CSCE 666 Pattern Analysis | Ricardo Gutierrez-Osuna | CSE@TAMU 1

L1: Course introduction

Introduction
Course organization
Grading policy
Outline
What is pattern recognition?
Definitions from the literature
Related fields and applications
Components of a pattern recognition system
Pattern recognition problems
Features and patterns
The pattern recognition design cycle
Pattern Recognition approaches
Statistical
Neural
Structural
CSCE 666 Pattern Analysis | Ricardo Gutierrez-Osuna | CSE@TAMU 2
Course organization
Instructor
Ricardo Gutierrez-Osuna
Office: 520A HRRB
Tel: (979) 845-2942
E-mail: [email protected]
URL: http://faculty.cse.tamu.edu/rgutier
Grading
Homework
3 assignments, every 3 weeks
Tests
1 midterm, 1 final (comprehensive)
Term project
Open-ended
Public presentation

Weight (%)
Homework 40
Project 30
Midterm 15
Final Exam 15
CSCE 666 Pattern Analysis | Ricardo Gutierrez-Osuna | CSE@TAMU 3
What is pattern recognition?
Definitions from the literature
The assignment of a physical object or event to one of several pre-
specified categories Duda and Hart
A problem of estimating density functions in a high-dimensional
space and dividing the space into the regions of categories or classes
Fukunaga
Given some examples of complex signals and the correct decisions for
them, make decisions automatically for a stream of future examples
Ripley
The science that concerns the description or classification
(recognition) of measurements Schalkoff
The process of giving names e to observations x, Schrmann
Pattern Recognition is concerned with answering the question What
is this? Morse
CSCE 666 Pattern Analysis | Ricardo Gutierrez-Osuna | CSE@TAMU 4
Examples of pattern recognition problems
Machine vision
Visual inspection, ATR
Imaging device detects ground target
Classification into friend or foe
Character recognition
Automated mail sorting, processing bank
checks
Scanner captures an image of the text
Image is converted into constituent
characters
Computer aided diagnosis
Medical imaging, EEG, ECG signal analysis
Designed to assist (not replace) physicians
Example: X-ray mammography
10-30% false negatives in x-ray
mammograms
2/3 of these could be prevented with
proper analysis
Speech recognition
Human Computer Interaction, Universal
Access
Microphone records acoustic signal
Speech signal is classified into phonemes
and/or words


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CSCE 666 Pattern Analysis | Ricardo Gutierrez-Osuna | CSE@TAMU 5
Related fields and application areas for PR
Related fields
Adaptive signal processing
Machine learning
Artificial neural networks
Robotics and vision
Cognitive sciences
Mathematical statistics
Nonlinear optimization
Exploratory data analysis
Fuzzy and genetic systems
Detection and estimation theory
Formal languages
Structural modeling
Biological cybernetics
Computational neuroscience

Applications
Image processing
Computer vision
Speech recognition
Multimodal interfaces
Automated target recognition
Optical character recognition
Seismic analysis
Man and machine diagnostics
Fingerprint identification
Industrial inspection
Financial forecast
Medical diagnosis
ECG signal analysis
CSCE 666 Pattern Analysis | Ricardo Gutierrez-Osuna | CSE@TAMU 6
Components of a pattern recognition system
A basic pattern classification system contains
A sensor
A preprocessing mechanism
A feature extraction mechanism (manual or automated)
A classification algorithm
A set of examples (training set) already classified or described

Cross-validation
Bootstrap
Classification
Regression
Clustering
Description
Feature selection
Feature projection
Noise filtering
Feature extraction
Normalization
Preprocessing
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Dimensionality
reduction
Prediction
Model
selection
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Analysis
results
The
real world
Measuring
devices
Sensors
Cameras
Databases
CSCE 666 Pattern Analysis | Ricardo Gutierrez-Osuna | CSE@TAMU 7
Types of prediction problems
Classification
The PR problem of assigning an object to a class
The output of the PR system is an integer label
e.g. classifying a product as good or bad in a quality control test
Regression
A generalization of a classification task
The output of the PR system is a real-valued number
e.g. predicting the share value of a firm based on past performance and stock
market indicators
Clustering
The problem of organizing objects into meaningful groups
The system returns a (sometimes hierarchical) grouping of objects
e.g. organizing life forms into a taxonomy of species
Description
The problem of representing an object in terms of a series of primitives
The PR system produces a structural or linguistic description
e.g. labeling an ECG signal in terms of P, QRS and T complexes
CSCE 666 Pattern Analysis | Ricardo Gutierrez-Osuna | CSE@TAMU 8
Features and patterns
Feature
Feature is any distinctive aspect, quality or characteristic
Features may be symbolic (i.e., color) or numeric (i.e., height)
Definitions
The combination of features is a -dim column vector called a feature vector
The -dimensional space defined by the feature vector is called the feature space
Objects are represented as points in feature space; the result is a scatter plot




Pattern
Pattern is a composite of traits or features characteristic of an individual
In classification tasks, a pattern is a pair of variables {, } where
is a collection of observations or features (feature vector)
is the concept behind the observation (label)
x
3

x
1

x
2

x

Feature vector

Feature space (3D)

Scatter plot (2D)
Feature 1
Class 1
Class 2
Class 3 F
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CSCE 666 Pattern Analysis | Ricardo Gutierrez-Osuna | CSE@TAMU 9
What makes a good feature vector?
The quality of a feature vector is related to its ability to discriminate
examples from different classes
Examples from the same class should have similar feature values
Examples from different classes have different feature values



More feature properties

Good features Bad features
Highly correlated features Non-linear separability Linear separability Multi-modal
CSCE 666 Pattern Analysis | Ricardo Gutierrez-Osuna | CSE@TAMU 10
Classifiers
The task of a classifier is to partition feature
space into class-labeled decision regions
Borders between decision regions are called
decision boundaries
The classification of feature vector consists of
determining which decision region it belongs to,
and assign to this class
A classifier can be represented as a set of
discriminant functions
The classifier assigns a feature vector
to class

if

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(x)
Select max
Costs
Class assignment
Discriminant functions
Features
CSCE 666 Pattern Analysis | Ricardo Gutierrez-Osuna | CSE@TAMU 11
Pattern recognition approaches
Statistical
Patterns classified based on an underlying statistical model of the features
The statistical model is defined by a family of class-conditional probability
density functions

(Probability of feature vector given class

)
Neural
Classification is based on the response of a network of processing units
(neurons) to an input stimuli (pattern)
Knowledge is stored in the connectivity and strength of the synaptic weights
Trainable, non-algorithmic, black-box strategy
Very attractive since
it requires minimum a priori knowledge
with enough layers and neurons, ANNs can create any complex decision region
Syntactic
Patterns classified based on measures of structural similarity
Knowledge is represented by means of formal grammars or relational
descriptions (graphs)
Used not only for classification, but also for description
Typically, syntactic approaches formulate hierarchical descriptions of complex
patterns built up from simpler sub patterns
CSCE 666 Pattern Analysis | Ricardo Gutierrez-Osuna | CSE@TAMU 12
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Feature extraction:
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Statistical Structural Neural*
Example: neural, statistical and structural OCR
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[Schalkoff, 1992]
*Neural approaches may also
employ feature extraction
To
parser
CSCE 666 Pattern Analysis | Ricardo Gutierrez-Osuna | CSE@TAMU 13
A simple pattern recognition problem
Consider the problem of recognizing the letters L,P,O,E,Q
Determine a sufficient set of features
Design a tree-structured classifier
C>0?
V>0?
O>0?
H>0?
P
E L
O Q
Start
YES NO
YES
NO
YES NO
YES
Character
Features
Vertical
straight
lines
Horizontal
straight
lines
Oblique
straight
lines
Curved
lines
L 1 1 0 0
P 1 0 0 1
O 0 0 0 1
E 1 3 0 0
Q 0 0 1 1
CSCE 666 Pattern Analysis | Ricardo Gutierrez-Osuna | CSE@TAMU 14
The pattern recognition design cycle
Data collection
Probably the most time-intensive component of a PR project
How many examples are enough?
Feature choice
Critical to the success of the PR problem
Garbage in, garbage out
Requires basic prior knowledge
Model choice
Statistical, neural and structural approaches
Parameter settings
Training
Given a feature set and a blank model, adapt the model to explain the
data
Supervised, unsupervised and reinforcement learning
Evaluation
How well does the trained model do?
Overfitting vs. generalization
CSCE 666 Pattern Analysis | Ricardo Gutierrez-Osuna | CSE@TAMU 15
Consider the following scenario
A fish processing plan wants to automate the process of sorting
incoming fish according to species (salmon or sea bass)
The automation system consists of
a conveyor belt for incoming products
two conveyor belts for sorted products
a pick-and-place robotic arm
a vision system with an overhead CCD camera
a computer to analyze images and control the robot arm

[Duda, Hart and Stork, 2001]
Conveyor
belt
CCD
camera
Conveyor belt
(bass)
Conveyor belt
(salmon)
Robot
arm
computer
CSCE 666 Pattern Analysis | Ricardo Gutierrez-Osuna | CSE@TAMU 16
Sensor
The vision system captures an image as a new fish enters the sorting area
Preprocessing
Image processing algorithms, e.g., adjustments for average intensity
levels, segmentation to separate fish from background
Feature extraction
Suppose we know that, on the average, sea bass is larger than salmon
From the segmented image we estimate the length of the fish
Classification
Collect a set of examples from both species
Compute the distribution of lengths for both
classes
Determine a decision boundary (threshold)
that minimizes the classification error
We estimate the classifiers probability
of error and obtain a discouraging result of 40%
What do we do now?


count
length
Sea bass Salmon
Decision
boundary
CSCE 666 Pattern Analysis | Ricardo Gutierrez-Osuna | CSE@TAMU 17
Improving the performance of our PR system
Determined to achieve a recognition rate of 95%, we try a number of
features
Width, area, position of the eyes w.r.t. mouth...
only to find out that these features contain no discriminatory information
Finally we find a good feature: average intensity of the scales





We combine length and average
intensity of the scales to improve
class separability
We compute a linear discriminant
function to separate the two classes,
and obtain a classification rate of 95.7%

count
Avg. scale intensity
Sea bass Salmon
Decision
boundary
Avg. scale intensity
l
e
n
g
t
h

Decision
boundary
Sea bass Salmon
CSCE 666 Pattern Analysis | Ricardo Gutierrez-Osuna | CSE@TAMU 18
Cost vs. classification rate
Our linear classifier was designed to minimize the overall
misclassification rate
Is this the best objective function for our fish processing plant?
The cost of misclassifying salmon as sea bass is that the end customer will
occasionally find a tasty piece of salmon when he purchases sea bass
The cost of misclassifying sea bass as salmon is an end customer upset
when he finds a piece of sea bass purchased at the price of salmon
Intuitively, we could adjust the decision boundary to minimize this cost
function

Avg. scale intensity
l
e
n
g
t
h

Decision
boundary
Sea bass Salmon
Avg. scale intensity
l
e
n
g
t
h

New
Decision
boundary
Sea bass
Salmon
CSCE 666 Pattern Analysis | Ricardo Gutierrez-Osuna | CSE@TAMU 19
The issue of generalization
The recognition rate of our linear classifier (95.7%) met the design
specs, but we still think we can improve the performance of the system
We then design an ANN with five hidden
layers, a combination of logistic and
hyperbolic tangent activation functions,
train it with the Levenberg-Marquardt
algorithm and obtain an impressive
classification rate of 99.9975% with
the following decision boundary

Satisfied with our classifier, we integrate the system and deploy it to the
fish processing plant
After a few days, the plant manager calls to complain that the system is
misclassifying an average of 25% of the fish
What went wrong?

Avg. scale intensity
l
e
n
g
t
h

Salmon Sea bass