Scribd
Upload
125 views

Water Chemistry Water Chemistry Water Chemistry Water Chemistry

This document discusses alkalinity in water chemistry and environmental engineering. It defines alkalinity as the sum of all titratable bases in a water sample up to a pH of 4.5, as determined by the amount of acid needed to lower the pH to 4.5. The main contributors to alkalinity in freshwater are bicarbonate, carbonate, hydronium, and hydroxide ions. It provides equations to calculate alkalinity based on concentrations of these ions. The document also includes an example problem calculating total alkalinity for a water sample with given bicarbonate and carbonate concentrations.

Uploaded by

Karla Cea
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
125 views

Water Chemistry Water Chemistry Water Chemistry Water Chemistry

This document discusses alkalinity in water chemistry and environmental engineering. It defines alkalinity as the sum of all titratable bases in a water sample up to a pH of 4.5, as determined by the amount of acid needed to lower the pH to 4.5. The main contributors to alkalinity in freshwater are bicarbonate, carbonate, hydronium, and hydroxide ions. It provides equations to calculate alkalinity based on concentrations of these ions. The document also includes an example problem calculating total alkalinity for a water sample with given bicarbonate and carbonate concentrations.

Uploaded by

Karla Cea
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 1

ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING WATER CHEMISTRY ALKALINITY Alkalinity is defined as the sum of all titratable bases to a pH of approximately 4.5.

It is determined experimentally from the acid required to reduce the pH of a water sample to 4.5. In most freshwater, the following contributes to the alkalinity: Bicarbonate, HCO31 Carbonate, CO32 Hydronium ion, H+ Hydroxide ion, HO1 If alkalinity is expressed as mg CaCO3 per liter g g g 100 mol 1 mol CaCO3 -1 100 mol 1 mol CaCO3 - 2 100 mol 1 mol CaCO3 Alkalinity= HCO3 + CO3 + HO-1 g g g 61 mol 2 mol HCO3-1 60 mol 1 mol CO3-2 17 mol 2 mol HO-1 g 100 mol 1 mol CaCO3 mg CaCO3 [=] H+ g L 2 mol H + 1 mol Simplifying 50 50 mg CaCO3 -1 50 - 2 50 Alkalinity= HCO3 + CO3 + HO-1 H + [=] 61 30 17 1 L

[ ]

[ ]

Sample Problem A sample of water contains 200 alkalinity as mg/L of CaCO3.

mg

/L of CO32 and 100

mg

/L of HCO31 at a pH of 9.00 at 25 C. Express total

At pH = 9.00 [H + ] = 10 pH = 1 10 9 M mol H + 1 gram H + 1000 mg mg H + = 1 10 9 = 1 10 6 L L 1g 1 mol H + Similarly K 1 10 14 [HO 1 ] = W = = 1 10 5 M [ H + ] 1 10 9


mg HO 1 mol HO 1 17 gram HO 1 1000 mg = 1 10 5 = 0.17 L L 1g 1 mol HO 1
50 50 50 Alkalinity= 100 mg + 200 mg + 0.17 mg 1 10 6 L L L 61 30 17

[H + ] = 1 10 6

mg + H L

[HO 1 ] = 0.17

mg HO 1 L
3

mg L

] 510 = 415.800 mg CaCO L

ENGR. VERGEL C. BUNGAY


BS ChE MS ChE BS Chm MS Chm

Printed 1:53:13 PM 1/5/2009 Page 1 of 1

You might also like