Sound & Noise Control

Sound & Noise

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C o n t r o l
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Sound & Noise Control

Noise Control Principles
Sound
Sound is such a common part of everyday life that we rarely appreciated all of its functions. It provides enjoyable experiences such as listening to music or to the singing of birds. It enables spoken communication and it can alter of warn us - for example, with the ringing of a telephone, or a wailing siren. Sound also permits us to make quality evaluations and diagnoses - the chattering valves of a car, a squeaking wheel, or a heart murmur.

Noise Control Principles

There are three distinct stages to the noise control process: 1. Source. 2. Transmission. 3. Reception. Noise control problem involves examining the noise sources,( fan noise, duct noise, diffuser noise, and building noise) the sound transmission paths, and the receivers. For most HVAC systems, the sound sources are associated with the building mechanical and electrical equipment. Noise travels from the source to the receiver through many possible sound transmission paths,(structure-borne path through floor, airborne path through supply air system, duct breakout from supply air duct, airborne path through return air system, and airborne path through mechanical equipment room wall). Sound sources are the components that either generate noise, like electric motors, or produced noise when air passes by them, like dampers or diffusers. Sound receivers are generally the occupant of the building. The noise control engineers are most often constrained to modifying the sound transmission paths as a means of achieving the desired sound levels in occupied areas of a building.

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Sound & Noise

Yet, too often in our modern society, sound annoys us. Many sounds are unpleasant or unwanted - these are called noise. However, the level of annoyance depends not only on the quality of the sound, but also our attitude towards it. For example the type of music enjoyed by some people could be regarded as noise by others, especially if it is loud. But sound doesn't need to be loud to annoy. A creaking floor, a scratch on a record, or the intermittent sound of a dripping tap can be just as annoying as loud thunder. The judgement of loudness will also depend on the time of the day. For example, a higher level of noise will be tolerated during the day than at night.

Good Acoustic Design

Adequate noise control control in a duct system is not difficult to achieve during thedesign of the system, providing the basic noise control principles are understood. Despite the addition of noise control items in more and more building designs, complaints about HVAC system noise are still common. Investigations into noise complaints by acoustical professionals have found that, in many cases, the correct equipment and materials were used, but they were not properly integrated into a quiet system. Virtually every survey on building comfort finds that excessive HVAC system noise levels are responsible for more complaints than any other aspect of the building environment. To minimize the possibility that design decisions could cause noise problems, the design team must consider the acoustical impacts of all design decisions, whether they are part of the schematics, design development, working drawings, or construction administration phases of the project. Therefore, noise control design should begin during the schematic and design development phases and continue throughout the entire design process.

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Sound & Noise Control

Definitions
Definitions
Attenuation
The reduction of sound level per unit distance by divergence, diffusion, absorption, or scattering. after the method of testing where a section of ductwork is replaced by an attenuator between two test rooms. One room contains the noise source and the other the sound level measuring equipment. The difference in recorded noise level is said to be the insertion loss due to the insertion of the attenuator in the system.stem.

A-weighted Sound Level

The sound level measured using the A-weighting network of a sound level meter. For broadband sounds, the Aweighted sound level indicates approximate relative loudness.

Noise Outlet
Usually a grille or a diffuser. Any opening acting as a terminal element on either an extract or supply system.

Background Noise
It is the irreducible noise level measured in the absence of any building occupants when all of known sound sources have been turned off.

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Octave Bands
Subdivisions of the frequency range each identified by its mid (or centre) frequency. By international agreements these comprise 63, 125, 250, 500, 1k, 4k, and 8k Hz. and sometimes 31.5 Hz.

Breakout Noise
The transmission of fan or air system noise through duct walls.

Regenerated Noise
Noise in addition to that produced by the fan, caused by air passing over fixed duct elements such as blades on grilles, dampers, air turns, splitters in attenuators, etc.

Criteria
Noise levels which are subjectively or objectively acceptable in a given environment. The most commonly used criteria are Noise Criteria Curves (NC Levels), Noise Rating Curves(NR Levels) and dB(A).

Reverberant SPL
Noise which is transmitted by reflection off room surfaces.

Decibel (dB)
Commonly, the unit used to measure sound. It is used to quantify both sound pressure level and sound power level.

Reverberant Time
A measurement of the acoustic "reflectiveness" of a room.

Sound Power Level (SWL) Direct SPL

Noise which is transmitted directly from a source (i.e. a grille or diffuser) without reflection. A theoretical assessment of sound produced at source calculated from the measured sound pressure levels at known distances from the source under known acoustic conditions.A level which depends only on the source and is independent of the environment or location.The sound power level of a fan is therefore very useful information since any level quoted can be compared directly with data from any other manufacturer.

Ductborne Noise
Noise which is transmitted along ductwork, botk upstream and downstream of a fan.

Flanking Noise (Breakout)

Noise transmitted through a barrier, often a fan casing or ductwork. Any indirect noise path which tends to devalue noise control measures used to reduce tansmission along the more obvious paths.

Sound Pressure Level (SPL)

A measured sound level which is an indication only of the noise produced at source since environmental factors such as reverberation and distance from the source have affected the meassurement. The sound pressure level of a fan is not very useful since environmental factors apparent when the unit was measured may or may not be present in the actual location of the plant.

Frequency (Hz.)
The pitch of sound. The number of sound pressure waves arriving at a fixed point per second.

Insertion Loss
A measure of the noise reduction capability of an attenuator (sometimes of a partition) so named

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Sound & Noise Control

Sound
Basic Principles of Sound
Noise is an unavoidable part of everyday life and technological development has resulted in an increase in noise level from machines, factories, traffic etc. It is therefore important that steps towards a reduction in noise are taken, so that noise is not something we have to accept. In connection with this fight against noise, you must have some basic knowledge about how and where is noise generated, transmitted and attenuated in system in order to be able to select the proper principle and products. This description does not claim to teach you how to calculate and attenuate noise in a ventilation system there are books available on this. This description only aims at providing information about a few simple rules and hints, which together with common sense can be enough for simple installations. To take a simple analogy: noise transmission consists of waves in a medium, i.e. air, which we can not see. This is very similar to the way waves spread on water. Let us examine the analogy, to make the comparison clearer:

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Source Waves on water

We throw a stone onto completely calm water.

Distribution Waves on water

Waves on water spread out in increasing concentric circles from the centre, where the stone hit the water.

Waves in air
We fire a starter's gun.

Waves in air
Sound waves spread out in the air, in all directions, in an increasing ball from the centre, i.e. the gun.

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Sound & Noise Control

Sound

Energy transport Waves on water

Kinetic energy is transmitted from molecule to molecule in the water. They bounce against each other. Molecules move back and forwards. Energy spreads from the source.

Obstruction in the way Waves on water

If waves in water encounter the side of a boat or jetty, they will be reflected at the same angle as they met the obstruction.

Wave in air
Kinetic energy is transmitted from molecule to molecule in the air. They bounce against each other, and move back and forwards. Energy spreads from the source.

Wave in air
If waves in air encounter a wall, they will be reflected at the same angle as they met the obstruction.

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Distance Waves on water

When waves depart from the centre, where the stone hit, the wave height becomes lower and lower, until they are invisible. The water is calm again. In the same way as when you bounce a ball on the wall.

Waves in air
When sound waves depart from the source, the starter's gun, wave movement drops off and the sound becomes weaker and weaker until it can no longer be heard.

Energy losses Waves on water

The reflected wave height is lower than the incident wave. Some of the kinetic energy is absorbed in the collision with the jetty side (and is converted into heat).

Waves in air Intensity Waves on water

The energy which started the wave propagation, or the power needed to keep it going, is distributed across and increasing area as the distance, the radius, increases. The reflected wave movement is lower than the incident wave. Some of the kinetic energy is absorbed in the collision with the wall 9and is converted into heat).

Wave in air
The energy which started the wave propagation, or the power needed to keep it going, is distributed across an increasing volume as the distance, the radius, increases.

The ball moves more slowly when it bounces back than when it hit the wall.
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Sound & Noise Control

Sound
Absorption
Sound can be absorbed
When sound waves meet a soft, porous wall (mineral wool etc.), the vibrating molecules penetrate the surface layer, and are then braked by friction against the material fibres. The part of the energy which is thus absorbed is converted to heat in the material, and the rest is reflected back into the room. This type of damping, where the sound is braked by the soft surface layer, is referred to as porous absorption. The sound absorption ability of different materials varies. This property is expressed as teh sound absorption factor a of the material.
r

1.0
Mineral W ool 100 m m

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0.5
M

in

l ra

oo W

0 l5

m
er oo al W

l2

mm

Min

Soft c

on c arpet
Wind

oncre

te floo

ow gla

ss

0 125
a

Concrete

i=a+r = a i

250

500

1000 2000

4000 Hz

If nothing is absorbed, everything is reflected, then a = 0 which makes = 0: i=0+r = 0 =0 i

If nothing is absorbed, everything is absorbed, then r = 0 which makes a = 1: i=a+0 = a =1 a

An open window can be said to have a = 1, all sound from the room which arrives at the window disappears out! In hard materials, such as concrete or marble surfaces, virtually no sound energy is absorbed, everything is reflected and the a value is near to zero. In rooms with hard surfaces, the sound bounces for a long time before it dies out. The room has a long reverberation time and we get a strong, unpleasant echo. The sound level caused by normal sound sources becomes high. In soft materials, such as thick mineral wool boards, the opposite happens. The a value is close to 1. Sometimes, excessively damped, soft rooms are unsuitable "You can't hear what you say". Avoid extremes - the reverberation time in a room should be chosen to suit the activities there.

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Sound & Noise Control

Sound
Frequency and Wave Lengths
As we see in the tables above, the damping ability varies with the frequency of sound. It could be a good idea to describe the concept of frequency in greater detail. A sound source influences the surrounding air, and makes it vibrate. The character of the sound depends on the variations in pressure which occur in the air. Let us assume that the sound source is a vibrating plate the changes in pressure, or the sound will then have the same frequency as the vibrations in the plate. The strength of the sound will depend on the amount that the plate vibrates, i.e. the amplitude of the movement. Let us start off with that: If there is only one note, of a single frequency, the pressure will vary sinusoidally, so a pure note is referred to as a sine wave. A young person with normal hearing can hear sounds at frequencies from 20-20 000 Hz, i.e. (in air) at wavelengths ranging from 17 m (at 20 Hz) to app. 17 mm (at 20 kHz).

Infra Sound

Ultra Sound

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Audible Sound 20 Hz 20 000 Hz We perceive changes in sound frequency on a logarithmic scale, i.e. it is the relative frequency and not the difference in Hz which determines how a change in note is perceived. A doubling of frequency is perceived as being the same, irrespective of whether it is a change from 100 to 200 Hz, 1000 to 2000 Hz or 10 to 20 kHz.

Infra Sound

Audible Sound Logarithmic scale

Ultra Sound

The characteristics of sound propagation are: frequency (f), which is measured in Hertz, Hz, (s-1), (and specifies the number of times a second that a new sound wave arrives). wave length (, "lambda"), which is measured in metres, m, (and specifies the distance between two similar points on the curve).

20

50

100

200

500 1000 2000 5000 10000 20000 Hz

The logarithmic scale is usually sub-divided into octaves. i.e. in scales where the top note is twice the frequency of the bottom note. This has been customary in music for a long time.

and
speed of sound (c) which is measured in m/s, (and specifies the speed of movement of the sound wave). These three variables have the following relationship: c=f The speed of sound in air is also a function of pressure and temperature. At normal air pressure and + 20oC: c 340 m/s.
Infra Sound Audible Sound Logarithmic scale
20 50 100 200 500 1000 2000 5000 10000 20000 Hz

Ultra Sound

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Sound & Noise Control

Sound
Frequency and Wave Lengths
The dB unit, which is used in many different applications, is generally defined as: 10 log (X/X0 ), where X is the unit measured, i.e. the sound pressure, and X0 is a reference level expressed in the same units. The reletionship of X/X0 is thus dimensionless. The reference level from which the dB unit is specified, is given instead. This means that you generally express the level in dB (above X0).

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Our perception of sound

Infra Sound Audible Sound Logarithmic scale
20 50 100 200 500 1000 2000 5000 10000 20000 Hz

Ultra Sound

We react differently to two sounds which have the same sound pressure level and different frequencies.

Border frequency for octave band

11300 1406 2820 5640 176 352 704 22 44 88

16

31.5

63 125 250 500Hz 1

16 Hz

The concept of decibel

The stronger the sound is, the harder the particles of air will bump into each other.
p [Pa]

Curves which describe how people normally perceive sounds of varying strength and frequency have been constructed through experiments on large numbers of volunteers. These so-called hearing level curves are designated by the sound pressure level for each curve at a frequency of 1 kHz. The unit used for the curves is the phon.

Hearing level curves

Sound pressure level dB (over 20 Pa) Hearing level (phon) 140 130 130 120 120 110 110 100 100 90 90 80 80 70 70 60 60 50 50 40 40 30 30 20 20 10 10 Hearing Threshold 0 20 50 100 200 500 1000 2000 5000 10000 15000 Frequence (Hz) 140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

Sound pressure changes in the audible area can vary within very wide limits. Some sounds are so weak that we can not hear them. The so-called audible limit varies with frequency and is 20 mPa at about 1000 Hz. Other sounds are so loud that we risk hearing damage. The pain limit, the sound pressure which causes pain in your ears also varies with frequency, but is about 20 Pa at 1000 Hz. This means that it is a million times louder than the weakest sound we can perceive. We also perceive changes in sound pressure on a logarithmic scale. A sound level concept using the decibel (dB) as the unit, has been created to express comparable values.

Example:
The sound pressure level 70 dB at 50 Hz is normally perceived as being as loud as 50 dB at 1000 Hz.

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Sound & Noise Control

Sound
Sound Levels

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Several methods are used to compare the disturbance caused by two different sounds, and where the perception of the ear to noise has been modelled.

The simplest way is to compare their "weighted" sound levels. The incoming sound is filtered in an electronic filter to reduce the components, mostly the low-frequency components, where the ear is not so sensitive, and amplify the components between 1 and 4 kHz, where we are most sensitive. Sound meters usually have three electronic filters, A-, Band C-filter. The A-filter is mostly used these days, where the result, the "weighted" sound level, is expressed in dB (A).
Attenuation dB (above 20 Pa)
0 -10 -20 -30 -40 -50 -60 2 31 5 63 102 2 125 250 5 500 103 1 2 2 5 4 8 104 16 2 Hz kHz

C B A

A C B

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Sound & Noise Control

Noise Control for HVAC Systems
Acoustic Design Procedures
Good acoustical design requires broad cooperation in the areas of architecture, structural, mechanical, electrical engineering, and acoustics. Delaying the acoustical design until after the structural system design is essentially complete sometimes leaves the design team with little flexibility in selecting and locating cost-effective noise control equipment and materials. 8. If the NC level exceeds the design goal, determine the octave frequency bands in which the corresponding sound pressure levels are exceeded and the sound paths that are associated with these octave frequency bands.

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In order to effectively deal with each of the different sound sources and related sound paths associated with an HVAC system, the following design procedures are suggested : 1. Determine the design goal for HVAC system noise for each critical area according to its use and construction. Use Table 14 to specify the desirable NC levels.

9. Redesign the system, adding additional sound attenuation to the paths which contribute to the excessive sound pressure levels in the critical room.

10. Repeat steps 4 through 9 until the desired design goal is achieved.

11. Steps 3 through 10 must be repeated for every room that is to be analyzed.

2. Relative to equipment that radiates sound directly into a room, select equipment that will be quiet enough to meet the desired design goal.

12. Make sure that noise radiated by outdoor equipment will not disturb adjacent properties.

3. If central or roof-mounted mechanical equipment is used, complete an initial design and layout of the HVAC system, using acoustical treatment where it appears appropriate.

13. With respect to outdoor equipment, use barriers when noise associated with the equipment will disturb adjacent properties.

4. Starting at the fan, appropriately add the sound attenuations and sound power levels associated with the central fan, and duct elements between the central fan and the critical room to determine the corresponding sound pressure levels in the room. Be sure to investigate the supply and return air paths. Investigate possible duct sound breakout when central fans are adjacent to the critical room or roof-mounted fans are above the critical room.

14. If mechanical equipment is located on upper floors or is roof-mounted, vibration isolate all reciprocating and rotating equipment. It may be necessary to vibration isolate mechanical equipment that is located in the basement of the building.

5. If the mechanical equipment room is adjacent to the critical room, determine the sound pressure levels in the room associated with sound transmitted through the mechanical equipment room wall.

6. Add the sound pressure levels in the critical room that are associated with all of the sound paths between the mechanical equipment room or roof-mounted unit and the critical room.

7. Determine the correspondin NC level associated with the calculated total sound pressure levels in the critical room.

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Sound & Noise Control

Roomside Analysis

A sound analysis should be carried out starting from the fan or noise source having ducted connections to the room of interest. It is strongly recommend that sound level requirements for NC 30 or below be calculated out by Safid so as to ensure a complete check against noise criteria levels.

At low frequencies some of the sound power on reaching the critical noise outlet is reflected back along the duct. The degree of attenuation due to this phenomenon is dependent on frequency and the total area of the outlet. The attenuation from Table 6 is inserted in line c. The total duct attenuation is obtained from lines b and c and is inserted in line d. The Sound Power Level leaving the critical outlet is obtained from: e=a-d

Fan In-duct Sound Power Level (SWL)

Obtain from the fan manufacturer's catalogue information, or calculate the approximate In-duct Sound Power Level from Table 1. In both case the approximate duty of the fan needs to be known. These figures are inserted in line a. Some manufacturers present noise data as a Sound Pressure Level which needs to be converted by applying the relevant correction factor.

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Calculate the Room Effect

In a room the sound pressure waves will reach the listener along two paths: 1. Directly, reducing as the (distance)2 from the noise source, known as the Direct Sound Pressure Level. 2. By multiple reflections off the room surfaces and room contents, which will depend upon the size of the room and the reverberation time, known as the Reverberant Sound Pressure Level.

Duct system between the fan and the critical noise outlet.
Select the most critical noise outlet in the duct system, normally the noise outlet nearest to the fan, and estimate the sound power reduction which occurs along the duct path to this outlet and the outlet itself. Using the following information assess the total duct attenuation. Straight unlined sheet metal ducts provide a degree of attenuation. This is frequency dependent and varies with the minimum duct dimension and duct length. Approximate attenuation of straigth unlined rectangular sheet metal ducts per meter run is shown in Table 2. To avoid noise breakout problems in the duct attenuation taken should be limited to approximately 15dB. Circular sheet metal duct attenuation shown in Table 3. Bends provide attenuation as shown in Tables 4 and 5. Duct and bend attenuation figures should be entered against lines b.

To estimate the Direct Sound Pressure Level. Calculate the percentage of the total sound leaving the critical noise outlet. This is approximately equal to the percentage of the fan air volume which passes through the critical outlet. Table 7 gives the factors to be inserted in line f. Estimate the distance between the nearest listening position and the critical outlet, and using Table 8, insert the distance factors in line g. Unless the specification states otherwise, the commonly applied distance is 1.5 meters. By examining the position of the nearest outlet in relation to the walls and ceiling of the room will affect the resultant sound pressure level, due to directivity. Select the location type (A, B, or C) using Table 9, which is closest to matching the position of the critical outlet in the room. Using the charts for the chosen location type and outlet area, insert the factors obtained in line h.

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Sound & Noise Control

Roomside Analysis
Required Insertion Loss
The factors tabulated at each Octave Band in lines f, g and h are now added together in line i, to give the total Direct Factors. The Direct Sound Pressure Level in the room is equal to the sum of the Sound Power Level leaving the Critical Outlet in line e and the total Direct Factors shown in line i. The specification will usually give a design criteria for various area function; where one is not given, Table 14 can be used. The required or selected criterion is inserted in line q. If the Combined Sound Pressure Level exceeds the Criterion in any Octave Band, then the difference is the Insertion Loss required from the attenuator (line r). To allow the possible addition of noise from other sources a safety margin of typically 3dB may be added. The attenuator can now be selected to meet the parameters of insertion loss, physical size and the pressure loss. The Insertion Loss figures are placed in line s as a final check. The above analysis method takes no account of regenerated noise from attenuators or ductwork elements. Similarly, it is not possible to deal with the method of selecting attenuators for high pressure systems which commonly have terminal devices that generate noise and often have some attenuation capability.

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To estimate the Reverberant Sound Pressure Level. For the fan system in question, Calculate the percentage of the sound emerging from all the noise outlets in the room served by the fan. This approximates to the percentage of the fan air volume serving the room under investigation. Using Table 10 insert the factor in line k. The amount of reflection or absorption of the sound emerging from the noise outlets depends upon the volume and the reverberation time (which is a function of the amount of absorption) of the room. Table 11 and 12 give the factors related to these which are inserted in lines l and m respectively. The factors tabulated at each Octave Band in lines k,l and m are now added together in line n, to give the Total Reverberant Factors. The Reverberant sound Pressure level (line o) in the room is equal to the sum of the Sound Power Level leaving the Critical Outlet (line e) and the Total Reverberant Factors (line n). To arrive at the Combined Sound Pressure Level, it is necessary to logarithmically sum the Reverberant Sound Pressure Level and the Direct Sound Pressure Level. This can be simplified by using Table 13. The combined pressure level can then be entered in line p.

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Sound & Noise Control

Roomside Analysis
Table 1: In-duct SWL of the fan
Overall Sound Power Level dB re 110 - 112 Watts

130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 0.1 1.0 10 100 Volume flow cubic metres per second
Pa 3200 Pa 1600 a 800 P a 400 P a 200 P a 100 P 50 Pa a 251 P

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Spectrum Correction
Octave Centre frequency, fm in Hz 63 Forward Curved Centrifugal Backward Curved Centrifugal Axial -2 -7 -5 125 -7 -8 -5 200 -12 -7 -6 500 -17 -12 -7 1k -22 -17 -8 2k -27 -22 -8 4k -32 -27 -14 8k -37 -32 -17

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Sound & Noise Control

Roomside Analysis
Table 2: Attenuation of straight unlined rectangular sheet metal ducts - dB/m
Minimum Duct Dimensions S in mm 000 - 200 201 - 400 401 - 800 801 - 1600 Octave Centre frequency, fm in Hz

S
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63 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.3

125 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.15

200 0.45 0.45 0.3 0.15

500 0.3 0.3 0.15 0.1

1k 0.3 0.2 0.15 0.06

2k 0.3 0.2 0.15 0.06

4k 0.3 0.2 0.15 0.06

8k 0.3 0.2 0.15 0.06

Table 3: Attenuation of straight unlined circular or round sheet metal ducts - dB/m
Duct Dimensions S in mm Octave Centre frequency, fm in Hz

63 000 - 180 181- 380 381 - 760 761 - 1520 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.01

125 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.01

200 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.01

500 0.05 0.05 0.03 0.02

1k 0.1 0.07 0.05 0.02

2k 0.1 0.07 0.05 0.02

4k 0.1 0.07 0.05 0.02

8k 0.1 0.07 0.05 0.02

Table 4: Attenuation of mitred bends without turning vanes or with short chord turning vanes (rectangular ducts) - dB
Minimum Duct Dimensions S in mm 000 - 200 201- 400 401 - 800 801 - 2000 Octave Centre frequency, fm in Hz

63 0 0 0 0

125 0 0 0 6

200 0 0 6 8

500 0 6 8 4

1k 6 8 4 3

2k 8 4 3 3

4k 4 3 3 3

8k 3 3 3 3

Table 5: Attenuation of radiussed bends or mitred bends with long chord turning vanes (circular or rectangular ducts) - dB

Minimum Duct Dimensions S in mm 000 - 250 251- 500 501 - 1000 1001 - 2000

Octave Centre frequency, fm in Hz

63 0 0 0 0

125 0 0 0 1

200 0 0 1 2

500 0 1 2 3

1k 1 2 3 3

2k 2 3 3 3

4k 3 3 3 3

8k 3 3 3 3

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Sound & Noise Control

Roomside Analysis
Table 6 : Outlet Reflection, dB
OUTLET AREA -cm2 Octave Centre Frequency, fm in Hz 63
20 100 19 18 13 17 12 16 11 15 10 500 14 5 13 12 1000 11 10 9 8 7 5000 6 2 5 1 10000 4 0 9 8 7 6 2 5 4 3 1 0 0 4 1 3 6 2 7 3 8 4 1

Table 7 : Percentage of total sound factors, dB

-20 -19 -18 -17 -16 -15 -14 -13 -12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1%

125
15 14

250

500

1k
3

10 9

6 5 2

2 3 4 5

3 15

10

20

50

100

Table 8 : Distance Factors, dB

-10 -11 -12 -13 -14 -15 -16 -17 -18 -19 -20 -21 -22 -23 -24 -25 -26 -27 -28 -29 -30 1meters

1.5

4 5 6 7 8 9

Direct Reverberant
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Sound & Noise Control

Roomside Analysis
Table 9: Directivity Factor, dB Table 10: Percentage of total sound factors, dB
-20 -19 -18 -17 -16 -15 -14 -13 -12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1%

2 3 4 5

3 16

10

20

Type B

Junction of two room surfaces Outlet area, cm

2

Octave Centre frequency, in Hz 10000 +8 +8 +9 +9 +9 +9 63 125 250 500 1k 2k 4k 8k

50

10 +6 +6 +6 +6 +7 +7 +7 +8

100

1000 +7 +7 +7 +8 +8 +8 +8

100

+7

+8

+9 +9

Type C

Centre of one room surface Outlet area, cm2

Octave Centre frequency, in Hz

10

100 +3 +3

1000 +4

10000 100000 +5 +7 +8 +9 +9 +9 +9 +6 +7 +7 +8 +8 +9 +9 63 125 250 500 1k 2k 4k 8k

+4 +5 +6 +4 +5 +6 +6 +7 +8 +7 +8

+3 +4 +5 +5 +6 +7 +8

+3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8

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Sound & Noise Control

Roomside Analysis
Table 11: Room Volume Factor, dB
+10 +9 +8 +7 +6 +5 +4 +3 +2 +1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8 -9 -10 -11 -12 -13 -14 -15 -16 -17 -18 -19 -20 -21 -22 -23 -24 -25 -26 -27 -28 100000 5000 2000 Difference in SPLs 0 to 1 2 to 3 4 to 9 10 and above Add to Larger SPL +3 +2 +1 +0 1000 500 200 100 50 20 10 5 3 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 +10 +11 Very hard surface high ceilings No furnishing Limited furnishing Average furnishing

Table 12: Reverbation time factors, dB

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Table 13: Addition of Sound Pressure Levels, dB

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Sound & Noise Control

Design Criteria
Table 14: Recommended design criteria for various area functions
Situation Section 1 - Studios and Auditoria Sound Broadcasting (drama) Sound Broadcasting (general), TV (general), Recording Studio TV (audience studio) Concert Hall, Theatre Lecture Theatre, Cinema Section 2 - Hospitals Audiometric Room Operating Theatre, Single Bed Ward Multi-bed Ward, Waiting room Corridor, Laboratory Wash Room, Toilet, Kitchen Staff Room, Recreation Room Section 3 - Hotels Individual Room, Suite Ballroom, Banquet Room Corridor, Lobby Kitchen, Laundry Section 4 - Restaurants, Shops and Stores Restaurant, Department Store (upper floor) Club, Public House, Cafeteria, Canteen, Retail Store (main floor) Section 5 - Offices Boardroom, Large Conference Room Small Conference Room, Executive Office, Reception Room Open Plan Office Drawing Office, Computer Suite Section 6 - Public Buildings Court Room Assembly Hall Library, Bank, Museum Wash Room, Toilet Swimming Pool, Sports Arena Garage, Car Park Section 7 - Ecclesiastical and Academic Buildings Church, Mosque Classroom, Lecture Theatre Laboratory, Workshop Corridor, Gymnasium Section 8 - Industrial Warehouse, Garage Workshop (light engineering) Workshop (heavy engineering) Section 9 - Private Dwelling (Urban) Bedroom Living Room
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NC 15 20 25 20 - 25 25 - 30 20 - 25 30 - 35 35 35 - 40 35 - 45 30 - 40 20 - 30 30 - 35 35 - 40 40 - 45 35 - 40 40 - 45 25 - 30 30 - 35 35 35 - 45 25 - 30 25 - 35 30 - 35 35 - 45 40 - 50 55 25 - 30 25 - 35 35 - 40 35 - 45 45 - 50 45 - 55 50 - 65 25 30

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Sound & Noise Control

Roomside Analysis
Calculation Sheet
Customer Project Fand duty Type System Duct/Bend Width x Height In-duct sound power Length/Angle Type b 63 Octave centre frequency, fm in Hz 125 250 500 1k 2k 4k 8k

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Outlet reflection SWL leaving system Percentage leaving outlet Distance from outlet Directivity

cm2

c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s

Total duct attenuation (b + c)

Total direct factors (f + g + h) Direct SPL Percentage reaching room Room volume Reverberation time Total reverberant factors (k + l + m) Reverberant SPL Combined SPL Criterion Required insertion loss Selected insertion loss Selection Code: NC55 NR55 NC50 NR50 NC45 NR45 NC40 NR40 NC35 NR35 NC30 NR30 NC25 NR25 NC20 NR20 74 79 71 75 67 71 64 67 60 63 57 59 54 55 51 51 67 70 64 65 60 61 57 57 52 52 48 48 44 44 40 39 62 63 58 59 54 54 50 49 45 45 41 40 37 35 33 31 58 58 54 53 49 48 45 44 40 39 35 34 31 29 26 24 56 55 51 50 46 45 41 40 36 35 31 30 27 25 22 20 54 52 49 47 44 42 39 37 34 32 29 27 24 22 19 17 53 50 48 45 43 40 38 35 33 30 28 25 22 20 17 14 52 49 47 43 42 38 37 33 32 28 27 23 21 18 16 13

Right to alterations reserved.

Sound & Noise Control

Room Analysis
Figure 1 : Duct System For Fan Noise Calculation Example

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Plantroom

Fan
1 700x600 700x600 2 3 4 600x350 6 7 5 8
650x 300

9 350x350 SLD1 0.195 M/S 250

10

VD

VD

SLD1 0.195 M/S 250

11

300x300 SLD1 0.195 M/S 250

300x300 SLD1 0.195 M/S 250 VD

VD

300x150 SLD1 0.195 M3/S 250

300x150 SLD1 0.195 M3/S 250 VD

VD

Office Area FCH = +3.00

Right to alterations reserved.

Sound & Noise Control

Roomside Analysis
Details For Calculation Example
The simple duct system shown in figure 1 will be entered on calculation sheet to show the steps to be followed to determine whether sound attenuating materials are required to reduce the fan noise in a duct system. For the duct system described in figure1, the sound power level produced by the fan is known from manufacturer's data. Calculate the sound pressure level in office area, at the nearest occupied position to a supply ceiling slot linear diffuser, which is given to be 1.5 meters from the diffuser and directly in line with its axis, and the diffusers are located in the ceiling.

Roomside Calculation
System Element Ref Type 1 Duct 2 Bend 3 Duct 4 Duct 5 Bend 6 Duct 7 Bend 8 Duct 9 Bend 10 Duct 11 Outlet W H Length/Type 700 600 2 metres 700 600 Radiused 700 600 5 metres 600 350 2 metres 600 350 Radiused 600 350 6 metres 600 350 Radiused 600 350 2 metres 350 350 Radiused 350 350 2 metres 2 slot diffuser 1200 mm long,

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FAN DETAILS Type : Centrifugal Duty : 2.26 m3/s at 600 Pa. Sound Power Level at mid frequency Octave Bands Hz dB 63 86 125 91 250 87 500 92 1k 88 2k 88 4k 82 8k 74

ROOM DETAILS Room Volume Room Height Outlet

: : :

300 m3 3m Slot diffuser 1200m long each slot 15mm wide each slot diffuser handles 0.195 m3/s

ROOM CRITERION NC 35 at 1.5 metres from the noise outlet. Office area

Right to alterations reserved.

Sound & Noise Control

Roomside Analysis
Calculation Sheet
Customer Project Fand duty 2.26 m3/s @ 600 Pa. Type System Duct/Bend Duct Bend Duct Duct Bend Duct Bend Duct Bend Duct Centrifugal Supply Width x Height 700 x 600 700 x 600 700 x 600 600 x 350 600 x 350 600 x 350 600 x 350 600 x 350 350 x 350 350 x 350 2 metres 3 x 120 2 metres 6 metres 5 metres 2 metres In-duct sound power Length/Angle 2 metres Type Rect. Radiussed Rect. Rect. Radiussed Rect. Radiussed Rect. Radiussed Rect. 360 cm
2

Octave centre frequency, fm in Hz 63 125 250 500 1k 2k 4k 8k

86 1 0 3 1 0 4 0 1 0 1 14 25 61

91 1 0 3 1 0 4 0 1 0 1 10 21 70 -11 -14 4 -21 49 -3 -11 0 -14 56 57 52 8 14 67 70 64 65 60 61 57 57 52 52 48 48 44 44 40 39

87 1 1 2 1 1 3 1 1 0 1 6 18 69 -11 -14 5 -20 49 -3 -11 0 -14 55 56 45 14 20 62 63 58 59 54 54 50 49 45 45 41 40 37 35 33 31

92 0 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 15 77 -11 -14 6 -19 58 -3 -11 0 -14 63 64 40 27 37 58 58 54 53 49 48 45 44 40 39 35 34 31 29 26 24

88 0 3 1 0 3 1 3 0 2 0 0 13 75 -11 -14 7 -18 57 -3 -11 0 -14 61 62 36 29 47 56 55 51 50 46 45 41 40 36 35 31 30 27 25 22 20

88 0 3 1 0 3 1 3 0 3 0 0 14 74 -11 -14 8 -17 57 -3 -11 0 -14 60 62 34 31 32 54 52 49 47 44 42 39 37 34 32 29 27 24 22 19 17

82 0 3 1 0 3 1 3 0 3 0 0 14 68 -11 -14 8 -17 51 -3 -11 0 -14 54 56 33 26 26 53 50 48 45 43 40 38 35 33 30 28 25 22 20 17 14

74 0 3 1 0 3 1 3 0 3 0 0 14 60 -11 -14 9 -16 44 -3 -11 0 -14 46 48 32 19 24 52 49 47 43 42 38 37 33 32 28 27 23 21 18 16 13

a b

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Outlet reflection Total duct attenuation (b + c) SWL leaving system Percentage leaving outlet Distance from outlet Directivity Total direct factors (f + g + h) Direct SPL Percentage reaching room Room volume Reverberation time

c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s

8% 1.5 m Type C

-11 -14 3 -22 39

51% 300 m 1 sec

3

-3 -11 0 -14 47 48

Total reverberant factors (k + l + m) Reverberant SPL Combined SPL Criterion Required insertion loss +3dB Selected insertion loss Selection Code: SA20-150 / 900L x 700W X 600H NC55 NR55 NC50 NR50 NC45 NR45 NC40 NR40 NC35 NR35 NC30 NR30 NC25 NR25 NC20 NR20 NC 35

60 0 8 74 79 71 75 67 71 64 67 60 63 57 59 54 55 51 51

Right to alterations reserved.