terms of some or all of the variables your answer. , , , , and . Do not include in

You did not open hints for this part.

ANSWER: =

Enhanced EOC: Exercise 5.39

A large crate with mass and the floor are and . pages 146 - 154) . rests on a horizontal floor. The static and kinetic coefficients of friction between the crate , respectively. A woman pushes downward on the crate at an angle below the

horizontal with a force

You may want to review (

For help with math skills, you may want to review: Vector Components Limits Involving Infinity For general problem-solving tips and strategies for this topic, you may want to view a Video Tutor Solution of

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Minimizing kinetic friction.

Part A
What is the magnitude of the force vector Express your answer in terms of required to keep the crate moving at constant velocity? .

, , , and

You did not open hints for this part.

ANSWER: =

Part B
If is greater than some critical value, the woman cannot start the crate moving no matter how hard she pushes. Calculate this critical value of . Express your answer in terms of .

You did not open hints for this part.

ANSWER: =

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Exercise 5.30
Some sliding rocks approach the base of a hill with a speed of 14.0 . The hill rises at 39.0 above the horizontal and has coefficients of kinetic and static friction of 0.420 and 0.620, respectively, with these rocks. Start each part of your solution to this problem with a free-body diagram.

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Part A
Find the acceleration of the rocks as they slide up the hill. ANSWER: =

Part B
Once a rock reaches its highest point, will it stay there or slide down the hill? ANSWER: stay there slide down the hill

Part C
If it slides down, find its acceleration on the way down, else enter 0. ANSWER:

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Problem 5.71
A block with mass is placed on an inclined plane with slope angle and is connected to a second hanging and block that has mass by a cord passing over a small, frictionless pulley. The coefficient of static friction is the coefficient of kinetic friction is .

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Part A
Find the mass for which block moves up the plane at constant speed once it has been set in motion. , , , , and .

Express your answer in terms of ANSWER: =

Part B
Find the mass for which block moves down the plane at constant speed once it has been set in motion. , , , , and .

Express your answer in terms of ANSWER: =

Part C
Find the smallest value of when the blocks will remain at rest if they are released from rest. , , , , and .

Express your answer in terms of ANSWER: =

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Submit written work for the following problem.

Problem 5.84

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Part A
If the coefficient of static friction between a table and a uniform massive rope is can hang over the edge of the table without the rope sliding? Express your answer in terms of ANSWER: = . , what fraction of the rope

A Mass on a Turntable: Conceptual

A small metal cylinder rests on a circular turntable that is rotating at a constant rate, as illustrated in the diagram.

Part A
Which of the following sets of vectors best describes the velocity, acceleration, and net force acting on the cylinder at the point indicated in the diagram?

You did not open hints for this part.

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ANSWER: a b c d e

Part B
Let be the distance between the cylinder and the center of the turntable. Now assume that the cylinder is from the center of the turntable. Which of the following statements accurately

moved to a new location

describe the motion of the cylinder at the new location? Check all that apply.

You did not open hints for this part.

ANSWER: The speed of the cylinder has decreased. The speed of the cylinder has increased. The magnitude of the acceleration of the cylinder has decreased. The magnitude of the acceleration of the cylinder has increased. The speed and the acceleration of the cylinder have not changed.

A Ride on the Ferris Wheel

A woman rides on a Ferris wheel of radius 16 that maintains the same speed throughout its motion. To better understand physics, she takes along a digital bathroom scale (with memory) and sits on it. When she gets off the ride, she uploads the scale readings to a computer and creates a graph of scale reading versus time. Note that the graph has a minimum value of 510 and a maximum value of 666 .

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Part A
What is the woman's mass? Express your answer in kilograms.

You did not open hints for this part.

ANSWER: =

Banked Frictionless Curve, and Flat Curve with Friction

A car of mass = 1100 traveling at 50.0 enters a banked turn covered with ice. The road is banked at = 9.80 throughout this an angle , and there is no friction between the road and the car's tires. . Use problem.

Part A
What is the radius turn)? Express your answer in meters. of the turn if = 20.0 (assuming the car continues in uniform circular motion around the

You did not open hints for this part.

ANSWER:

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Part B
This question will be shown after you complete previous question(s).

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Exercise 5.47
In another version of the "Giant Swing", the seat is connected to two cables as shown in the figure , one of which is horizontal. The seat swings in a horizontal circle at a rate of 32.0 .

Part A
If the seat weighs 284 ANSWER: = and a 900person is sitting in it, find the tension in the horizontal cable.

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Part B
If the seat weighs 284 ANSWER: = and a 900person is sitting in it, find the tension in the inclined cable.

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Problem 5.115
On the ride "Spindletop" at the amusement park Six Flags Over Texas, people stood against the inner wall of a hollow vertical cylinder with radius 2.5 . The cylinder started to rotate, and when it reached a constant rotation rate of 0.60 against the wall. , the floor on which people were standing dropped about 0.5 . The people remained pinned

Part A
Draw a force diagram for a person on this ride, after the floor has dropped. (Assume the vertical axis of the cylinder to be at the left.) Draw the force vectors with their tails at the dot. The orientation of your vectors will be graded. The exact length of your vectors will not be graded but the relative length of one to the other will be graded. ANSWER:

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Part B
What minimum coefficient of static friction is required if the person on the ride is not to slide downward to the new position of the floor? Express your answer using two significant figures. ANSWER: =

Part C
Does your answer in part B depend on the mass of the passenger? (Note: When the ride is over, the cylinder is slowly brought to rest. As it slows down, people slide down the walls to the floor.) ANSWER: yes no

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Problem 5.118
A physics major is working to pay his college tuition by performing in a traveling carnival. He rides a motorcycle inside a hollow transparent plastic sphere. After gaining sufficient speed, he travels in a vertical circle with a radius of 12.2 . The physics major has a mass of 66.0 , and his motorcycle has a mass of 40.0 .

Part A
What minimum speed must he have at the top of the circle if the tires of the motorcycle are not to lose contact with the sphere? ANSWER:

Part B
At the bottom of the circle his speed is twice the value calculated in part A. What is the magnitude of the normal force exerted on the motorcycle by the sphere at this point? ANSWER:

Skydiving
A sky diver of mass 80.0 (including parachute) jumps off a plane and begins her descent. for the magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity.

Throughout this problem use 9.80

Part A
At the beginning of her fall, does the sky diver have an acceleration?

You did not open hints for this part.

ANSWER: No; the sky diver falls at constant speed. Yes and her acceleration is directed upward. Yes and her acceleration is directed downward.

Part B

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At some point during her free fall, the sky diver reaches her terminal speed. What is the magnitude of the drag force due to air resistance that acts on the sky diver when she has reached terminal speed? Express your answer in newtons.

You did not open hints for this part.

ANSWER: =

Part C
For an object falling through air at a high speed , the drag force acting on it due to air resistance can be expressed as , where the coefficient depends on the shape and size of the falling object and on the density of air. For a is about 0.250 . of the sky diver?

human body, the numerical value for Using this value for

, what is the terminal speed

Express you answer in meters per second.

You did not open hints for this part.

ANSWER: =

Part D
When the sky diver descends to a certain height from the ground, she deploys her parachute to ensure a safe landing. (Usually the parachute is deployed when the sky diver reaches an altitude of about 900 --3000 .) Immediately after deploying the parachute, does the skydiver have a nonzero acceleration?

You did not open hints for this part.

ANSWER: No; the sky diver keeps falling at constant speed. Yes and her acceleration is directed downward. Yes and her acceleration is directed upward.

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Part E
When the parachute is fully open, the effective drag coefficient of the sky diver plus parachute increases to 60.0 . What is the drag force acting on the sky diver immediately after she has opened the parachute? Express your answer in newtons.

You did not open hints for this part.

ANSWER: =

Part F
What is the terminal speed of the sky diver when the parachute is opened?

Express your answer in meters per second.

You did not open hints for this part.

ANSWER: =

Score Summary:
Your score on this assignment is 0%. You received 0 out of a possible total of 165 points.

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