Section 12.

6
C12S06.001: We rst compute
v(t) =
_
(x

(t))
2
+ (y

(t))
2
+ (z

(t))
2
=
_
64 + 36 cos
2
2t + 36 sin
2
2t =

100 = 10.
Therefore the length of the graph is
s =
_

0
10 dt =
_
10t
_

0
= 10.
C12S06.002: Here we have
v(t) =
_
(x

(t))
2
+ (y

(t))
2
+ (z

(t))
2
=
_
1 + 2t
2
+ t
4
= t
2
+ 1.
Hence the length of the graph is
s =
_
1
0
(t
2
+ 1) dt =
_
t
3
3
+ t
_
1
0
=
4
3
0 =
4
3
.
C12S06.003: First,
v(t) =
_
[x

(t)]
2
+ [y

(t)]
2
+ [z

(t)]
2
=
_
(6e
t
cos t 6e
t
sint)
2
+ (6e
t
cos t + 6e
t
sint)
2
+ (17e
t
)
2
=
_
289e
2t
+ 36e
2t
cos
2
t 72e
2t
sint cos t + 36e
2t
sint + 36e
2t
cos
2
t + 72e
2t
sint cos t + 36e
2t
sin
2
t
=
_
289e
2t
+ 36e
2t
+ 36e
2t
=

361e
2t
= 19e
t
.
Therefore the arc length is
s =
_
1
0
19e
t
dt =
_
19e
t
_
1
0
= 19e 19 = 19(e 1) 32.647354740722.
C12S06.004: Here we compute
v(t) =
_
[x

(t)]
2
+ [y

(t)]
2
+ [z

(t)]
2
=
_
t
2
+ t
2
+ 2 = t +
1
t
.
Therefore the length of the arc is
s =
_
2
1
_
t +
1
t
_
dt =
_
t
2
2
+ lnt
_
2
1
= 2 + ln2
1
2
=
3
2
+ ln2 2.193147180560.
C12S06.005: First,
v(t) =
_
(3t cos t + 3 sint)
2
+ (3 cos t 3t sint)
2
+ (4t)
2
=
_
16t
2
+ 9 cos
2
t + 9 sin
2
t + 9t
2
cos
2
t + 9t
2
sin
2
t =
_
9 + 25t
2
.
Then the substitutions u = 5t, a = 3, and formula 44 of the endpapers of the text yields arc length
1
s =
_
4/5
0
_
9 + 25t
2
dt =
_
t
2
_
9 + 25t
2
+
9
10
_
ln5t +
_
9 + 25t
2
_
_
4/5
0
= 2 +
9
10
ln9
9
10
ln3 =
20 + 9 ln3
10
2.988751059801.
By comparison, Mathematica 3.0 yields
s =
_
t
2
_
9 + 25t
2
+
9
10
sinh
1
_
5t
3
_ _
4/5
0
,
which can be simplied to the same answer using identities found in Section 7.6.
C12S06.006: First we compute
v(t) =
_
(2e
t
)
2
+ (e
t
)
2
+ 2
2
=
_
4e
2t
+ 4 + e
2t
= 2e
t
+ e
t
.
Then the arc length in question is
s =
_
1
0
_
2e
t
+ e
t
_
dt =
_
2e
t
e
t
_
1
0
= 2e e
1
1 4.068684215747.
C12S06.007: By Eq. (13) of the text,
(x) =
|y

(x)|
[1 + (y

(x))
2
]
3/2
=
|6x|
(1 + 9x
4
)
3/2
,
and therefore (0) = 0.
C12S06.008: By Eq. (13) of the text,
(x) =
|y

(x)|
[1 + (y

(x))
2
]
3/2
=
|6x|
(1 + 9x
4
)
3/2
,
and therefore
(1) =
6
10
3/2
=
3

10
50
0.1897366596.
C12S06.009: By Eq. (13) of the text,
(x) =
| cos x|
(1 + sin
2
x)
3/2
,
and thus (0) = 1.
C12S06.010: By Eq. (12) of the text,
(t) =
|x

(t)y

(t) x

(t)y

(t)|
[(x

(t))
2
+ (y

(t))
2
]
3/2
=
|1 2 0|
[1
2
+ (2t + 3)
2
]
3/2
,
and consequently
2
(2) =
2
(1 + 49)
3/2
=
2
50
3/2
=
2

50
2500
=

2
250
0.005656854248.
C12S06.011: By Eq. (12) of the text,
(t) =
|x

(t)y

(t) x

(t)y

(t)|
[(x

(t))
2
+ (y

(t))
2
]
3/2
=
| 20 sin
2
t 20 cos
2
t|
[25 sin
2
t + 16 cos
2
t]
3/2
=
20
(16 + 9 sin
2
t)
3/2
,
so that

4
_
=
20
_
16 +
9
2
_
3/2
=
40

82
1681
0.2154761484.
C12S06.012: By Eq. (12) of the text,
(t) =
|x

(t)y

(t) x

(t)y

(t)|
[(x

(t))
2
+ (y

(t))
2
]
3/2
=
|15 sinh
2
t 15 cosh
2
t|
(25 sinh
2
t + 9 cosh
2
t)
3/2
=
15
(25 sinh
2
t + 9 cosh
2
t)
3/2
.
Therefore
(0) =
15
9
3/2
=
15
27
=
5
9
.
C12S06.013: Given: y = e
x
. By Eq. (13) of the text, the curvature at x is
(x) =
|y

(x)|
[1 + (y

(x))
2
]
3/2
=
e
x
(1 + e
2x
)
3/2
.
Because (x) > 0 for all x, (x) 0 as x , and is continuous on the set of all real numbers, there
is a maximum value. Next,

(x) =
e
x
(1 2e
2x
)
(1 + e
2x
)
5/2
;

(x) = 0 when e
2x
=
1
2
: x =
1
2
ln2.
Answer: The maximum curvature of the graph of y = e
x
occurs at the point
_

1
2
ln2,
1
2

2
_
.
The curvature there is
1
2

2
_
1 +
1
2
_
3/2
=

2
2

2
3/2
3
3/2
=
2

3
9
0.3849001794597505.
C12S06.014: Given: y = lnx. By the result in the solution of Problem 13, there is a unique point where
the curvature of the graph is maximal and it is
_
1
2

2 ,
1
2
ln2
_
.
Alternatively, by Eq. (12), the curvature at x is
3
(x) =
|y

(x)|
[1 + (y

(x))
2
]
3/2
=
x
2
(1 + x
2
)
3/2
=
x
2
x
3
(x
2
+ 1)
3/2
=
x
(x
2
+ 1)
3/2
.
Because (x) > 0 for all x > 0, (x) 0 as x + and as x 0
+
, and is continuous on (0, +), there
is a maximum value. To nd it,

(x) =
(x
2
+ 1)
3/2
x 2x
3
2
(x
2
+ 1)
1/2
(x
2
+ 1)
3
=
1 2x
2
(x
2
+ 1)
5/2
;

(x) = 0 when x =
1
2

2 .
C12S06.015: Given: x = 5 cos t, y = 3 sint. By Eq. (12) of the text, the curvature at (x(t), y(t)) is given
by
(t) =
|x

(t)y

(t) x

(t)y

(t)|
[(x

(t))
2
+ (y

(t))
2
]
3/2
=
|15 sin
2
t + 15 cos
2
t|
(25 sin
2
t + 9 cos
2
t)
3/2
=
15
(9 + 16 sin
2
t)
3/2
.
Nothing is lost by restriction of t to the interval [0, 2], and (t) is continuous there, so has both a global
maximum value and a global minimum value in that interval. To nd them,

(t) =
15
3
2
(9 + 16 sin
2
t)
1/2
32 sint cos t
(9 + 16 sin
2
t)
3
=
720 sint cos t
(9 + 16 sin
2
t)
5/2
.
Because

(t) = 0 at every integral multiple of /2, we check these critical points (and only these):
(0) =
5
9
= () = (2);
(/2) =
3
25
= (3/2).
Therefore the maximum curvature of the graph of the given parametric equations is
5
9
, which occurs at (5, 0)
and at (5, 0) (corresponding to t = 0 and t = ); the minimum curvature is
3
25
and occurs at (0, 3) and
at (0, 3).
C12S06.016: Given: xy = 1. By Eq. (13) of the text, the curvature at x is given by
(x) =
|2x
3
|
(1 + x
4
)
3/2
=
2|x
3
|
(x
4
+ 1)
3/2
.
Because (x) 0 as x and as x 0 and is continuous on (, 0) and on (0, +), has a
global maximum on each of these two intervals. By symmetry it sucies to consider only the case in which
x > 0. Then

(x) =
6x
2
(x
4
+ 1)
3/2
2x
3

3
2
(x
4
+ 1)
1/2
4x
3
(x
4
+ 1)
3
=
6x
2
(x
4
+ 1) 12x
6
(x
4
+ 1)
5/2
=
6x
2
(1 x
4
)
(x
4
+ 1)
5/2
;

(x) = 0 when x = 1. By symmetry, in the case x < 0 we nd that

(x) = 0 when x = 1. Answer: The

maximum curvature occurs at the two points (1, 1) and (1, 1) and the curvature there is
1
2

2 .
C12S06.017: Let r(t) = t, t
3
. For the purpose of determining the direction of N, note that the graph
of y = x
3
is concave downward at and near the given point (1, 1). Then
v(t) = 1, 3t
2
;
4
v(1) = 1, 3 ;
T(1) =
_

10
10
,
3

10
10
_
;
N(1) =
_
3

10
10
,

10
10
_
.
C12S06.018: Let r(t) = t
3
, t
2
. For the purpose of determining the direction of N, note that the graph
of the given parametric equations is concave downward at and near the given point (1, 1). Then
v(t) = 3t
2
, 2t ; v(1) = 3, 2 ;
T(1) =
_
3

13
13
,
2

13
13
_
; N(1) =
_

13
13
,
3

13
13
_
.
C12S06.019: Let r(t) = 3 sin2t, 4 cos 2t . For the purpose of determining the direction of N, note that
the graph of the given parametric equations is concave downward at and near the given point for which
t = /6. Then
v(t) = 6 cos 2t, 8 sin2t ; v(/6) = 3, 4

3 ;
T(/6) =
_

57
19
,
4

19
19
_
; N(/6) =
_

19
19
,

57
19
_
.
C12S06.020: Let r(t) = t sint, 1 cos t . For the purpose of determining the direction of N, note
that the graph of the given parametric equations is concave downward at and near the given point for which
t = /2. Then
v(t) = 1 cos t, sint ; v(/2) = 1, 1 ;
v(t) =
_
1 2 cos t + cos
2
t + sin
2
t =

2 2 cos t ; v(/2) =

2 ;
T(/2) =
_

2
2
,

2
2
_
; N(/2) =
_

2
2
,

2
2
_
.
C12S06.021: Let r(t) = cos
3
t, sin
3
t . For the purpose of determining the direction of N, note that the
graph of the given parametric equations is concave upward at and near the given point for which t = 3/4.
Then
v(t) = 3 cos
2
t sint, 3 sin
2
t cos t ; v(3/4) =
_

2
4
,
3

2
4
_
; v(3/4) =
3
2
;
T(3/4) =
_

2
2
,

2
2
_
; N(3/4) =
_

2
2
,

2
2
_
.
C12S06.022: We adjoin third component zero to form r(t) = 3 sint, 3 cos t, 0 . Then
5
v(t) = 3 cos t, 3 sint, 0 a(t) = 3
2
sint, 3
2
cos t, 0 ,
and v(t) 3. By Eq. (26) of the text,
a
T
=
v a
v
=
0
v
= 0,
and by Eq. (28),
a
N
=
|va|
v
=
1
3
| 0, 0, 9
3
| = 3
2
.
C12S06.023: We adjoin third component zero to form r(t) = 2t +1, 3t
2
1, 0 . Then v(t) = 2, 6t, 0 ,
a(t) = 0, 6, 0 , and v(t) = (36t
2
+ 4)
1/2
. By Eq. (26) of the text,
a
T
=
v a
v
=
36t
(36t
2
+ 4)
1/2
=
18t

9t
2
+ 1
,
and by Eq. (28),
a
N
=
|va|
v
=
1
v
| 0, 0, 12 | =
6

9t
2
+ 1
.
C12S06.024: We adjoin third component zero to form r(t) = cosh3t, sinh3t, 0 . Then
v(t) = 3 sinh3t, 3 cosh3t, 0 a(t) = 9 cosh3t, 9 sinh3t, 0 ,
and v(t) =
_
9 sinh
2
3t + 9 cosh
2
3t = 3
_
sinh
2
3t + cosh
2
3t . Next,
v a = 27 sinh3t cosh3t + 27 cosh3t sinh3t = 54 sinh3t cosh3t,
so by Eq. (26) of the text,
a
T
=
v a
v
=
18 sinh3t cosh3t
_
sinh
2
3t + cosh
2
3t
=
9 sinh6t

cosh6t
(we used various hyperbolic identities from Section 6.9 to simplify some of these answers). Next,
va =

i j k
3 sinh3t 3 cosh3t 0
9 cosh3t 9 sinh3t 0

= 27 sinh
2
3t 27 cosh
2
3t, 0, 0 = 27, 0, 0 .
Hence by Eq. (28),
a
N
=
27
3
_
sinh
2
3t + cosh
2
3t
=
9

cosh6t
.
C12S06.025: We adjoin third component zero to form r(t) = t cos t, t sint, 0 . Then
v(t) = cos t t sint, sint + t cos t, 0 a(t) = 2 sint t cos t, 2 cos t t sint, 0 ,
6
and v(t) =
_
cos
2
t + t
2
sin
2
t + sin
2
t + t
2
cos
2
t =

t
2
+ 1 . Next,
v(t) a(t) = 2 sint cos t + 2t sin
2
t t cos
2
t + t
2
sint cos t + 2 sint cos t t sin
2
t + 2t cos
2
t t
2
sint cos t
= 2t t = t.
So by Eq. (26) of the text,
a
T
=
v(t) a(t)
v(t)
=
t

t
2
+ 1
,
Next,
v(t) a(t) =

i j k
cos t t sint sint + t cos t 0
2 sint t cos t 2 cos t t sint 0

= 0, 0, 2 cos
2
t t sint cos t 2t sint cos t + t
2
sin
2
t + 2 sin
2
t + 2t sint cos t + t sint cos t + t
2
cos
2
t
= 0, 0, t
2
+ 2 .
Therefore by Eq. (28),
a
N
=
|v(t) a(t)|
v(t)
=
t
2
+ 2

t
2
+ 1
C12S06.026: We adjoin third component zero to form r(t) = e
t
sint, e
t
cos t, 0 . Then
v(t) = e
t
(cos t + sint), e
t
(cos t sint), 0 v(t) = e
t
_
cos
2
t + sin
2
t + sin
2
t + cos
2
t = e
t

2 ,
and
a(t) = e
t
(sint + cos t + cos t sint), e
t
(cos t sint sint cos t), 0 = e
t
2 sint, 2 cos t, 0 .
Next,
v(t) a(t) = e
2t
(2 sint cos t + 2 sin
2
t + 2 sint cos t + 2 cos
2
t) = 2e
2t
,
so by Eq. (26) of the text,
a
T
=
v(t) a(t)
v(t)
=
2e
2t
e
t

2
= e
t

2 .
Also
v(t) a(t) = e
2t

i j k
cos t sint sint + cos t 0
2 sint 2 cos t 0

= e
2t
0, 0, 2 cos
2
t 2 sint cos t + 2 sin
2
t + 2 sint cos t = e
2t
0, 0, 2 .
7
Thus by Eq. (28),
a
N
=
|v(t) a(t)|
v(t)
=
2e
2t
e
t

2
= e
t

2 .
C12S06.027: Given x
2
+ y
2
= a
2
, implicit dierentiation yields
2x + 2y
dy
dx
= 0, so that
dy
dx
=
x
y
.
Dierentiation of both sides of the last equation with respect to x then yields
d
2
y
dx
2
=
x
dy
dx
y
y
2
=
xy
dy
dx
y
2
y
3
=
x
2
y
2
y
3
=
a
2
y
3
.
Next, Eq. (13) yields
(x) =
|y

(x)|
[1 + (y

(x))
2
]
3/2
=
a
2
|y|
3
(1 + x
2
y
2
)
3/2
.
If y = 0, then
(x) =
a
2
(y
2
+ x
2
)
3/2
=
a
2
a
3
=
1
a
.
If y = 0, then x = 0; interchange the roles of x and y and work with dx/dy to obtain the same result. In
this case, instead of Eq. (13) use:
(y) =
|x

(y)|
[1 + (x

(y))
2
]
3/2
.
C12S06.028: Let r(t) =

3
2
t
2
,
4
3
t
3
_
. Then
v(t) = r

(t) = 3t, 4t
2
, so that v(1) = 3, 4 .
Hence the unit tangent vector corresponding to t = 1 is T(1) =

3
5
,
4
5
_
and the unit normal vector corre-
sponding to t = 1 is N(1) =

4
5
,
3
5
_
. Finally,
41
5
T(1) +
12
5
N(1) =
41
5
_
3
5
,
4
5
_
+
12
5
_

4
5
,
3
5
_
= 3, 8 .
C12S06.029: Let x(t) = t, y(t) = 1 t
2
, and r(t) = x(t), y(t) . Then r

(t) = 1, 2t , so that
r

(0) = 1, 0 = T(1). The graph of the given equation is concave down everywhere, so that the unit
normal vector corresponding to t = 0 is N = 0, 1 . Next, a(t) = r

(t) = 0, 2 , and so a(0) is the

same. By Eq. (12) the curvature is
(t) =
|x

(t)y

(t) x

(t)y

(t)|
[v(t)]
3
=
2
(1 + 4t
2
)
3/2
.
Because (0) = 2, the radius of the osculating circle at (0, 1) is
1
2
, and by Eq. (16) the position vector of the
center of that circle is
8
r(0) +
1
2
N(0) =
_
0,
1
2
_
.
Therefore an equation of the osculating circle is
x
2
+
_
y
1
2
_
2
=
1
4
.
C12S06.030: We let Mathematica 3.0 nd the equation of the osculating circle at the point (0, 1) of the
graph of y = e
x
. First we let
x[t ] := t; y[t ] := Exp[t]; r[t ] := {x[t], y[t]}
Recall that vectors such as r(t) are enclosed in French braces. Then we used Eq. (12) to dene the curvature
function :
kappa[t ] := (Abs[x

[t]y

[t] - x

[t]y

[t]])/(((x

[t])2 + (y

[t])2)(3/2))
To nd the unit tangent vector at (0, 1), we computed
r

[0]
and found that v(0) = 1, 1 . Hence the unit tangent vector we need is
utan = r

[0]/Sqrt[r

[0].r

[0]]
that is, T(1) =

1
2

2 ,
1
2

2
_
. The graph of y = e
x
is concave upward everywhere, so the unit normal
at (0, 1) is
unorm = { -1/Sqrt[2], 1/Sqrt[2] }
thus N(0) =

1
2

2 ,
1
2

2
_
. The acceleration is
a = r

[0]
and thus a(0) = 0, 1 . To nd the curvature at (0, 1), we asked for kappa[t], and found it to be
(t) =
e
t
(1 + e
2t
)
3/2
.
Therefore (0) =
1
4

2 , and so the radius of the osculating circle is = 2

2 . Its center has position vector

r[0] + (2Sqrt[2])unorm
which turns out to be 2, 3 , and thus an equation of the osculating circle is (x + 2)
2
+ (y 3)
2
= 8. To
check this answer, we wrote parametric equations of the osculating circle:
xx[t ] := - 2 + 2Sqrt[2]Cos[Pit]; yy[t ] := 3 + 2Sqrt[2]Sin[Pit]
and then plotted the graphs of y = e
x
and the osculating circle simultaneously by entering the command
ParametricPlot[ {{ x[t], y[t] }, { xx[t], yy[t] }}, { t, -4, 2 },
AspectRatio -> Automatic ];
9
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
the resulting graph is shown next.
C12S06.031: Let x(t) = t and y(t) = t
1
; let r(t) = x(t), y(t) . Then
v(t) = r

(t) =
_
1,
1
t
2
_
and v(t) = |v(t)| =

t
4
+ 1
t
2
.
Thus the unit tangent and unit normal vectors at (1, 1) are
T(1) =
v(1)
v(1)
=
_

2
2
,

2
2
_
and N(1) =
_

2
2
,

2
2
_
,
respectively. By Eq. (12) of the text, the curvature at (x(t), y(t)) is
(t) =
|x

(t)y

(t) x

(t)y

(t)|
[(x

(t))
2
+ (y

(t))
2
]
3/2
=
2t
3
(t
4
+ 1)
3/2
,
so the curvature at (1, 1) is (1) =
1
2

2 . Therefore the osculating circle at (1, 1) has radius =

2 . By
Eq. (16) of the text, the position vector of the center of that circle is
r(1) +
_

2
_
N(1) = 2, 2 .
Therefore an equation of the osculating circle is (x 2)
2
+ (y 2)
2
= 2.
C12S06.032: Let x(t) = t, y(t) = 2t 1, z(t) = 3t + 5, and r(t) = x(t), y(t), z(t) . Then
v(t) = 1, 2, 3 , a(t) = 0, and (t) =
|v(t) a(t)|
[v(t)]
3
0.
Well, of course: The curvature of a straight line should be zero at every point.
C12S06.033: Given r(t) = t, sint, cos t , we rst compute
v(t) = 1, cos t, sint , v(t) =
_
1 + cos
2
t + sin
2
t

2 , and a(t) = 0, sint, cos t .

Then
10
v(t) a(t) =

i j k
1 cos t sint
0 sint cos t

= cos
2
t sin
2
t, cos t, sint = 1, cos t sint .
Therefore, by Eq. (27), the curvature is
(t) =
|v(t) a(t)|
[v(t)]
3
=

2
2

2

1
2
.
C12S06.034: Given r(t) = t, t
2
, t
3
, we rst compute
v(t) = 1, 2t, 3t
2
, v(t) =
_
1 + 4t
2
+ 9t
4
, and a(t) = 0, 2, 6t .
Then
v(t) a(t) =

i j k
1 2t 3t
2
0 2 6t

= 12t
2
6t
2
, 6t, 2 = 6t
2
, 6t, 2 .
Therefore, by Eq. (27),
(t) =
|v(t) a(t)|
[v(t)]
3/2
=

36t
4
+ 36t
2
+ 4
(9t
4
+ 4t
2
+ 1)
1/2
=
2

9t
4
+ 9t
2
+ 1
(9t
4
+ 4t
2
+ 1)
3/2
.
C12S06.035: Given: r(t) = e
t
cos t, e
t
sint, e
t
. Then
v(t) = e
t
(cos t sint), e
t
(sint + cos t), e
t
,
v(t) = e
t
(cos
2
t + sin
2
t + sin
2
t + cos
2
t + 1)
1/2
= e
t

3 , and
a(t) = e
t
(cos t sint sint cos t), e
t
(sint + cos t + cos t sint), e
t
= e
t
2 sint, 2 cos t, 1 .
Therefore
v(t) a(t) = e
2t

i j k
cos t sint sint + cos t 1
2 sint 2 cos t 0

= e
2t
sint cos t, sint cos t, 2 .
Thus
|v(t) a(t)| = e
2t
_
sin
2
t + cos
2
t + sin
2
t + cos
2
t + 4 = e
2t

6,
and therefore
(t) =
e
2t

6
3e
2t

3
=

2
3
e
t
.
11
C12S06.036: Given: r(t) = t sint, t cos t, t . Then
v(t) = sint + t cos t, cos t t sint, 1 , v(t) = (sin
2
t + t
2
cos
2
t + cos
2
t + t
2
sin
2
t + 1)
1/2
=
_
t
2
+ 2 ,
and a(t) = 2 cos t t sint, 2 sint t cos t, 0 . Moreover,
v(t) a(t) =

i j k
sint + t cos t cos t t sint 1
2 cos t t sint 2 sint t cos t 0

= 2 sint + t cos t, 2 cos t t sint,

2 sin
2
t t sint cos t 2t sint cos t t
2
cos
2
t 2 cos
2
t + t sint cos t + 2t sint cos t t
2
sin
2
t
= 2 sint + t cos t, 2 cos t t sint, 2 t
2
.
Therefore
|v(t) a(t)| = (4 sin
2
t + 4t sint cos t + t
2
cos
2
t + 4 cos
2
t 4t sint cos t + t
2
sin
2
t + t
4
+ 4t
2
+ 4)
1/2
= (t
4
+ 4t
2
+ 4 + 4 + t
2
)
1/2
= (t
4
+ 5t
2
+ 8)
1/2
.
Thus by Eq. (27),
(t) =
(t
4
+ 5t
2
+ 8)
1/2
(t
2
+ 2)
3/2
.
C12S06.037: Let x(t) = t, y(t) = 2t 1, z(t) = 3t + 5, and r(t) = x(t), y(t), z(t) . It follows that
v(t) = 1, 2, 3 and a(t) = 0. Hence v(t) a(t) = 0 and v(t) a(t) = 0, and therefore a
T
= 0 = a
N
.
C12S06.038: Given r(t) = t, sint, cos t , we rst compute
v(t) = 1, cos t, sint , v(t) =
_
1 + cos
2
t + sin
2
t

2 , and a(t) = 0, sint, cos t .

Thus v(t) a(t) = 0, so that a
T
= 0. Also
v(t) a(t) =

i j k
1 cos t sint
0 sint cos t

= 1, cos t, sint ,
so that |v(t) a(t)| =

2 . Therefore
a
N
=
|v(t) a(t)|
v(t)
=

2
= 1.
C12S06.039: Using Mathematica 3.0, we let
r[t ] := { t, t2, t3 }; v[t ] := r

[t]
12
so that v(t) = 1, 2t, 3t
2
, and we let
speed[t ] := Sqrt[v[t].v[t]]
(using the fact that |u| =

u u ), so that v(t) = (1 + 4t
2
+ 9t
4
)
1/2
. We also dened
a[t ] := r

[t]
so that a(t) = 0, 2, 6t . Next we computed
v[t].a[t]
4t + 18t
3
and then, by Eq. (26),
asubT = v[t].a[t]/speed[t]
so that a
T
=
4t + 18t
3

1 + 4t
2
+ 9t
4
. Next,
p[t ] := Cross[v[t], a[t]]
yielded v(t) a(t) = 6t
2
, 6t, 2 . Then
magp[t ] := Sqrt[p[t].p[t]]
revealed that |v(t) a(t)| = (4 + 36t
2
+ 36t
4
)
1/2
. Hence, by Eq. (28),
asubN = magp[t]/speed[t]
that is, a
N
=

4 + 36t
2
+ 36t
4

1 + 4t
2
+ 9t
4
.
C12S06.040: Using Mathematica 3.0, we let
r[t ] := { Exp[t]Cos[t], Exp[t]Sin[t], Exp[t] }; v[t ] := r

[t]
so that v(t) = r

(t) = e
t
(cos t sint), e
t
(cos t + sint), e
t
. Then
speed[t ] := Sqrt[v[t].v[t]]
let us know that v(t) =
_
e
2t
+ (e
t
cos t e
t
sint)
2
+ (e
t
cos t + e
t
sint)
2
. And then the obvious command
Simplify[speed[t]] elicited the response

e
2t
so we redened
speed[t ] := Sqrt[3]Exp[t]
Then we let
13
a[t ] := r

[t]
and thereby discovered that a(t) = 2e
t
sint, 2e
t
cos t, e
t
. Then we used Eq. (26) of the text to nd a
T
:
asubT = (v[t].a[t])/speed[t]
e
t
((e
2t
2e
t
sint)(e
t
cos t e
t
sint) + (2e
t
cos t)(e
t
cos t + e
t
sint))

3
Simplify[asubT]

3 e
t
that is, a
T
=

3 e
t
. Next we used Eq. (28) to nd a
N
:
p[t ] := Cross[ v[t], a[t] ]
revealed that
v(t) a(t) = e
2t
(sint cos t), e
2t
(sint + cos t), 2e
2t
(cos
2
t + sin
2
t) ,
and then Simplify[p[t]] yielded
v(t) a(t) = e
2t
(sint cos t), e
2t
(sint + cos t), 2e
2t

Next we entered
Simplify[ Sqrt[ p[t].p[t] ] ]
and dened the result to be magp[t]:
magp[t ] := Sqrt[6]Exp[2t]
Finally, Eq. (28) yielded the value of a
N
:
asubN = magp[t]/speed[t]
gave the response a
N
=

2 e
t
.
C12S06.041: Beginning with r(t) = t sint, t cos t, t , we found:
v(t) = r

(t) = t cos t + sint, cos t t sint, 1 ,

v(t) = |v(t)| =
_
1 + (t cos t + sint)
2
+ (cos t t sint)
2
=
_
t
2
+ 2 ,
a(t) = v

(t) = 2 cos t t sint, t cos t 2 sint, 0 ,

v(t) a(t) = (t cos t 2 sint)(cos t t sint) + (t cos t + sint)(2 cos t t sint) = t,
a
T
=
v(t) a(t)
v(t)
=
t

t
2
+ 2
,
v(t) a(t) = t cos t + 2 sint, 2 cos t t sint, (t
2
+ 2) ,
14
|v(t) a(t)| =
_
t
4
+ 5t
2
+ 8 , and
a
N
=
|v(t) a(t)|
v(t)
=

t
4
+ 5t
2
+ 8

t
2
+ 2
.
C12S06.042: Given r(t) = t, t
2
, t
3
, we will compute the unit tangent vector T(t) using its denition in
Eq. (17) and the principal unit normal vector N(t) by means of Eq. (29). We nd:
v(t) = r

(t) = 1, 2t, 3t
2
,
v(t) = |v(t)| =
_
9t
4
+ 4t
2
+ 1 ,
a(t) = v

(t) = 0, 2, 6t ,
a
T
(t) =
v(t) a(t)
v(t)
=
4t + 18t
3

9t
4
+ 4t
2
+ 1
,
a
N
(t) =
|v(t) a(t)|
v(t)
=
| 6t
2
, 6t, 2 |

9t
4
+ 4t
2
+ 1
=

36t
4
+ 36t
2
+ 4

9t
4
+ 4t
2
+ 1
,
(t) =
|v(t) a(t)|
[v(t)]
3
=
| 6t
2
, 6t, 2 |
(9t
4
+ 4t
2
+ 1)
3/2
=

36t
4
+ 36t
2
+ 4
(9t
4
+ 4t
2
+ 1)
3/2
,
T(t) =
v(t)
v(t)
=
1

9t
4
+ 4t
2
+ 1
1, 2t, 3t
2
, and
N(t) =
a a
T
T
a
N
=
1
_
(9t
4
+ 4t
2
+ 1)(36t
4
+ 36t
2
+ 4)
4t 18t
3
, 1 9t
4
, 6t + 12t
3
.
Then substitution of t = 1 yields
T =
_

14
14
,
2

14
14
,
3

14
14
_
and N =
_

11

266
266
,
8

266
266
,
9

266
266
_
.
C12S06.043: Given r(t) = t, sint, cos t , we will compute the unit tangent vector T using its denition
in Eq. (17), then the principal unit normal vector N by means of Eq. (29). We nd:
v(t) = r

(t) = 1, cos t, sint ,

v(0) = 1, 1, 0 ,
v(0) =

2 ,
T(0) =
_

2
2
,

2
2
, 0
_
,
a(t) = 0, sint, cos t ,
a(0) = 0, 0, 1 ,
a
T
(0) =
v(0) a(0)
v(0)
= 0,
15
a
N
(0) =
|v(0) a(0)|
v(t)
= 1,
(0) =
|v(0) a(0)|
[v(t)]
3
=
1
2
, and
N(0) =
a a
T
T
a
N
= 0, 0, 1
C12S06.044: Given r(t) = 6e
t
cos t, 6e
t
sint, 17e
t
, we will compute the unit tangent vector T using its
denition in Eq. (17), then the principal unit normal vector N by means of Eq. (29). We nd:
v(t) = r

(t) = 6e
t
(cos t sint), 6e
t
(cos t + sint), 17e
t
,
v(0) = 6, 6, 17 ,
v(0) = 19,
T(0) =
_
6
19
,
6
19
,
17
19
_
,
a(t) = 12e
t
sint, 12e
t
cos t, 17e
t
,
a(0) = 0, 12, 17 ,
a
T
(0) =
v(0) a(0)
v(0)
= 19,
a
N
(0) =
|v(t) a(t)|
v(t)
= 6

2 ,
(0) =
|v(0) a(0)|
[v(0)]
3
=
6

2
361
, and
N(0) =
a a
T
T
a
N
=
_

2
2
,

2
2
, 0
_
.
C12S06.045: The process of computing T and N can be carried out almost automatically in Mathematica
3.0. Given r(t) = e
t
cos t, e
t
sint, e
t
, we entered the following commands:
v0 = r

[0]
{1, 1, 1}
a0 = r

[0]
{0, 2, 1}
speed = Sqrt[v0.v0]

3
asubT = v0.a0/speed

3
vcrossa = Cross[ v0, a0 ]
{-1, -1, 2}
16
asubN = (Sqrt[ vcrossa.vcrossa ])/speed

2
kappa = asubN/(speedspeed)

2
3
utan = v0/speed
{
1

3
,
1

3
,
1

3
}
unorm = (a0 - asubTutan)/asubN
{
1

2
,
1

2
, 0 }
Thus we see that
T(0) =
_

3
3
,

3
3
,

3
3
_
and N(0) =
_

2
2
,

2
2
, 0
_
.
C12S06.046: Given r(t) = a cos t, a sint, bt , we ndsuccessivelythat
v(t) = r

(t) = a sint, a cos t, b ,

v(t) = |v(t)| =
_
a
2

2
cos
2
t + a
2

2
sin
2
t + b
2
=
_
a
2

2
+ b
2
,
a(t) = v

(t) = a
2
cos t, a
2
sint, 0 ,
a
T
(t) =
v(t) a(t)
v(t)
=
0
v(t)
0,
v(t) a(t) = ab
2
sint, ab
2
cos t, a
2

3
,
|v(t) a(t)| =
_
a
2

4
(a
2

2
+ b
2
) = a
2
_
a
2

2
+ b
2
,
a
N
(t) =
|v(t) a(t)|
v(t)
a
2
,
(t) =
|v(t) a(t)|
[v(t)]
3
=
a
2
a
2

2
+ b
2
,
T(t) =
1

a
2

2
+ b
2
a sint, a cos t, b ,
N(t) =
a(t) a
T
(t)T(t)
a
N
(t)
= cos t, sint, 0 .
C12S06.047: Because
ds
dt
=
_
[x

(t)]
2
+ [y

(t)]
2
+ [z

(t)]
2
=

16 + 144 + 9 = 13,
we see that the arc length is given by s = 13t, and therefore the arc-length parametrization of the given
curve is
17
x(s) = 2 +
4s
13
, y(s) = 1
12s
13
, z(s) = 3 +
3s
13
.
C12S06.048: Because
ds
dt
=
_
[x

(t)]
2
+ [y

(t)]
2
+ [z

(t)]
2
=
_
4 cos
2
t + 4 sin
2
t = 2,
we see that the arc length is given by s = 2t, and therefore the arc-length parametrization of the given curve
is
x(s) = 2 cos
s
2
, y(s) = 2 sin
s
2
, z(s) = 0.
C12S06.049: Because
ds
dt
=
_
[x

(t)]
2
+ [y

(t)]
2
+ [z

(t)]
2
=
_
9 cos
2
t + 9 sin
2
t + 16 =

25 = 5,
we see that the arc length is given by s = 5t, and therefore the arc-length parametrization of the given curve
is
x(s) = 3 cos
s
5
, y(s) = 3 sin
s
5
, z(s) =
4s
5
.
C12S06.050: We begin by letting r(t) = t, f(t), 0 . Then v(t) = 1, f

(t), 0 , and consequently

v(t) =
_
1 + [f

(t)]
2
. Next, a(t) = 0, f

(t), 0 , and so
v(t) a(t) =

i j k
1 f

(t) 0
0 f

(t) 0

= 0, 0, f

(t) .
Therefore |v(t) a(t)| = |f

(t)|. So by Eq. (27),

(t) =
|v(t) a(t)|
[v(t)]
3
=
|f

(t)|
(1 + [f

(t)]
2
)
3/2
.
C12S06.051: By Newtons second law of motion, the acceleration of the particle is a scalar multiple of
the force acting on the particle, so the force and acceleration vectors are parallel. Therefore the acceleration
vector a is normal to the velocity vector v. But then,
D
t
(v v) = v a +a v = 0 + 0 = 0,
and therefore v v = K, a constant. Hence the speed v(t) =

v v is also constant.
C12S06.052: Beginning with Eq. (20), derive as in the text Eqs. (21)(25). Then by Eq. (25),
a
2
= |a|
2
= (a
N
)
2
+ (a
T
)
2
, so that a
2
(a
T
)
2
= (a
N
)
2
.
Then by Eq. (23),
18
=
v
2
v
2
=
a
N
v
2
=
_
a
2
(a
T
)
2
v
2
.
Next, if we are working with vectors with two components and we let r(t) = x(t), y(t) , then a
T
= v

(t)
by Eq. (23) and a(t) = x

(t), y

(t) . Hence
_
a
2
(a
T
)
2
v
2
=
_
[x

(t)]
2
+ [y

(t)]
2
[v

(t)]
2
[x

(t)]
2
+ [y

(t)]
2
.
C12S06.053: Given x(t) = cos t + t sint and y(t) = sint t cos t, we rst compute
[v(t)]
2
= [x

(t)]
2
+ [y

(t)]
2
= (t cos t + sint sint)
2
+ (cos t cos t + t sint)
2
= t
2
cos
2
t + t
2
sin
2
t = t
2
,
v

(t) = 1,
[x

(t)]
2
= (cos t t sint)
2
,
[y

(t)]
2
= (sint + t cos t)
2
, and
[x

(t)]
2
+ [y

(t)]
2
= cos
2
t + sin
2
t + t
2
sin
2
t + t
2
cos
2
t = t
2
+ 1.
Then the formula in Problem 52 yields
(t) =
_
[x

(t)]
2
+ [y

(t)]
2
[v

(t)]
2
[x

(t)]
2
+ [y

(t)]
2
=

t
2
+ 1 1
t
2
=
1
|t|
.
C12S06.054: The Mathematica 3.0 command
Solve[ D[ x3 + (y[x])3 == 3xy[x], x ], y

[x] ]
asks Mathematica to dierentiate the equation x
3
+ y
3
= 3xy implicitly with respect to x, then solve for
y

(x); its response (after slight simplications) is

y

(x) =
y(x) x
2
[y(x)]
2
x
=
y x
2
y
2
x
, (1)
exactly what we obtained by hand. To nd the second derivative, use the command
Solve[ D[ x3 + (y[x])3 == 3xy[x], {x,2} ], y

[x] ]
and the responseafter slight simplicationswill be
y

(x) =
2(x y

(x) + y(x)[y

(x)]
2
)
x [y(x)]
2
. (2)
We entered these two commands, substituted the result in Eq. (1) for y

(x) in Eq. (2), then used the Simplify

command to nd that
19
y

(x) =
2xy(1 + x
3
3xy + y
3
)
(x y
2
)
3
=
2xy
(x y
2
)
3
.
It was then an easy matter to nd that at the point
_
3
2
,
3
2
_
, we have
dy
dx
= 1 and
d
2
y
dx
2
=
32
3
,
and it then follows from Eq. (13) of the text that the curvature at that point is =
8
3

3 . The unit normal

there is clearly
N =
_

2
2
,

2
2
_
,
and then Eq. (16) gives the center of the osculating circle to be
_
21
16
,
21
16
_
. The radius of the circle is
1/ =
3
16

2 , so its equation is
_
x
21
16
_
2
+
_
y
21
16
_
2
=
_
3

2
16
_
2
;
we used the Mathematica commands Expand and Simplify to write this equation in the alternative form
8x
2
+ 8y
2
21x 21y + 27 = 0.
C12S06.055: The six conditions listed in the statement of the problem imply, in order, that
0 = F,
1 = A + B + C + D + E + F,
0 = E,
1 = 5A + 4B + 3C + 2D + E,
0 = 2D, and
0 = 20A + 12B + 6C + 2D.
The last two equations were obtained by observingvia Eq. (13)that curvature zero is equivalent to
y

(x) = 0. Simultaneous solution of these equations yields A = 3, B = 8, C = 6, and D = E = F = 0.

Answers: y = 3x
5
8x
4
+6x
3
; because (x) is zero where the curved track meets the straight tracks, because
their derivatives agree at the junctions, and because
(x) =
|60x
3
96x
2
+ 36x|
[1 + (15x
4
32x
3
+ 18x
2
)
2
]
3/2
is continuous on [0, 1], the normal forces on the train negotiating this transitional section of track will change
continuously from zero to larger values and then back to zero. Thus there will be no abrupt change in the
lateral forces on the train.
20
y
x
c
b
a
ru
r
C12S06.056: See the following gure for the meanings of the symbols.
Part (a):
v =
dr
dt
u
r
+ r
d
dt
u

and v = |v| =

_
dr
d
_
2
+ r
2
_
d
dt
_
2
.
At the nearest and farthest points of the orbit, dr/dt = 0. Hence
v =

r
d
dt

= r
d
dt
.
Part (b): Note rst that
1
2
r
2
d
dt
is constant. Moreover,
_
T
0
1
2
r
2
d
dt
dt = ab.
Therefore
T
2
r
2
d
dt
= ab, and thus r
d
dt
=
2ab
rT
.
Consequently, at the nearest and farthest points of the orbit, v =
2ab
rT
by part (a).
C12S06.057: Conversion into miles yields the semimajor axis of the orbit of Mercury to be a = 35973972.
With eccentricity e = 0.206 and period T = 87.97 days, we use
b
2
= a
2
(1 e
2
)
to nd that b 35202402. Then the formula c
2
= a
2
b
2
yields c 7410638. So at perihelion the speed of
Mercury is
2ab
(a c)T
3166628
miles per day. We divide by 24 3600 to convert this answer to 36.650789 miles per second. Replace a c
with a + c to nd that its speed at aphelion is approximately 24.129956 miles per second.
C12S06.058: Conversion into miles yields the semimajor axis of the Earths orbit to be a = 92956000.
With eccentricity e = 0.0167 and period T = 365.249 days, we use
21
b
2
= a
2
(1 e
2
)
to nd that b 92943037. Then the formula c
2
= a
2
b
2
yields c 1552365. So at perihelion the speed of
Earth is
2ab
(a c)T
1626004
miles per day. We divide by 24 3600 to convert this answer to 18.819493 miles per second. Replace a c
with a + c to nd that the speed at aphelion is approximately 18.201246 miles per second.
C12S06.059: We are given that the semimajor axis of the Moons orbit is a = 238900 (miles). With
eccentricity e = 0.055 and period T = 27.32 days, we use
b
2
= a
2
(1 e
2
)
to nd that b 238538. Then the formula c
2
= a
2
b
2
yields c 13139. So at perigee the speed of the
Moon is
2ab
(a c)T
58053
miles per day. We divide by 24 3600 to convert this answer to 0.671911 miles per second. Replace a c
with a + c to nd that the speed at apogee is approximately 0.601854 miles per second.
C12S06.060: Let T
1
be the period of the Moon, a
1
the semimajor axis of its orbit, T the period of
the articial satellite, and a the semimajor axis of its orbit. From the data in Problem 59, we know that
T
1
= 27.32 (days) and that a
1
= 238900 (mi). We are given a = 10000, and Keplers third law of planetary
motion (Eq. (44)) implies that
(T
1
)
2
(a
1
)
3
=
T
2
a
3
; that is,
(27.32)
2
(238900)
3
=
T
2
(10000)
3
,
which we solve for T 0.233968 (days). Then the formula b
2
= a
2
(1 e
2
) with e = 0.5 yields b = 8660.25;
next, the formula c
2
= a
2
b
2
yields c = 5000. Hence at perigee the speed of the satellite is
v =
2ab
(a c)T
465140
miles per day; we divide by 24 3600 to convert this answer to approximately 5.383569 miles per second.
Replace a c with a +c to nd that the speed of the satellite at apogee is approximately 1.794523 miles per
second.
C12S06.061: Equation (44), applied to the Earth-Moon system with units of miles and days, yields
(27.32)
2
= (238900)
3
. For a satellite with period T =
1
24
(of a dayone hour), it yields T
2
= r
3
where
r is the radius of the orbit of the satellite. Divide the second of these equations by the rst to eliminate :
T
2
(27.32)
2
=
r
3
(238900)
3
,
so that
r
3
=
(238900)
3
(24)
2
(27.32)
2
, and thus r 3165.35
22
miles, about 795 miles below the surface of the Earth. So it cant be done.
C12S06.062: Equation (44), when applied to the Earth-Sun system with units of miles and years, yields
(1)
2
= (92956000)
3
. Applied to the Jupiter-Sun system it yields (11.86)
2
= a
3
where a is the semimajor
axis of Jupiters orbit. Division of the second of these equations by the rst yields
a
3
= (92956000)
3
(11.86)
2
,
and hence the semimajor axis of the Jovian orbit is a 483430322 miles.
C12S06.063: With the usual meaning of the symbols, the data given in the problem tell us that a+c = 4960
and a c = 4060, which we solve for a = 4510 (units are in days and miles). Let T be the period of the
satellite in its orbit. Equation (44), applied to the Earth-Moon system, then to the Earth-satellite system,
yields
(27.32)
2
= (238900)
3
and T
2
= (4510)
2
,
which we solve for T 0.0708632854. Multiply by 24 to convert this answer to approximately 1.7007188486
hoursabout 1 h 42 min 2.588 s.
C12S06.064: Part (a): We begin with Eq. (40),
r =
pe
1 + e cos
and dierentiate both sides with respect to t, remembering that = (t). Thus
dr
dt
=
dr
d

d
dt
=
h
r
2

dr
d
=
h
r
2

pe
2
sin
(1 + e cos )
2
=
hsin
p

p
2
e
2
r
2
(1 + cos )
2
=
hsin
p

r
2
r
2
=
hsin
p
.
Part (b): Another dierentiation with respect to t then yields
d
2
r
dt
2
=
d
dt
_
dr
dt
_
=
_
d
d
_
dr
dt
__

d
dt
=
h
r
2

hcos
p
=
h
2
cos
pr
2
.
Part (c): First we solve
r =
pe
1 + e cos
for cos =
pe r
re
.
Then substitution in the result in part (b) yields
d
2
r
dt
2
=
h
2
cos
pr
2
=
h
2
(pe r)
pr
3
e
=
h
2
r
2
_
pe r
pre
_
=
h
2
r
2
_
1
r

1
pe
_
.
C12S06.065: We will use Eqs. (37) and (41), which arerespectively
r
2
d
dt
= h (constant) and
d
2
r
dt
2
=
h
2
r
2
_
1
r

1
pe
_
.
But we begin with Eq. (42),
a =
_
d
2
r
dt
2
r
_
d
dt
_
2
_
u
r
.
23
Substitution of Eqs. (37) and (41) then yields
a =
_
h
2
r
2
_
1
r

1
pe
_

1
r
3
_
r
2
d
dt
_
2
_
u
r
=
_
h
2
r
2
_
1
r

1
pe
_

1
r
3
h
2
_
u
r
=
_
h
2
r
3

h
2
per
2

h
2
r
3
_
u
r
=
h
2
per
2
u
r
.
C12S06.066: If = (t), u
r
= cos , sin , and u

= sin, cos , then

du
r
dt
= sin, cos
d
dt
= u

d
dt
and
du

dt
= cos , sin
d
dt
= u
r
d
dt
.
C12S06.067: We begin with Eq. (33),
v =
dr
dt
u
r
+ r
d
dt
u

,
and dierentiate both sides with respect to t:
a =
dv
dt
=
_
d
2
r
dt
2
u
r
+
dr
dt

du
r
dt
_
+
_
dr
dt

d
dt
u

+ r
d
2

dt
2
u

+ r
d
dt

du

dt
_
=
d
2
r
dt
2
u
r
+
dr
dt

d
dt
u

+
dr
dt

d
dt
u

+ r
d
2

dt
2
u

r
_
d
dt
_
2
u
r
=
_
d
2
r
dt
2
r
_
d
dt
_
2
_
u
r
+
_
2
dr
dt

d
dt
+ r
d
2

dt
2
_
u

=
_
d
2
r
dt
2
r
_
d
dt
_
2
_
u
r
+
_
1
r

d
dt
_
r
2
d
dt
__
u

.
24