Electrical and Electronics

Engineering Interview Q & A

Explore Yourself







Mrinal Kanti Roy
Bachelor of Science in Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Electrical and Electronics Engineering Interview Q & A

Page 1
preface
All praise is to the Supreme Being; creator and ruler of the universe, God
whose mercy keeps us alive and to pursue my education in Electrical and
Electronics Engineering and to provides this book for the Electrical and
Electronics Engineering students. This book is based on some of the
Electrical and Electronics Engineering interview questions with answers.
I think so; it can help you to increase your basic knowledge and
confidence in the interview and also written examination. I collect all the
data from some books and with the help of internet. Any suggestion in
favour of this book will be cordially and thankfully received.

However, I am responsible for any remaining errors or inadequacies.

So explore yourself

The Provider
Mrinal Kanti Roy
Bachelor of Science in Electrical and Electronics Engineering
IUBAT- International University of Business Agriculture and Technology
E-mail: [email protected], Cell Phone: +881714178514.

Electrical and Electronics Interview Q & A
E-book Published: Dhaka, February 2010.



Electrical and Electronics Engineering Interview Q & A

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WE ALL ARE IGNORANT, JUST
ABOUT DIFFERENT THINGS.
MARK TWAIN
THERE IS SO MUCH GOOD IN THE WORST OF US,
AND SO MUCH BAD IN THE BEST OF US,
THAT IT LITTLE BEHOOVES ANY OF US,
TO TALK ABOUT THE REST OF US.
J. M.
FOR EVERYTHING YOU HAVE MISSED,
YOU HAVE GAINED SOMETHING ELSE;
AND FOR EVERYTHING YOU GAIN,
YOU LOSE SOMETHING ELSE.
R. W. EMERSON




Electrical and Electronics Engineering Interview Q & A

Page 3
CONTENTS
EEE I nterview Questions Part 1
Why we use 3-phase supply? Why are not 4 or something else? 10
Why do we use 3 phase power supply for heavy loads? 10
Why we are using only 50 Hz for single and three phase electrical
instruments?
12
We use single and three phase generators not two phase generator
.Why?
13
What is the basis of selection of electrical transmission voltage? 14
Why we use a capacitor in an electric fan? 15
Why the Direction of Rotation of a TABLE Fan & CEILING Fan is
different?
15
An electric bulb is connected on a holder. One end of the wire is
connected to the phase and the remaining one connected to earth
instead of neutral. The bulb will glow or not? If yes then what is the
need of neutral?
16
Why transformer is not rotating? 16
Why we are use 11KV / 22KV / 33KV / 66KV / 110KV / 230KV /
440KV this type of ratio. Why cant we use other voltage ratio like
54KV / 99KV etc.
17
What will happen if Transformer is operated at 100 HZ Frequency? 17
Why transmission line 11Kv OR 33KV, 66Kv not in 10kv 20kv? 18
How harmonics generated in electrical power distribution system? 19
What is the difference between 3 phase 3 wire & 3 phase 4 wire
systemin electrical system?
21
How to convert electrical energy to infrared energy or to microwave
energy?
22

Electrical and Electronics Engineering Interview Q & A

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EEE I nterview Questions Part 2
What is electric traction? 23
How can you start-up the 40w tube light with 230v AC/DC without
using any choke/Coil?
23
What is "pu" in electrical engineering? 23
Operation carried out in Thermal power station? 24
Why link is provided in neutral of an ac circuit and fuse in phase of
ac circuit?
24
What is the diff. between electronic regulator and ordinary rheostat
regulator for fans?
24
EEE I nterview Questions Part 3
How tube light circuit is connected and how it works? 25
What happen if we give 220 volts dc supply to the bulb or tube light? 25
What is MARX CIRCUIT? 25
What is encoder, how it function? 26
What are the advantages of speed control using THYRISTOR? 26
Why Human body feels Electric shock?? And in an Electric train
during running, we did not feel any Shock? Why?
26
EEE I nterview Questions Part 4
Why, when birds sit on transmission lines or current wires doesn't
get shock?
27
What is the principle of motor? 27
Which motor has high Starting Torque and Staring current DC
motor, Induction motor or Synchronous motor?
27
What is meant by armature reaction? 28
What is ACSR cable and where we use it? 28
What is vacuumcircuit breaker? Define with cause and where be
use it Device?
28
Electrical and Electronics Engineering Interview Q & A

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What is the link between Voltage and FormFactor? 28
EEE I nterview Questions Part 5
What will happen when power factor is leading in distribution of
power?
29
Whats the one main difference between UPS & inverter? 29
What is the significance of vector grouping in Power Transformers? 29
What is 2 phase motor? 30
What is the advantage of vvvf drives over non vvvf drives for EOT
cranes?
30
Which type of A.C motor is used in the fan (ceiling fan, exhaust fan,
pedestal fan, bracket fan etc) which are find in the houses?
30
EEE I nterview Questions Part 6
Give two basic speed control scheme of DC shunt motor? 31
What is the Polarization index value? (Pi value) and simple
definition of polarization index?
31
What is the difference between synchronous generator &
asynchronous generator?
31
EEE I nterview Questions Part 7
Why syn. generators are used for the production of electricity? 32
1 ton is equal to how many watts? 32
Enlist types of dc generator? 32
EEE I nterview Questions Part 8
What is Automatic Voltage regulator (AVR)? 33
What is an exciter and how does it work? 33
What is the difference between a four point starter and three point
starter?
33
Why use the VCB at High Transmission System? Why can't use
ACB?
34
Electrical and Electronics Engineering Interview Q & A

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What is the difference between surge arrestor and lightning
arrestor?
34
What is synchronous Condenser? Where and why it is used? 34
EEE I nterview Questions Part 9
What happens if I connect a capacitor to a generator load? 35
Explain the working principal of the circuit breaker? 35
How many types of cooling systemit transformers? 35
Why the capacitor works on ac only? 36
What is the function of anti-pumping in circuit breaker? 36
What is stepper motor? What are its uses? 36
What is meant by insulation voltage in cables? Explain it? 36
What is Ferranti effect? 36
EEE I nterview Questions Part 10
What is power factor? Whether it should be high or low? Why? 37
Tell me in detail about c.t. and p.t.? (Company: reliance) 37
There are a Transformer and an induction machine. Those two have
the same supply. For which device the load current will be
maximum? Why?
38
Why in a three pin plug the earth pin is thicker and longer than the
other pins?
38
How to calculate capacitor bank value to maintain unity power
factor with some suitable example?
38
EEE I nterview Questions Part 11
What is boucholz relay and the significance of it in to the
transformer?
39
What is SF6 Circuit Breaker? 39
What is the difference between Isolator and Circuit Breaker? 39

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EEE I nterview Questions Part 12
What is the difference between MCB & MCCB, Where it can be
used?
40
Define IDMT relay? 40
What are the transformer losses? 40
Where should the lighting arrestor is placed in distribution lines? 41
Why we do 2 types of earthing on transformer i.e.: body earthing &
neutral earthing, what is function. I amgoing to install a 5oo kva
transformer & 380 kva DG set what should the earthing value?
41
What is the general difference between DC and AC machine? 41
EEE I nterview Questions Part 13
What are the advantages of star-delta starter with induction motor? 42
Why is the starting current high in a DC motor? 42
What is meant by regenerative braking? 42
Why series motor cannot be started on no-load? 43
Why ELCB can't work if N inputs of ELCB do not connect to
ground?
43
Why Delta Star Transformers are used for Lighting Loads? 43
EEE I nterview Questions Part 14
How electrical power is generated by an A.C Generator? 44
Why ac solenoid valves attract the plunger even though we
interchange the terminal? Will the poles changes?
44
What is derating? Why it is necessary, it is same for all means for
drives, motors, and cables.
44
Why temperature rise is conducted in bus bars and isolators? 45
When voltage increases then current also increases then what is the
need of over voltage relay and over current relay? Can we measure
over voltage and over current by measuring current only?
45
Electrical and Electronics Engineering Interview Q & A

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If one lamp connects between two phases it will glow or not? 45
EEE I nterview Questions Part 15
How do you select a cable size (Cu & Al) for a particular load? 46
What are HRC fuses and where it is used? 46
What is use of lockout relay in ht voltage? 46
What is the power factor of an alternator at no load? 46
Which power plant has high load factor? 47
Mention the methods for starting an induction motor? 47
What is the difference between earth resistance and earth electrode
resistance?
47
Why the induction motor never runs at synchronous speed? 48
Why induction motor treated as a rotating transformer? 48
What is the Necessity of Starter of an Induction Motor? 48
Why Power Factor Correction is needed? 49
How do we select a cable for a machine as per standards? Is there
is any standard to select a cable as per voltage, or as per KVA and
as per amps ratings?
49
How do you measure the leakage current in a house wiring? 49
Describe how energy is stored in an inductor on electronic level? 50
When there is a sudden loss in the demand what happens to the
transformer and generation?
50
What is a UPS? 50
EEE I nterview Questions Part 16
Why do we rate transformer in KVA not in KW? 51
What will happen if we apply dc volt across transformer? 52
How is a 100 MVA transformer cooled? 53
Is possible to increase the voltage without using transformer? Why? 53
Reference 54
Electrical and Electronics Engineering Interview Q & A

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Electrical and Electronics Engineering Interview Q & A

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EEE I nterview Questions Part 1
EEE I nterview Question: Why we use 3-phase supply? Why are not 4 or
something else?
Answer: Three phase power has several advantages over single phase power,
including smaller transformer size and weight, and simplified motor
construction. Four phase power, which is actually two phase power with the
phases in quadrature (90 apart), doesn't really offer any advantage over three
phase power but requires an extra conductor. Some experimental work has been
done with 6 and 12 phase power, but these have never been put into common
usage. When you consider the cost of long transmission lines from the power
source, three phase power is the best alternative.
Why three phases? Why not one or two or four?
In 1-phase and 2-phase power, there are 120 moments per second when a sine
wave is crossing zero volts. In 3-phase power, at any given moment one of the
three phases is nearing a peak. High-power 3-phase motors (used in industrial
applications) and things like 3-phase welding equipment therefore have even
power output. Four phases would not significantly improve things but would
add a fourth wire, so 3-phase is the natural settling point.

EEE I nterview Question: Why do we use 3 phase power supply for heavy
loads?
Answer: With a single phase, the voltage drops to 0 every half-cycle.
Therefore, the amount of power you can get out of the line is not constant over
time; it has a very large 120-hz ripple. With a large motor, this can cause
vibration, and also means that larger wires are needed for the same power load.
Electrical and Electronics Engineering Interview Q & A

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The same is true for so-called "2-phase" power, 2 voltages 180 degrees apart.
They both cross zero at the same time, which is why this is normally also
referred to as single-phase. It isn't any better than single phase.

With 3-phase power, however, there is never a time when all the voltages go to
0. In fact, if you are extracting power from all 3 phases, (like in a motor) the
power stays constant throughout the whole cycle. This gives a vibration-free
drive (and also allows for simpler motor design because 3-phase power has an
inherent "direction" which 2-phase or 1-phase power does not).

Even for a DC application, where you're rectifying the output voltage (like in a
car alternator) 3-phase is better. Although you're only pulling power from one
phase at a time, the voltage still never goes to 0; it only ripples down to about
70% of its full-scale value before the next phase picks up.
With single phase there are 2 zero crossings in every cycle. At the zero crossing
there is no power available for the load. With 3 phases the zero crossings are
staggered so there is always power to the load. This true for motors, but also for
DC rectified loads. High power television and radio transmitters use 3 phase for
the DC supply for greatly improved efficiency.
Think of it like pedaling a bicycle. With single phase, it's like your only
have 1 pedal. So you only do work while pushing the pedal down. If you
have 2 pedals, one foot can apply a force while the other is going up
doing no work. 3 phase is similar to that but there's 3 "pedals" each
being "pushed" at different times so they work together to create more
power.
Electrical and Electronics Engineering Interview Q & A

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So you can use star and delta configurations. Star for start for high torque then
delta for running once the motor is up to speed.
You transfer the most power with the least copper and least
losses that way.
For example: A three-phase AC motor has only the bearings as moving parts.
The only electrical component is the stator which is just three stationary coils of
wire. These motors, when applied correctly, typically last for a decade or more
in operation.
A single-phase motor, on the other hand, has to be designed to compensate for
the lack of starting torque inherent in the circuit. There are many ways in which
this can be accomplished, but in every case there are drawbacks that are not
present in the 3-phase system

EEE I nterview Question: Why we are using only 50 Hz for single and three
phase electrical instruments?
Answer: Synchronization condition:
There are five conditions that must be met before the synchronization process
takes place. The alternator must have equal line voltage, frequency, phase
sequence, phase angle and waveform to that of the infinite bus/Grid.
Because of this condition, we got 50Hz frequency.

Assume having a grid with 50Hz and another with 60Hz, you can't synchronize
these two and can't use an instrument designed for one in another unless you got
some kind of converter.

Electrical and Electronics Engineering Interview Q & A

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Because 50 Hz was decided a long time ago and transformers and instruments
have been designed for that frequency. If the instruments were designed for
another frequency then it wouldn't work properly and overheat (and get
damaged). There are better frequencies but it would be too costly to pretty much
rebuild the nations entire power grid (not to mention world's power grid). Every
transformer in every pole, substation, and home appliance would have to be
changed.

50 Hz Instruments works in 60 Hz mostly without any problem, where as 60 Hz
Instrument may damage in 50 Hz (overheating of control transformer, fan etc.)
Unless it is designed for 50/60Hz

Although there are two, 60 Hz in the US and North America and 50 Hz in most
of the rest of the world.

EEE I nterview Question: We use single and three phase generators not two
phase generator .Why?
Answer: In an electrical distribution system power is delivered via three wires,
each operating 120 degrees from the other. This is a 3-phase system. As the
voltage gets lowered to residential areas, there is often only a single high
voltage wire at the top of the poles. This is a single phase from the original
system. It feeds a pole mounted transformer which will supply your house with
120/240V. The transformer is center tapped with 120 volts on either side, or you
can use 240 volts between the two lines.

Electrical and Electronics Engineering Interview Q & A

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A generator usually creates electricity by spinning a magnetic field through
stationary coils of wire. In three phase systems the coils are placed such that the
output voltages are 120 degrees out of phase with each other. This is the same
as a three phase electrical system.

In order to create the 120/240V system which is commonly used in homes, the
generator uses two separate coils. Each coil is 180 degrees out of phase. They
are connected in series to create the neutral conductor. This is essentially a two
phase system, but is known as single phase, referring to the original electrical
system feed which it is designed to replace.
By placing the two coils in parallel you can create a higher output 120V system
which is single phase.

EEE I nterview Question: What is the basis of selection of electrical
transmission voltage?
Answer:
1. Material of transmission line.
2. Rating of wire.
3. Environments
4. Load to be driven and many more things





Electrical and Electronics Engineering Interview Q & A

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EEE I nterview Question: Why we use a capacitor in an electric fan?
Answer: 1. Capacitor is used for both starting the
electric fan and improving power factor.

2. The voltage taken by the fan during running has
lagging power factor and in order to run the fan we
need leading power factor. The capacitor increases
the power factor. So we use capacitor in fan to
increase its power factor

3. to give a quick start-up for any instrument,
capacitor is used in electronics, by using capacitor
in the start-up there is a charge accumulation in between the plates of capacitor,
which is discharged again and gives a quick start to the instrument otherwise we
have to use a very high voltage to the instrument.

EEE I nterview Question: Why the Direction of Rotation of a TABLE Fan &
CEILING Fan is different?
Answer: In table fan rotor is rotating part, but in ceiling fan stator is rotating
part, so the direction of rotation is different.

Transformer is not rotating because for rotating magnetic field is required
which is produced only when the current is passed through the windings which
are displaced physically by 120degrees and phase difference of 120 degrees
where as in transformer there is no physical displacement of 120degrees hence
transformer cannot rotate.

Electrical and Electronics Engineering Interview Q & A

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EEE I nterview Question: An electric bulb is connected on a holder. One end
of the wire is connected to the phase and the remaining one connected to earth
instead of neutral. The bulb will glow or not? If yes then what is the need of
neutral?
Answer: 1. Yes the bulb will be glow & neutral is return path of Circuit it is
originated from distribution transformers star point, form this point only neutral
is taken.
2. Then what is the need of neutral?
We can connect the secondary of transformer as delta
3. Generally all the distribution transformers have Primary DELTA and
Secondary STAR connection. The neutral of the STAR is grounded. So the bulb
will glow if connect across PHASE and NEUTRAL or PHASE and GROUND.
4. The need of Neutral: It gives assurance of reliable centralized earthling as
your home may or may not have reliable earthling.


EEE I nterview Question: Why transformer is not rotating?
Answer: Transformer is a static device that changes voltage level, unlike
motors which are electromechanical device n convert electrical energy into
mechanical energy. Transformer doesnt have ROTATARY PART.






Electrical and Electronics Engineering Interview Q & A

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EEE I nterview Question: Why we are use 11KV / 22KV / 33KV / 66KV /
110KV / 230KV / 440KV this type of ratio. Why cant we use other voltage
ratio like 54KV / 99KV etc.

Answer: 1. When an alternator generates voltage, its rms value is given by
4.4*f*$*t, where $ is value of total flux per pole. So we can see all the voltages
are made inevitably multiple of this value (1.1, which is the form factor of ac
wave). Also it provides us the best economic construction of step up and step
down transformers.
2. We always use a multiple of 1.11 because for a pure sine wave the FORM
FACTOR is the ratio of rms value of voltage or current with the avg. value of
voltage or current and for pure sine wave rms value of current is Imax/root '2'
and avg. value is 2Imax/pie and which comes out to be 1.11 so we cant have a
combination of other then a multiple of 1.11.


EEE I nterview Question: What will happen if Transformer is operated at 100
HZ Frequency?

Answer: 1. As per EMF equation of the transformer frequency is directly
proportional to winding voltage. If we double
the frequency the sinusoidal root mean
winf=ding voltage also doubled.
E=4.44 * f*b*n*a*b
Voltage in winding increase double, due to
this effect flux density increases to double it
cause high no load losses and may cause to
destroy the core
Electrical and Electronics Engineering Interview Q & A

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emf e=4.44BAfn volts
If the frequency is increased induced emf also increased so the induced emf
damages the insulation of the winding it will leads to short ckt

2. Thye transformer iron losses will increase 4times as iron losses is a function
of the square of the frequency.As a result of increased Iron losses temperature
will shoot up.
3. Following series of action will occur when 100Hz power is applied to 50Hz
transformer.
1) Core gets saturated
2) No-load losses increases and Temp. Too goes up
3) Output voltage cannot be predicted as the core is totally saturated.
4) Heating continuous and gradually damages the core
5) This is followed by heating up of the oil and thus cooling temperature goes
down sharply.

EEE I nterview Question: Why transmission line 11Kv OR 33KV, 66Kv not in
10kv 20kv?
Answer: Due to the form factor=1.11, so output voltage must be multiply of
form factor, so we get 11, 22, 33 the answers mentioning the form factor 1.1 are
correct.
Just one clarification...

1.1 is form factor of a Sine wave...hence ac voltage being a sine wave holds
Form Factor of 1.1

Electrical and Electronics Engineering Interview Q & A

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2. FORM FACTOR of sine wave is 1.11rms/avg=(im/root2)/(2*im/pi) = 1.11
FF of square wave is 1.00 n triangular is 1.15 so I think form factor is not the
only logic behind 11kv/33kv but while the generator o/p formula suggest there
are certain terms multiplied with the form factor(1.11) n it is forcibly made to a
standardized value by changing certain parameters..

3. First let us define form factor before we go into the question:
The form factor of an alternating current waveform (signal) is the ratio of the
RMS (Root Mean Square) value to the average value (mathematical mean of
absolute values of all points on the waveform). In case of a sinusoidal wave, the
form factor is approximately 1.11.

Nowadays that thought has changed and we are using 400 V instead of 440 V,
or 230 V instead of 220 V.

Also alternators are now available with terminal voltages from 10.5 kV to 15.5
kV so generation in multiples of 11 does not arise.

EEE I nterview Question: How harmonics generated in electrical power
distribution system?
Answer: Harmonic frequencies are integral multiples of the fundamental
supply frequency, i.e. for a fundamental of 50 Hz, the third harmonic would be
150 Hz and the fifth harmonic would be 250 Hz. Harmonic distorted waveform
is clearly not a sine wave and that means that normal measurement equipment,
such as averaging reading rms-calibrated multi-meters, will give inaccurate
readings. Note also that there could be also many zero crossing points per cycle
instead of two, so any equipment that uses zero crossing as a reference will
Electrical and Electronics Engineering Interview Q & A

Page 20
malfunction. The waveform contains non-fundamental frequencies and has to be
treated accordingly.
When talking about harmonics in power installations it is the current harmonics
that are of most concern because the harmonics originate as currents and most
of the ill effects are due to these currents. No useful conclusions can be drawn
without knowledge of the spectrum of the current harmonics but it is still
common to find only the total harmonic distortion (THD) figures quoted. When
harmonics propagate around a distribution system, that is, to branch circuits not
concerned with carrying the harmonic current, they do so as voltages. It is very
important that both voltage and current values are measured and that quoted
values are explicitly specified as voltage and current values. Conventionally,
current distortion measurements are suffixed with I, e.g. 35% THDI, and
voltage distortion figures with V, e.g. 4% THDV.
Harmonic currents have been present in the electricity supply system for many
years. Initially they were produced by the mercury arc rectifiers used to convert
AC to DC current for railway electrification and for DC variable speed drives in
industry. More recently the range of types and the number of units of equipment
causing harmonics have risen sharply, and will continue to rise, so designers
and specifies must now consider harmonics and their side effects very carefully.
A three-phase power system is called balanced or symmetrical if the three-phase
voltages and currents have the same amplitude and are phase shifted by 120
with respect to each other. If either or both of these conditions are not met, the
system is called unbalanced or asymmetrical. It is implicitly assumed that the
waveforms are sinusoidal and thus do not contain harmonics.
In most practical cases, the asymmetry of the loads is the main cause of
unbalance. At high and medium voltage level, the loads are usually three-phase
and balanced, although large single- or dual-phase loads can be connected, such
Electrical and Electronics Engineering Interview Q & A

Page 21
as AC rail traction (e.g. high-speed railways) or induction furnaces (large metal
melting systems employing highly irregular powerful arcs to generate heat).
Low voltage loads are usually single-phase, e.g. PCs or lighting systems, and
the balance between phases is therefore difficult to guarantee. In the layout of
an electrical wiring system feeding these loads, the load circuits are distributed
amongst the three-phase systems, for instance one phase per floor of an
apartment or office building or alternating connections in rows of houses. Still,
the balance of the equivalent load at the central transformer fluctuates because
of the statistical spread of the duty cycles of the different individual loads.
Abnormal system conditions also cause phase unbalance. Phase-to-ground,
phase-to-phase and open-conductor faults are typical examples. These faults
cause voltage dips in one or more of the phases involved and may even
indirectly cause over voltages on the other phases. The system behavior is then
unbalanced by definition, but such phenomena are usually classified under
voltage disturbances, which are discussed in the corresponding application
guides, since the electricity grids protection system should cut off the fault.

EEE I nterview Question: What is the difference between 3 phase 3 wire & 3
phase 4 wire system in electrical system?
Answer: The answer is very simple. A 3-phase 3-wire system does not contain
a neutral. This occurs when you have 3-phase loads such as motors that do not
require a neutral. A 3-phase 4-wire system has a neutral. A neutral is required to
obtain either 120 or 277 volts in a 3-phase system. Both of these scenarios can
occur on wye and delta systems. I don't know what you mean by transferring a
range of power.

Electrical and Electronics Engineering Interview Q & A

Page 22
By the way, kerry k is completely wrong. Every system needs a ground. Just so
you know, I am the one who gave you thumbs down.
L1,L2,L3 -3phase 3 wire for balanced Load (3phase x 220v or 380V or 400V ,
running a 3 phase load like motor, Machine supply 3 wire is enough .3phase 4
wire(L1,L2,L3, NEUTRAL) can be used for balanced load or Un balanced load
or both In addition of above load single phase Load (110V or 220V )can be
used like lighting, window AC etc, the 4th wire is called Neutral (Star point).In
other way Generation (11KV or 15.75kv )- transmission 230KV-400KV ) with
3 wire enough in HV side - .In utility point 4 ( 230 , 380 or 415 V)wire required
in LV side.

EEE I nterview Question: How to convert electrical energy to infrared energy
or to microwave energy?
Answer: To convert to IR, use an IR lamp, aka heat lamp. IR is heat energy.

To convert to microwave, you need a magnetron and a high voltage power
supply, as is found in a microwave oven.

For the reverse, it is more difficult.

IR energy to electric energy, you could use a special solar array tuned to the IR
frequencies. Or with enough heat, you can boil water and pipe that into a turbine
that drives a generator.

Microwave energy, you have to capture it in a dish antenna, and then rectify it
to DC electricity.
Electrical and Electronics Engineering Interview Q & A

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EEE I nterview Questions Part 2
EEE I nterview Question: What is electric traction?
Answer: Traction means using the electric
power for traction system i.e. for railways,
trams, trolleys etc. electric traction means use of
the electricity for all these. Now a day, magnetic
traction is also used for bullet trains. Basically
dc motors are used for electric traction systems.


EEE I nterview Question: How can you start-up the 40w tube light with 230v
AC/DC without using any choke/Coil?
Answer: Its possible by means of Electronic choke. Otherwise it's not possible
to ionize the particles in tube light, with normal voltage.

EEE I nterview Question: What is "pu" in electrical engineering?
Answer: PU stands for per unit and this will be used in power system single
line diagram there it is like a huge electrical circuit with no of components
(generators, transformers, loads) with different ratings (in MVA and KV). To
bring all the ratings into common platform we use pu concept in which, in
general largest MVA and KV ratings of the component is considered as base
values, then all other component ratings will get back into this basis. Those
values are called as pu values. (p.u=actual value/base value).

Electrical and Electronics Engineering Interview Q & A

Page 24
EEE I nterview Question: Operation carried out in Thermal power station?
Answer: The water is obtained in the boiler and the coal is burnt so that steam
is obtained this steam is allowed to hit the turbine; the turbine which is coupled
with the generator generates the electricity

EEE I nterview Question: Why link is provided in neutral of an ac circuit and
fuse in phase of ac circuit?
Answer: Link is provided at a Neutral common point in the circuit from which
various connections are taken for the individual control circuit and so it is given
in a link form to withstand high Amps. But in the case of Fuse in the Phase of
AC circuit it is designed such that the fuse rating is calculated for the particular
circuit (i.e load) only. So if any malfunction happens the fuse connected in the
particular control circuit alone will blow off.

EEE I nterview Question: What is the diff. between electronic regulator and
ordinary rheostat regulator for fans?
Answer: The difference between the electronic and ordinary regulator is that in
electronic reg. power losses are less because as we decrease the speed the
electronic reg. give the power needed for that particular speed but in case of
ordinary rheostat type reg. the power wastage is same for every speed and no
power is saved. In electronic regulator triac is employed for speed control by
varying the firing angle speed is controlled but in rheostatic control resistance is
decreased by steps to achieve speed control.


Electrical and Electronics Engineering Interview Q & A

Page 25
EEE I nterview Questions Part 3
EEE I nterview Question: How tube light circuit is connected and how it
works?
Answer: A choke is connected in one end of the
tube light and a starter is in series with the
circuit. When supply is provided, the starter will
interrupt the supply cycle of AC. Due to the
sudden change of supply the chock will generate
around 1000volts. This volt will capable of to break the electrons inside the tube
to make electron flow. Once the current passes through the tube the starter
circuit will be out of part. Now there is no change of supply causes choke
voltage normalized and act as minimize the current.

EEE I nterview Question: What happen if we give 220 volts dc supply to the
bulb or tube light?
Answer: Bulbs [devices] for AC are designed to operate such that it offers high
impedance to AC supply. Normally they have low resistance. When DC supply
is applied, due to low resistance, the current through lamp would be so high that
it may damage the bulb element.

EEE I nterview Question: What is MARX CIRCUIT?
Answer: It is used with generators for charging a number of capacitor in
parallel and discharging them in series. It is used when voltage required for
testing is higher than the available.

Electrical and Electronics Engineering Interview Q & A

Page 26
EEE I nterview Question: What is encoder, how it function?
Answer: An encoder is a device used to change a signal (such as a bit stream)
or data into a code. The code may serve any of a number of purposes such as
compressing information for transmission or storage, encrypting or adding
redundancies to the input code, or translating from one code to another. This is
usually done by means of a programmed algorithm, especially if any part is
digital, while most analog encoding is done with analog circuitry.

EEE I nterview Question: What are the advantages of speed control using
THYRISTOR?
Answer: Advantages:
1. Fast Switching Characteristics than MOSFET, BJT, and IGBT
2. Low cost
3. Higher Accurate.

EEE I nterview Question: Why Human body feels Electric shock?? And in an
Electric train during running, we did not feel any Shock? Why?
Answer: Unfortunately our body is a pretty good conductor of electricity, The
golden rule is Current takes the lowest resistant path if you have insulation to
our feet as the circuit is not complete (wearing rubber footwear which doing
some repairs is advisable as our footwear is a high resistance path not much
current flows through our body).The electric train is well insulated from its
electrical system.

Electrical and Electronics Engineering Interview Q & A

Page 27
EEE I nterview Questions Part 4
EEE I nterview Question: Why, when birds sit on transmission lines or current
wires doesn't get shock?
Answer: Its true that if birds touch the single one line (phase or neutral) they
don't get electrical shock... if birds touch 2 lines than the circuit is closed and
they get electrical shock. so if a human touch single one line (phase) then he
doesn't get shock if he is in the air (not touching - standing on the ground if he is
standing on the ground then touching the line (phase) he will get a shock
because the ground on what we standing is like line (ground bed - like neutral)

and in the most of electric lines the neutral is grounded..So that means that
human who touch the line closes the circuit between phase and neutral.


EEE I nterview Question: What is the principle of motor?
Answer: Whenever a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field it
produce turning or twisting movement is called as torque.

EEE I nterview Question: Which motor has high Starting Torque and Staring
current DC motor, Induction motor or Synchronous motor?
Answer: DC Series motor has high starting torque. We can not start the
Induction motor and Synchronous motors on load, but can not start the DC
series motor without load.


Electrical and Electronics Engineering Interview Q & A

Page 28
EEE I nterview Question: What is meant by armature reaction?
Answer: The effect of armature flu to main flux is called armature reaction. The
armature flux may support main flux or opposes main flux.

EEE I nterview Question: What is ACSR cable and where we use it?
Answer: ACSR means Aluminum conductor steel reinforced, this conductor is
used in transmission & distribution.

EEE I nterview Question: What is vacuum circuit breaker? Define with cause
and where be use it Device?
Answer: A breaker is normally used to break a circuit. While breaking the
circuit, the contact terminals will be separated. At the time of separation an air
gap is formed in between the terminals. Due to existing current flow the air in
the gap is ionized and results in the arc. Various mediums are used to quench
this arc in respective CB's. But in VCB the medium is vacuum gas. Since the air
in the CB is having vacuum pressure the arc formation is interrupted. VCB's can
be used up to 11kv.

EEE I nterview Question: What is the link between Voltage and Form Factor?
Answer: Voltage is an electrical field form factor is the actual size and shape of
a device or piece of hardware.



Electrical and Electronics Engineering Interview Q & A

Page 29
EEE I nterview Questions Part 5
EEE I nterview Question: What will happen when power factor is leading in
distribution of power?
Answer: If there is high power factor, i.e. if the power factor is close to one:
1. Losses in form of heat will be reduced,
2. Cable becomes less bulky and easy to carry, and very cheap to afford, &
3. It also reduces over heating of transformers.

EEE I nterview Question: Whats the one main difference between UPS &
inverter?
Answer: Uninterrupted power supply is mainly use for short time. Means
according to ups VA it gives backup. ups is also two types : on line and offline .
Online ups having high volt and amp for long time backup with high dc voltage.
But ups start with 12v dc with 7 amps. But inverter is start with 12v,24,dc to
36v dc and 120amp to 180amp battery with long time backup.

EEE I nterview Question: What is the significance of vector grouping in Power
Transformers?
Answer: Every power transformer has a vector group listed by its manufacturer.
Fundamentally it tells you the information about how the windings are
connected (delta or wye) and the phase difference between the current and
voltage. eg. DYN11 means Delta primary, Wye Secondary and the current is at
11 o clock referred to the voltage.
Electrical and Electronics Engineering Interview Q & A

Page 30
EEE I nterview Question: What is 2 phase motor?
Answer: A two phase motor is a motor with the starting winding and the
running winding have a phase split. e.g; ac servo motor. Where the auxiliary
winding and the control winding have a phase split of 90 degree.

EEE I nterview Question: What is the advantage of vvvf drives over non vvvf
drives for EOT cranes?
Answer: Advantages-
1. Smooth start and stop.
2. No jerking of load.
3. Exact positioning
4. Better protection for motor.
5. High/low speed selection.
6. Reliability of break shoe.
7. Programmable break control.
8. Easy circuitry
9. Reduction in controls
10. Increases motor life

EEE I nterview Question: Which type of A.C motor is used in the fan (ceiling
fan, exhaust fan, pedestal fan, bracket fan etc) which are find in the houses?
Answer: Its Single Phase induction motor which mostly squirrel cage rotor and
are capacitor start capacitor run.
Electrical and Electronics Engineering Interview Q & A

Page 31
EEE I nterview Questions Part 6
EEE I nterview Question: Give two basic speed control scheme of DC shunt
motor?
Answer: 1. By using flux control method: in this method a rheostat is connected
across the field winding to control the field current. So by changing the current
the flux produced by the field winding can be changed, and since speed is
inversely proportional to flux speed can be controlled
2. Armature control method: in this method a rheostat is connected across
armature winding by varying the resistance the value of resistive drop (I
u
R
u
)
can be varied, and since speed is directly proportional to E
B
-I
u
R
u
the speed
can be controlled.

EEE I nterview Question: What is the Polarization index value? (Pi value) and
simple definition of polarization index?
Answer: Its ratio between insulation resistance (IR) i.e. meggar values for
10min to insulation resistance for 1 min. It ranges from 5-7 for new motors &
normally for motor to be in good condition it should be Greater than 2.5.

EEE I nterview Question: What is the difference between synchronous
generator & asynchronous generator?
Answer: In simple, synchronous generator supplys both active and reactive
power but asynchronous generator (induction generator) supplys only active
power and observes reactive power for magnetizing. This type of generators is
used in windmills.
Electrical and Electronics Engineering Interview Q & A

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EEE I nterview Questions Part 7
EEE I nterview Question: Why syn. generators are used for the production of
electricity?
Answer: Synchronous machines have capability to work on different power
factor (or say different imaginary power varying the field emf. Hence syn.
generators re used for the production of electricity.

EEE I nterview Question: 1 ton is equal to how many watts?
Answer: 1 ton = 12000 BTU/hr and to convert BTU/hr to horsepower,
12,000 * 0.0003929 = 4.715 hp therefore 1 ton = 4.715*.746 = 3.5 KW.

EEE I nterview Question: Enlist types of dc generator?
Answer: D.C. Generators are classified into two types
1) Separately excited d.c. generator
2) Self excited d.c. generator, which is further classified into;
1) Series
2) Shunt and
3) Compound (which is further classified into cumulative and differential).



Electrical and Electronics Engineering Interview Q & A

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EEE I nterview Questions Part 8
Question: What is Automatic Voltage regulator (AVR)?
Answer: AVR is an abbreviation for Automatic Voltage Regulator. It is
important part in Synchronous Generators; it controls the output voltage of the
generator by controlling its excitation current. Thus it can control the output
Reactive Power of the Generator.

EEE I nterview Question: What is an exciter and how does it work?
Answer: There are two types of exciters, static exciter and rotary exciter.
Purpose of exciter is to supply the excitation dc voltage to the fixed poles of
generator. Rotary exciter is an additional small generator mounted on the shaft
of main generator. if it is dc generator, it will supply dc to the rotary poles
through slip ring and brushes( conventional alternator). if it is an ac exciter, out
put of ac exciter is rectified by rotating diodes and supply dc to main fixed
poles.ac exciter is the ac generator whose field winding are stationary and
armature rotates. Initial voltage is built up by residual magnetism. It gives the
starting torque to the generator.

EEE I nterview Question: What is the difference between a four point starter
and three point starter?
Answer: The shunt connection in four point starter is provided separately form
the line where as in three point starter it is connected with line which is the
drawback in three point starter.

Electrical and Electronics Engineering Interview Q & A

Page 34
EEE I nterview Question: Why use the VCB at High Transmission System?
Why can't use ACB?
Answer: Actually the thing is vacuum has high arc quenching property compare
to air because in VCB, the die electric strengths equal to 8 times of air. That y
always vacuum used as in HT breaker and air used as in LT.

EEE I nterview Question: What is the difference between surge arrestor and
lightning arrestor?
Answer: LA is installed outside and the effect of lightning is grounded, where
as surge arrestor installed inside panels comprising of resistors which consumes
the energy and nullify the effect of surge.

EEE I nterview Question: What is synchronous Condenser? Where and why it
is used?
Answer: An overexcited synchronous motor running at no- load and used for
power-factor correction is called synchronous condenser. It is also called
synchronous capacitor.
It is used in a large system where the use of static capacitor is inefficient and
expensive. It is used for power-factor correction.



Electrical and Electronics Engineering Interview Q & A

Page 35
EEE I nterview Questions Part 9
EEE I nterview Question: What happens if I connect a capacitor to a generator
load?
Answer: Connecting a capacitor across a generator always improves power
factor, but it will help depends up on the engine capacity of the alternator, other
wise the alternator will be over loaded due to the extra watts consumed due to
the improvement on pf. Secondly, don't connect a capacitor across an alternator
while it is picking up or without any other load.

EEE I nterview Question: Explain the working principal of the circuit breaker?
Answer: Circuit Breaker is one which makes or breaks the circuit. It has two
contacts namely fixed contact & moving contact. Under normal condition the
moving contact comes in contact with fixed contact thereby forming the closed
contact for the flow of current. During abnormal & faulty conditions (when
current exceeds the rated value) an arc is produced between the fixed & moving
contacts & thereby it forms the open circuit Arc is extinguished by the Arc
Quenching media like air, oil, vacuum etc.

EEE I nterview Question: How many types of cooling system it transformers?
Answer: 1. ONAN (oil natural, air natural)
2. ONAF (oil natural, air forced)
3. OFAF (oil forced, air forced)
4. ODWF (oil direct, water forced)
5. OFAN (oil forced, air forced)
Electrical and Electronics Engineering Interview Q & A

Page 36
EEE I nterview Question: Why the capacitor works on ac only?
Answer: Generally capacitor gives infinite resistance to dc components (i.e.,
block the dc components). It allows the ac components to pass through.

EEE I nterview Question: What is the function of anti-pumping in circuit
breaker?
Answer: When breaker is close at one time by close push button, the anti
pumping contactor prevent re close the breaker by close push button after if it
already close.

EEE I nterview Question: What is stepper motor? What are its uses?
Answer: Stepper motor is the electrical machine which acts upon input pulse
applied to it. It is one type of synchronous motor which runs in steps in either
direction instead of running in complete cycle. So, in automation parts it is used.

EEE I nterview Question: What is meant by insulation voltage in cables?
Explain it?
Answer: It is the property of a cable by virtue of it can withstand the applied
voltage without rupturing it is known as insulation level of the cable.

EEE I nterview Question: What is Ferranti effect?
Answer: Output voltage is greater than the input voltage or receiving end
voltage is greater than the sending end voltage.
Electrical and Electronics Engineering Interview Q & A

Page 37
EEE I nterview Questions Part 10
EEE I nterview Question: What is power factor? Whether it should be high or
low? Why?
Answer: Power factor should be high in order to get smooth operation of the
system. Low power factor means losses will be more. it is the ratio of true
power to apparent power. It has to be ideally 1. if it is too low then cable over
heating & equipment overloading will occur. if it is greater than 1 then load will
act as capacitor and starts feeding the source and will cause tripping. (If pf is
poor ex: 0.17 to meet actual power load has to draw more current(V
constant),result in more losses if pf is good ex: 0.95 to meet actual power load
has to draw less current(V constant),result in less losses).

EEE I nterview Question: Tell me in detail about c.t. and p.t.? (Company:
reliance)
Answer: The term C.T means current transformer, and the term P.T means
potential transformer. In circuit where measurements of high voltage and high
current is involved they are used there. Particularly when a measuring device
like voltmeter or ammeter is not able to measure such high value of quantity
because of large value of torque due to such high value it can damage the
measuring device. So, CT and PT are introduced in the circuits. They work on
the same principle of transformer, which is based on linkage of electromagnetic
flux produced by primary with secondary. They work on the ratio to they are
designed. E.g. if CT is of ratio 5000\5A and it has to measure secondary current
of 8000A. Then ANS=8000*5\5000=8A and this result will be given to
ammeter .and after measuring 8A we can calculate the primary current. Same is
the operation of PT but measuring voltage.
Electrical and Electronics Engineering Interview Q & A

Page 38
EEE I nterview Question: There are a Transformer and an induction machine.
Those two have the same supply. For which device the load current will be
maximum? Why?
Answer: The motor has max load current compare to that of transformer
because the motor consumes real power. And the transformer is only producing
the working flux and its not consuming. Hence the load current in the
transformer is because of core loss so it is minimum.

EEE I nterview Question: Why in a three pin plug the earth pin is thicker and
longer than the other pins?
Answer: It depends upon R=rho l/a where area(a) is inversely proportional to
resistance (R), so if (a) increases, R decreases & if R is less the leakage current
will take low resistance path so the earth pin should be thicker. It is longer
because the First to make the connection and last to disconnect should be earth
Pin. This assures Safety for the person who uses the electrical instrument.

EEE I nterview Question: How to calculate capacitor bank value to maintain
unity power factor with some suitable example?
Answer: KVAR= KW (TAN (COS (-1) #e) - TAN (COS (-1) #d))
#e= EXISTING P.F.
#d= DESIRED P.F.


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Page 39
EEE I nterview Questions Part 11
EEE I nterview Question: What is boucholz relay and the significance of it in
to the transformer?
Answer: Boucholz relay is a device which is used for the protection of
transformer from its internal faults; it is a gas based relay. whenever any
internal fault occurs in a transformer, the boucholz relay at once gives a horn for
some time, if the transformer is isolated from the circuit then it stop its sound
itself other wise it trips the circuit by its own tripping mechanism.

EEE I nterview Question: What is SF6 Circuit Breaker?
Answer: SF6 is Sulpher hexa Fluoride gas. If this gas is used as arc quenching
medium in a Circuit breaker means SF6 CB.

EEE I nterview Question: What is the difference between Isolator and Circuit
Breaker?
Answer: Isolator is an off load device which is used for isolating the
downstream circuits from upstream circuits for the reason of any maintenance
on downstream circuits. It is manually operated and does not contain any
solenoid unlike circuit breaker. It should not be operated while it is having load.
First the load on it must be made zero and then it can safely operated. Its
specification only rated current is given. But circuit breaker is onload automatic
device used for breaking the circuit in case of abnormal conditions like short
circuit, overload etc., it is having three specification 1 is rated current and 2 is
short circuit breaking capacity and 3 is instantaneous tripping current.

Electrical and Electronics Engineering Interview Q & A

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EEE I nterview Questions Part 12
EEE I nterview Question: What is the difference between MCB & MCCB,
Where it can be used?
Answer: MCB is miniature circuit breaker which is thermal operated and use
for short circuit protection in small current rating circuit. MCCB moulded case
circuit breaker and is thermal operated for over load current and magnetic
operation for instant trip in short circuit condition. Under voltage and under
frequency may be inbuilt. Normally it is used where normal current is more than
100A.

EEE I nterview Question: Define IDMT relay?
Answer: It is an Inverse Definite Minimum Time relay. In IDMT relay its
operating is inversely proportional and also a characteristic of minimum time
after which this relay operates. It is inverse in the sense; the tripping time will
decrease as the magnitude of fault current increase.

EEE I nterview Question: What are the transformer losses?
Answer: TRANSFORMER LOSSES - Transformer losses have two sources-
copper loss and magnetic loss. Copper losses are caused by the resistance of the
wire (I2R). Magnetic losses are caused by eddy currents and hysteresis in the
core. Copper loss is a constant after the coil has been wound and therefore a
measurable loss. Hysteresis loss is constant for a particular voltage and current.
Eddy-current loss, however, is different for each frequency passed through the
transformer.

Electrical and Electronics Engineering Interview Q & A

Page 41
EEE I nterview Question: Where should the lighting arrestor is placed in
distribution lines?
Answer: Near distribution transformers and out going feeders of 11kv and
incoming feeder of 33kv and near power transformers in sub-stations.

EEE I nterview Question: Why we do 2 types of earthing on transformer i.e.:
body earthing & neutral earthing, what is function. I am going to install a 5oo
kva transformer & 380 kva DG set what should the earthing value?
Answer: The two types of earthing are Familiar as Equipment earthing and
system earthing. In Equipment earthing: body (non conducting part) of the
equipment should be earthed to safeguard the human beings. System Earthing:
In this neutral of the supply source (Transformer or Generator) should be
grounded. With this, in case of unbalanced loading neutral will not be shifted.
So that unbalanced voltages will not arise. We can protect the equipment also.
With size of the equipment (transformer or alternator) and selection of relying
system earthing will be further classified into directly earthed, Impedance
earthing, resistive (NGRs) earthing.

EEE I nterview Question: What is the general difference between DC and AC
machine?
Answer: 1. In DC machine armature rotates and the field is stationary,
In AC machine armature is stationary and the field is rotating.
2. DC machine contains commutator and brush,
AC machine contains slip ring and brush.

Electrical and Electronics Engineering Interview Q & A

Page 42
EEE I nterview Questions Part 13
EEE I nterview Question: What are the advantages of star-delta starter with
induction motor?
Answer: (1). the main advantage of using the star delta starter is reduction of
current during the starting of the motor. Starting current is reduced to 3-4 times
of current of Direct online starting. (2). Hence the starting current is reduced;
the voltage drops during the starting of motor in systems are reduced.

EEE I nterview Question: Why is the starting current high in a DC motor?
Answer: In DC motors, Voltage equation is-
V=E
b
-I
u
R
u
(V = Terminal voltage, E
b
= Back emf in Motor, I
u
= Armature
current, R
u
= Aramture resistance). At starting, E
b
is zero. Therefore, I = I
u
R
u

I
u
=
v
R
c
where Ra is very less like 0.01ohm.i.e I
u
will become enormously
increased.

EEE I nterview Question: What is meant by regenerative braking?
Answer: When the supply is cut off for a running motor, it still continue
running due to inertia. In order to stop it quickly we place a load (resistor)
across the armature winding and the motor should have maintained continuous
field supply. So that back e.m.f voltage is made to apply across the resistor and
due to load the motor stops quickly. This type of breaking is called as
"Regenerative Breaking".

Electrical and Electronics Engineering Interview Q & A

Page 43
EEE I nterview Question: Why series motor cannot be started on no-load?
Answer: Series motor cannot be started without load because of high starting
torque. Series motor is used in Trains, Crane etc.

EEE I nterview Question: Why ELCB can't work if N input of ELCB do not
connect to ground?
Answer: ELCB is used to detect earth leakage fault. Once the phase and neutral
are connected in an ELCB, the current will flow through phase and that much
current will have to return neutral so resultant current is zero. Once there is a
ground fault in the load side, current from phase will directly pass through earth
and it will not return through neutral through ELCB. That means once side
current is going and not returning and hence because of this difference in
current ELCB will trip and it will safe guard the other circuits from faulty loads.
If the neutral is not grounded, fault current will definitely high and that full fault
current will come back through ELCB, and there will be no difference in
current.

EEE I nterview Question: Why Delta Star Transformers are used for Lighting
Loads?
Answer: For lighting loads, neutral conductor is must and hence the secondary
must be star winding. And this lighting load is always unbalanced in all three
phases. To minimize the current unbalance in the primary we use delta winding
in the primary. So delta / star transformer is used for lighting loads.


Electrical and Electronics Engineering Interview Q & A

Page 44
EEE I nterview Questions Part 14
EEE I nterview Question: How electrical power is generated by an A.C
Generator?
Answer: For the generation of elect power we need a prime mover which
supplies mechanical power input to the alternator, can be steam turbines, or
hydro turbines .When poles of the rotor moves under the armature conductors
which are placed on the stator, field flux cut the armature conductor, therefore
voltage is generated and is of sinusoidal in nature...due to polarity change of
rotor poles (i,e) N-S-N-S.

EEE I nterview Question: Why ac solenoid valves attract the plunger even
though we interchange the terminal? Will the poles changes?
Answer: Yes because the poles change for every half-cycle of ac voltage so the
polarity of AC voltage is continuously changing for every half cycle. So,
interchanging of terminals in ac system does not show any difference. That's
why the ac solenoid attracts the plunger even though its terminals are
interchanged.

EEE I nterview Question: What is derating? Why it is necessary, it is same for
all means for drives, motors, and cables.
Answer: The current currying of cables will change depending upon the site
temperature (location of site), type of run (it will run through duct, trench,
buried etc.), number of tray, depth of trench, and distance between cables.
Considering this condition actual current currying capacity of cable reduce than
current currying capacity (which given to cable Catalogue) this is called
derating.
Electrical and Electronics Engineering Interview Q & A

Page 45
EEE I nterview Question: Why temperature rise is conducted in bus bars and
isolators?
Answer: Bus bars and isolators are rated for continuous power flow, which
means they carry heavy currents which rises their temperature. So it is necessary
to test these devices for temperature rise.

EEE I nterview Question: When voltage increases then current also increases
then what is the need of over voltage relay and over current relay? Can we
measure over voltage and over current by measuring current only?
Answer: No. We can't sense the over voltage by just measuring the current only
because the current increases not only for over voltages but also for under
voltage (As most of the loads are non-linear in nature).So, the over voltage
protection & over current protection are completely different. Over voltage
relay meant for sensing over voltages & protect the system from insulation
break down and firing. Over current relay meant for sensing any internal short
circuit, over load condition, earth fault thereby reducing the system failure &
risk of fire. So, for a better protection of the system. It should have both over
voltage & over current relay.


EEE I nterview Question: If one lamp connects between two phases it will
glow or not?
Answer: If the voltage between the two phase is equal to the lamp voltage then
the lamp will glow. When the voltage difference is big it will damage the lamp
and when the difference is smaller the lamp will glow depending on the type of
lamp.
Electrical and Electronics Engineering Interview Q & A

Page 46
EEE I nterview Questions Part 15
EEE I nterview Question: How do you select a cable size (Cu & Al) for a
particular load?
Answer: At first calculate the current of the load, after that derate the current
considering derating factor (depending on site condition and laying of cable)
after choose the cable size from cable catalog considering derating current.
After that measure the length of cable required from supply point of load to load
point. Calculate the voltage drop which will max 3% (resistance and reactance
of cable found from cable catalog of selecting cable) if voltage drop>3% then
choose next higher size of cable.

EEE I nterview Question: What are HRC fuses and where it is used?
Answer: HRC stand for "high rupturing capacity" fuse and it is used in
distribution system for transformers.

EEE I nterview Question: What is use of lockout relay in ht voltage?
Answer: A lock-out relay is generally placed in line before or after the e-stop
switch so the power can be shut off at one central location. This relay is
powered by the same electrical source as the control power and is operated by a
key lock switch. The relay itself may have up to 24 contact points within the
unit itself. This allows the control power for multiple machines to be locked out
by the turn of a single key switch.

EEE I nterview Question: What is the power factor of an alternator at no load?
Answer: At no load Synchronous Impedance of the alternator is responsible for
creating angle difference. So it should be zero lagging like inductor.
Electrical and Electronics Engineering Interview Q & A

Page 47
EEE I nterview Question: Which power plant has high load factor?
Answer: All base load power plants have a high load factor. If we use high
efficiency power plants to supply the base load, we can reduce the cost of
generation. Hydroelectric power plants have a higher efficiency than thermal &
nuclear power plants.

EEE I nterview Question: Mention the methods for starting an induction
motor?
Answer: The different methods of starting an induction motor
DOL: direct online
starter
Star delta starter
Auto transformer
starter
Resistance starter
Series reactor starter

EEE I nterview Question: What is the difference between earth resistance and
earth electrode resistance?
Answer: Only one of the terminals is evident in the earth resistance. In order to
find the second terminal we should recourse to its definition: Earth Resistance is
the resistance existing between the electrically accessible part of a buried
electrode and another point of the earth, which is far away.
The resistance of the electrode has the following components:
A. The resistance of the metal and that of the connection to it.
B. The contact resistance of the surrounding earth to the electrode.

Electrical and Electronics Engineering Interview Q & A

Page 48
EEE I nterview Question: Why the induction motor never runs at synchronous
speed?
Answer: If rotor & stator have same speed, no relative motion {Nr = Ns (1-s)}.
Slip is zero, no voltage induce in rotor
Current is zero, then torque is zero (T E2 I
2
cos
2
).
Thus induction motor never runs at synchronous speed.


EEE I nterview Question: Why induction motor treated as a rotating
transformer?
Answer: Transformer has two sides: primary & secondary.
Transformer transforms energy from primary to secondary by induction.
Similarly, Induction motor has primary (stator) & secondary (rotor). Voltage is
induced in secondary by rotating flux of constant magnitude i.e. the process of
induction

Thus induction motor treated as a rotating transformer.


EEE I nterview Question: What is the Necessity of Starter of an Induction
Motor?
Answer: Induction motors, when direct-switched, take five to seven times
their full-load current and develop only 1.5 to 2.5 times their full-load torque.
This initial excessive current is objectionable because it will produce large line-
voltage drop that, in turn, will affect the operation of other electrical equipment
connected to the same lines. Hence, a starter is necessary to overcome this
objection.
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EEE I nterview Question: Why Power Factor Correction is needed?
Answer: We know,

From the above relation it is clear that a decreased power factor results in an
increased current. This increased current results in greater losses in connecting
lines. Since most power loads have a lagging power factor which results in poor
voltage regulation. Thus from the view point of both efficiency and voltage
regulation, it is advantageous to bring a load power factor as close to unity as
possible.

EEE I nterview Question: How do we select a cable for a machine as per
standards? Is there is any standard to select a cable as per voltage, or as per
KVA and as per amps ratings?
Answer: Cable size depends upon current carrying capacity and voltage to
withstand, to select cable size we must have knowledge of load of machine and
operating voltage

EEE I nterview Question: How do you measure the leakage current in a house
wiring?
Answer: There are two ways for it. First one is to keep all lights and other
domestic electric appliances OFF for an hour and record the energy
consumption in the energy meter. Calculate current from it. Second way is by
measuring the current in the house earth conductor as leakage current goes to
earth.

cos V
P
I VICos P = =
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EEE I nterview Question: Describe how energy is stored in an inductor on
electronic level?
Answer: Energy is stored in an inductor in the form of a magnetic field.
Encrgy storcJ in on inJuctor =
1
2
I - I
2


EEE I nterview Question: When there is a sudden loss in the demand what
happens to the transformer and generation?
Answer: When there is a sudden loss of load The Generator terminal voltage
increases due to the fact that the IX drop in the generator winding decreases.
The EMF generated being the same the reduced reactance loss leads to a sudden
rise in generator voltage. But the AVR (Automatic Voltage Regulator) will act
instantly to bring this voltage to the set value by reducing the excitation.
There is practically no effect of this on the transformer barring the reduction in
I2R (copper Losses) and reduced IX drop.

EEE I nterview Question: what is a UPS?
Answer: UPS stands for Uninterrupted Power Supply. This system can be of
two major types and work to ensure uninterruptible power within a specified
period before backup comes in.
There is a static type and the mechanical type.
The static type is common and consists of the rectifier/battery/inverter making
up the system where as the mechanical type consists of transfer switch backup
generator and an electric motor directly coupled to motor-generator through a
flywheel.
Static type has the advantage of less maintenance when compared with the
mechanical type with rotating parts.
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EEE I nterview Questions Part 16
EEE I nterview Question: Why do we rate transformer in KVA not in KW?
Answer: since the losses in transformers are mostly due to copper losses and
core losses which in turn depends on current and voltage ( i.e., copper loses
is nothing but i
2
R losses depends on current and core losses v*i depends on the
voltage) hence the transformer ratings are taken in KVA but not in KW.
Broadly, we know the relation of power in three phase, P =3VIcos. Hence we
can say that the load is not constant it very accordingly. So power factor is also
get vary with load it is hard to define the power of transformer so it is rated in
KVA.
KVA is the unit for apparent power. Apparent power consists of active and
reactive power. Active power is the share of the apparent power which transmits
energy from the source (generator) to the user. Reactive power is the share of
the apparent power which represents a useless oscillation of energy from the
source to the user and back again.

It occurs when on account of some inertia in the system there is a phase shift
between voltage and current. This means that the current does not change
polarity synchronous with the voltage. But the heat generated in a winding as
well as the eddy current losses generated in a transformer core depend on the
current only regardless of whether it aligns with the voltage or not.

Therefore the heat is always proportional to the square of the current amplitude
irrespective of the phase angle (the shift between voltage and current). So a
transformer has to be rated (and selected) by apparent power.
Electrical and Electronics Engineering Interview Q & A

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EEE I nterview Question: What will happen if we apply dc volt across
transformer?
Answer: When a.c is applied: When ac voltage is applied to a transformer
winding, as that circuit is closed & based on the impedance present in that
winding current starts flowing but the nature of this current is also a.c. This a.c
current produces a magnetic flux which is of a.c in nature i.e time varying
nature. Because
lux = mmrcluctoncc = currcnt x no. o turnsrcluctoncc
If current is ac flux will also be ac.

Now according to Faraday's Law- if any conductor links time varying nature of
flux then emf will be produced in that conductor & the direction of this emf will
be exactly opposite to the applied voltage. In this case
tbc totol currcnt lowing tbrougb tbot winJing will bc
=
opplicJ :oltogc -inJuccJ cm
impiJoncc


When d.c is applied: When dc voltage is applied to a transformer winding, as
that circuit is closed & based on the impedance present in that winding current
starts flowing but the nature of this current is also dc. This d.c current produces
a magnetic flux which is of d.c in nature i.e constant magnitude. Because
lux = mmrcluctoncc = currcnt x no. o turnsrcluctoncc
If current is dc flux will also be dc) flux is constant, i.e.
J
Jt
= u
Electrical and Electronics Engineering Interview Q & A

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So emf produced will be 0 & the total current flowing through that winding will
be

opplicJ :oltogc-u
impiJoncc

e.g.
200-0
1
= 2uuA
So if the magnitude of dc is higher enough, then in that case the current flowing
through the winding may exceed the current carrying capacity of that winding
thus the winding will be damaged

EEE I nterview Question: How is a 100 MVA transformer cooled?
Answer: 100 MVA Transformer is cooled by forced oil forced water cooling
method..

EEE I nterview Question: Is possible to increase the voltage without using
transformer? Why?
Answer: It is possible to increase voltage without a transformer.
Example: With a DC source - active Charge pump circuit.
With an AC source - Cockroft-Waton Diode Voltage Multipliers (just a passive
charge pump)




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Reference
A Textbook of Electrical Technology Vol.2_B L Theraja
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