Feb 10, 2003

An Introduction to Boiler Design Basics

JC Foucher

Boiler design basics Summary

History Thermodynamics for beginners Boiler design Utilily versus Industrial boilers Boiler Construction, Examples, and Troubles

Date of last change

Reference/Name of Presentation/SN

Boiler design basics Summary

History Thermodynamics for beginners Boiler design Utilily versus Industrial boilers Boiler Construction, Examples, and Troubles

Date of last change

Reference/Name of Presentation/SN

History : Steam as a resource

The most significant series of events shaping todays world is the late 17th century industrial revolution. However, the first steam reaction turbine, illutrated here, has been invented in 200 BC by Hero from Greece. Steam Technology is an old invention its future is still brilliant, based on the same fundamentals : - GENERATE HEAT - TRANSFER THE HEAT to WATER - PRODUCE STEAM and - CONVERT TO ENERGY
Source : ALSTOM Indonesia Boiler Seminar, April 2002

Date of last change

Reference/Name of Presentation/SN

History : First Application of Steam Power

Steam Industries develop after inventors designed safe and efficient steam devices useful to man activities : Alexandro Branca from Italy invented in the 16th century a device, illustrated here, which marked the beginning of Steam Turbine Development. It was used for milling wheat grains effortlessly.
Source : ALSTOM Indonesia Boiler Seminar, April 2002

Date of last change

Reference/Name of Presentation/SN

Modern Use of Steam Power

Power Generation Industrial Processes Sea and land transportation District Heating Other special uses

Source : ALSTOM Indonesia Boiler Seminar, April 2002

Date of last change

Reference/Name of Presentation/SN

A Typical Power Station

Source : ALSTOM Indonesia Boiler Seminar, April 2002

Date of last change

Reference/Name of Presentation/SN

Boiler design basics Summary

History Thermodynamics for beginners Boiler design Utilily versus Industrial boilers Boiler Construction, Examples, and Troubles

Date of last change

Reference/Name of Presentation/SN

Thermodynamics for beginners - 1

A vessel is filled with an amount of water ( ) and warmed at constant pressure up to boiling a continuing supply of heat changes water phase from liquid to gas (steam), the temperature remains constant result : a steam at temp. Tp, pressure Pp, volume Vp and energy stored as internal heat or enthalpy Qp one m3 of water is transformed under such conditions into 1700 m3 of steam
Source : ALSTOM Indonesia Boiler Seminar, April 2002

Date of last change

Reference/Name of Presentation/SN

Thermodynamics for beginners - 2

A vessel is filled with the same water amount ( ) and warmed at constant volume up to boiling a continuing supply of heat changes water phase from liquid to gas (steam), result :
steam temperature Tv >Tp, pressure Pv > Pp, Vv =Vp volume unchanged energy stored as internal heat or enthalpy Qv > Qp

Source : ALSTOM Indonesia Boiler Seminar, April 2002

Date of last change

Reference/Name of Presentation/SN

10

Thermodynamics for beginners - 3

Steam generation is a phase change or water from liquid to gas, thanks to a continuous supply of heat, the higher both pressure and temperature are, the higher is the energy stored in the steam, the steam turbine purpose is to convert this thermal energy into rotational mechanical energy the purpose of the generator is to convert this rotational mechanical energy into electric energy

Date of last change

Reference/Name of Presentation/SN

11

Thermodynamics for beginners - 4

The Water-Steam Cycle inside the boiler

From F to A to B
Temp. B K C liquid water warm-up

B : evaporation begins B to C :
mixture of water (decreasing) and steam (increasing) called saturated steam

A F Entropy
Source : J. Goalvoueden in Les Techniques de l Ingnieur, B 124

Date of last change

Reference/Name of Presentation/SN

12

Thermodynamics for beginners - 5

The Water-Steam Cycle inside the boiler (cont) D Temp. B K C

C : evaporation C to D
steam is superheated

completed, steam still saturated

D
A F Entropy
Source : J. Goalvoueden in Les Techniques de l Ingnieur, B 124

superheated steam sent to turbine

Date of last change

Reference/Name of Presentation/SN

13

Thermodynamics for beginners - 6

The Water-Steam Cycle outside the boiler D Temp. B K C

D to E
expansion in the steam turbine

E to F
steam is condensed and cooled in the condenser E

A F Entropy
Source : J. Goalvoueden in Les Techniques de l Ingnieur, B 124

F
water available for a new cycle
14

Date of last change

Reference/Name of Presentation/SN

Thermodynamics for beginners - 7

Single Rankine Reheat Steam Cycle Temp. B D K C

A F E Entropy

Source : J. Goalvoueden in Les Techniques de l Ingnieur, B 124

Date of last change

Reference/Name of Presentation/SN

15

Thermodynamics for beginners - 8

Double Reheat Steam Cycle D Temp. B K C I A F L Entropy
Source : J. Goalvoueden in Les Techniques de l Ingnieur, B 124

D to I
expansion in the HP steam turbine

I to K
steam returns to the boiler and is reheated

K to L
expansion in the IP/LP steam turbine
16

Date of last change

Reference/Name of Presentation/SN

Flows and Heat Exchange in the Boiler

Source : Combustion, Fossil Power J.G. Singer 1991, ch 5 p 7 fig 2

Date of last change

Reference/Name of Presentation/SN

17

The Complete Water-Steam Cycle

Source : ALSTOM Indonesia Boiler Seminar, April 2002

Date of last change

Reference/Name of Presentation/SN

18

Boiler design basics Summary

History Thermodynamics for beginners Boiler design Utilily versus Industrial boilers Boiler Construction, Examples, and Troubles

Date of last change

Reference/Name of Presentation/SN

19

Boiler design basics Summary

Boiler design
various boiler designs type of operation fuels, solid, liquid, gaseous firing systems steam water circulation

Date of last change

Reference/Name of Presentation/SN

20

Various Boiler Designs Based on : Intended use construction firing system boiler arrangement water circulation fuel

industrial, power generation, shop or field assembled grate, suspension, fluidized bed hanged or bottom supported natural, controlled, forced solid, liquid, gas, waste heat

Date of last change

Reference/Name of Presentation/SN

21

Boiler design basics Summary

Boiler design
various boiler designs type of operation fuels, solid, liquid, gaseous firing systems steam water circulation

Date of last change

Reference/Name of Presentation/SN

22

Utility plants and boilers : three types of operation Base load : 100% capacity 24/7/365
highest capacities (up to 1000 MWe), high efficiency no load-follow requirement

Peak load
ultra-fast startup time, suitable for golden hours competition with open cycle gas turbines a few hundred hours per year no high efficiency requirement

Intermediate load
in between, high load-follow capability - customized design versus type of operation Date of last change Reference/Name of Presentation/SN 23

Boiler design basics Summary

Boiler design
various boiler designs type of operation fuels, solid, liquid, gaseous firing systems steam water circulation

Note : this seminar is targeted to an area where use of coal is limited. Consequently, the information provided for coal firing is purposedly limited.

Date of last change

Reference/Name of Presentation/SN

24

Solid Fuels, Fossil Coal (from 15 to 30 MJ/Kg)

Source : Combustion, Fossil Power J.G. Singer 1991, ch 2

Date of last change

Reference/Name of Presentation/SN

25

Solid Fuels, Non-Fossil Coke

fused solid residue from chemical processes involving coal or oil

Petroleum coke (petcoke)

petrochem byproduct (32-36 MJ/Kg, 3-6% sulfur)

Wood (20 MJ/Kg) Bark (mainly from paper mills) Food processing wastes Municipal and industrial refuses (7 to 15 MJ/Kg)

Source : Combustion, Fossil Power J.G. Singer 1991, ch 2

Date of last change

Reference/Name of Presentation/SN

26

Liquid Fuels Crude petroleum

high amount of volatile compounds

Fuel oil
Fuel Oil Grade Type
FO n1 FO n2 FO n4 FO n5 FO n6 Residual Black 42,5 2.8 93C Distillate Very Light Light Distillate Krosene Residual Residual Amber 45,5 0,4 - 0,7 Ambient Black 43,4 0,4 - 1,5 -4C min Black 43,4 2.0 50C

Light Color 46,4 MJ/Kg 0,1 Sulfur content,% Atomizing temp Ambient
1 lb/USgal x 119.8 = Kg/m3 1 BTU/Usgal x 278.72 = KJ/m3 KJ/m3 / (volumic mass Kg/m3) =KJ/Kg

- Oil fired boilers can be converted to crude firing Date of last change Reference/Name of Presentation/SN
Source : Combustion, Fossil Power J.G. Singer 1991, ch 2

27

Gaseous Fuels Natural gas Liquefied Petroleum gas (LPG) Refinery and oil gas, Gas from steel processing : coke oven and blast furnace gas
Gas Propane
C 3H 8 3 8 Butane C4H10 4 10 46 Natural Gas mix 47 LPG mix 45

MJ/Kg

50

1 lb/USgal x 119.8 = Kg/m3 1 BTU/Usgal x 278.72 = KJ/m3 KJ/m3 / (volumic mass Kg/m3) =KJ/Kg

- Oil fired boilers can be converted to gas firing Reference/Name of Presentation/SN

Date of last change

Source : Combustion, Fossil Power J.G. Singer 1991, ch 2

28

Fuels, Typical Problems Degradation of fuel quality with time Exhaustion of fuel resource with time, leading to fuel switching High quality fuel exported, low quality burned domestically Cost increase, leading to fuel switching NOx generation properties Sulfur content, inducing acid dew point corrosion Particulates content

Date of last change

Reference/Name of Presentation/SN

29

Boiler design basics Summary

Boiler design
various boiler designs type of operation fuels, solid, liquid, gaseous firing systems steam water circulation

Date of last change

Reference/Name of Presentation/SN

30

Firing systems

Firing on a travelling grate

suitable to un-pulverized solid fuels

Suspended firing
suitable to pulverized coal, liquid and gaseous fuels

Fluidized bed combustion

suitable to coarse pulverized solid low grade fuels

Date of last change

Reference/Name of Presentation/SN

31

Firing solid fuels on a travelling grate

Solid crushed fuel

Air

Ash

Drive shaft

Air

Ash

Date of last change

Reference/Name of Presentation/SN

32

Suspension firing

Solid pulverized fuels

solid fuel ground to the fineness of face powder Air + pulverized fuel

Liquid fuels Gases

Date of last change

Reference/Name of Presentation/SN

33

Fluidized Bed Combustion, principle

Flue gas

Fluidized Bed Tube Bundle

Fuel & sorbent Air

Ability to burn low-grade fuels Fuel flexibility Immune to ash properties NOx limited production In-situ SOx capture

Date of last change

Reference/Name of Presentation/SN

34

Fluidized Bed Combustion, Types Bubbling Fluidized Bed

gas

Circulating Fluidized Bed

gas

Air Fuel & sorbent Air Ash Fuel & sorbent Air Ash

Date of last change

Reference/Name of Presentation/SN

35

Boiler design basics Summary

Boiler design
various boiler designs type of operation fuels, solid, liquid, gaseous firing systems steam water circulation

Date of last change

Reference/Name of Presentation/SN

36

The Natural Circulation Boiler

No circulation pump circulation driven by density differences between water and steam/water mixture pressure increase detrimental to circulation : low pressure boilers only
Date of last change Reference/Name of Presentation/SN 37

Controlled Circulation boiler circulation pump allow higher pressure levels and hence, capacities better load follow capability more complex auxiliary consumption drum thickness increase
Date of last change Reference/Name of Presentation/SN 38

Forced Circulation Boiler

No drum once-through circulation fast start-up/shutdown invented by Sulzer of Switzerland, now within ALSTOM the tower type boiler

Date of last change

Reference/Name of Presentation/SN

39

Evaporator Design

Goal : avoid any departure from safe nucleate boiling (DNB) as tube integrity is therefore at risk

Date of last change

Reference/Name of Presentation/SN

40

Steam - Water Separation : The Drum

Dry saturated steam towards superheaters Tertiary separators Secondary separator Water/steam mixture from evaporator Feedwater inlet

Primary separator Water level

Pure Water Downcomers

Source : Combustion, Fossil Power J.G. Singer 1991, ch 7 p 16 fig 7

Date of last change

Reference/Name of Presentation/SN

41

Boiler design basics Summary

History Thermodynamics for beginners Boiler design Utilily versus Industrial boilers Boiler Construction, , Examples, and Troubles

Date of last change

Reference/Name of Presentation/SN

42

Utility vs Industrial boilers

Except size, no basic design difference between both : a boiler is quite always (1) a combination of a furnace where the combustion occurs, and, downstream, a series of heat exchangers where the combustion heat is transferred to the water and steam Utility boilers, whose final purpose is electricity generation, must provide high reliable service, and show good efficiency

1 - Except HRSGs
Date of last change Reference/Name of Presentation/SN 43

Utility vs Industrial boilers (+)

Industrial boilers (whose final purpose is not electricity generation) must often show a great flexibility to meet quick load swings Both uses are mixed in combined heat-andpower stations such as desalination plants, pulp & paper, petrochemical, steel processing, food industries

1 - Except HRSGs
Date of last change Reference/Name of Presentation/SN 44

Shop vs site boiler construction Shop construction

integrated package with preassembled auxiliaries shipping routes from shop to site must be carefully investigated all construction by shop staff option limited to small boiler

Site construction

Date of last change

shop-assembled components easy to ship significant amount of work by local staff option required for large utility boilers strong site construction supervision
Reference/Name of Presentation/SN 45

Typical boiler specification Boiler

Information related to the water and steam generating equipment and unit designation

Furnace
Dimensions / Total Volume

Superheater and reheater design

mono/multistage, layout, pendant/panel/platen

Air Heater
regenerative bi/tri sectors, cold end plate material

Economizer
tube type, finned or plain,
Date of last change Reference/Name of Presentation/SN 46

Typical boiler specification (+) Fuel specification Combustion system

fuel preparation and handling, burners type

Operating Conditions
Controll point, lowest load ensuring normal steam temp Maximum Continuous Rating (MCR) Guaranteed load, base for overall unit efficiency guarantee

Date of last change

Reference/Name of Presentation/SN

47

Typical boiler specification (++)

Boiler Capacity
steam flow rate at MCR control load : steam temp achieved and controlled

Boiler Efficiency
Efficiency of xx% means that xx% of the heat supplied by the fuel is transferred to the water / steam mixture, and 100 - xx% is lost 100% efficiency is not achievable in a cost effective way

Date of last change

Reference/Name of Presentation/SN

48

Boiler design basics Summary

History Thermodynamics for beginners Boiler design Utilily versus Industrial boilers Boiler Construction, Examples, and Troubles

Date of last change

Reference/Name of Presentation/SN

49

Small / Medium size Boilers Bottom supported Can be shop constructed (package boilers) All heat furnace and heat exchangers rest on ground thermal expansion lateral and upwards restrained sensitive to earthquakes
Date of last change Reference/Name of Presentation/SN 50

Small / Medium size Boilers The ALSTOM D Package Boiler

compact small capacity 100% shop assembled shipped on train or barges fast erection

Date of last change

Reference/Name of Presentation/SN

51

Small / Medium size Boilers

The ALSTOM/CE D type VP package boiler

compact size small capacity 100% shop assembled shipped on train or barges fast erection

Date of last change

Reference/Name of Presentation/SN

52

Small / Medium size Boilers

The ALSTOM/CE VU60 D type package boiler up to 270 t/hr (approx 90 MWe power)

Date of last change

Reference/Name of Presentation/SN

53

Large size Boilers Large Utility boilers Top supported/hanged All heat furnace and heat exchangers hanged from the top Allow easy thermal expansion both lateral and downwards resistant to earthquakes footprint minimized
Date of last change Reference/Name of Presentation/SN 54

Large size Boilers Germany Niederaussem K 1012 MWe (gross) lignite once-through forced circulation supercritical operation: 2002 Fuel: lignite Steam 274 bar, 580C/600C 94.4 % efficiency
Date of last change Reference/Name of Presentation/SN 55

Large size Boilers USA Red Hills 2 x 250 MWe lignite Circulating Fluidized Bed operation: 2002 Steam 184 bar, 541C Bechtel

Date of last change

- Largest lignite-fired CFB in the world Reference/Name of Presentation/SN

56

Large size Boilers Shoaiba, 3 x 350 MWe in Saudi Arabia Oil-fired 2 pass - subcritical Controlled Circulation Operation: 2002 Fuel: Oil & gas Steam 182 bar, 540C/540C
Menu
Date of last change

Sub
Reference/Name of Presentation/SN 57

Large size Boilers Egypt Suez 3 & 4 (and Aboukir) 2 x 325 MWe Oil or gas-fired drum boiler, 2 coupled pass Controlled Circulation Operation: 1987 Fuel: Oil & gas Steam 181 bar, 541C/541C
Date of last change Reference/Name of Presentation/SN 58

Large size Boilers

Heat Exchangers Arrangement

RH SH SH RH RH EC0

Vaporizer

Date of last change

Reference/Name of Presentation/SN

59

Large size boiler Glossary, top

Furnace steam-cooled roof Drum U bolts Riser tubes Steam drum Superheater panels Superheater or reheater platens Radiant wall reheater Reheater inlet header
Date of last change Reference/Name of Presentation/SN

Structural steel framing

Pressure-part support steel

Hanger rods Rear pass steamcooled roof Finishing (High temp) Superheater or reheater Buckstays Convection Superheater or reheater

Source : Combustion, Fossil Power J.G. Singer 1991, ch 7 p 21 fig 11

60

Large size boiler Glossary, middle

Radiant wall reheater Reheater inlet header Furnace side wall Furnace front wall Downcomers Burners Boiler water circulating pump
Date of last change Reference/Name of Presentation/SN

Convection Superheater or reheater Economiser Furnace rear wall Economiser inlet Windbox Economiser ash hoppers Ljungstrom Regenerative Air heater
Source : Combustion, Fossil Power J.G. Singer 1991, ch 7 p 21 fig 11

61

Large size boiler Glossary, bottom

Boiler water circulating pump

Ljungstrom Regenerative Air heater

Lower waterwall ring header

Bottom-ash hopper

Primary air fans

Forced draft fans

Source : Combustion, Fossil Power J.G. Singer 1991, ch 7 p 21 fig 11

Date of last change

Reference/Name of Presentation/SN

62

Boiler Construction : furnace

Tube wall (membrane) Insulation

lagging Insulation pins

Mineral Ribbed liner fibre outer casing double Galvanized layer hex mesh Tube wall

Pourable Insulation
Date of last change Reference/Name of Presentation/SN

Horizontal Buckstay Corner closure plate

63

Boiler Construction : Combustion Area Two firing types

tangential firing

Front/wall firing

Date of last change

Reference/Name of Presentation/SN

64

Boiler Furnace : T / front firing

Tangential firing

Burners are located in the furnace angles No individual flames but a rotating fireball
Date of last change Reference/Name of Presentation/SN 65

Boiler furnace : T / front firing

Front firing Burners are located on one furnace wall or two facing walls. Flames stay individual

Date of last change

Reference/Name of Presentation/SN

67

Tangential and wall fired VU 60 industrial boilers

Date of last change

Reference/Name of Presentation/SN

68

Combustion System Issues Incomplete/bad combustion : yellow flame, black smoke Lack of combustion air, insufficient excess air Flame too long (front firing) Flame too close from the wall (T firing) Flame instability at low loads Poor fuel oil pulverization Superheater / reheater burned on gas firing Emissions of NOx, SOx and particulates
Date of last change Reference/Name of Presentation/SN 69

Boiler Tube issues

Tube cleanliness Tube corrosion by combustion byproducts Tube overheating Tube pitting Hydrogen-induced tube embrittlement Tube ductile gouging

Date of last change

Reference/Name of Presentation/SN

70

Heat Transfer and Tube Cleanliness

Energy Loss, clean tube

Loss in the tube wall only

Energy Loss, fouled tube

Loss in external deposits Loss in the tube wall Loss in internal deposits

Date of last change

Reference/Name of Presentation/SN

71

Heat Transfer and Tube Cleanliness

Date of last change

Reference/Name of Presentation/SN

72

Heat Transfer and Tube Cleanliness

Remove external deposits by sootblowing

Avoid internal deposits by water treatment; remove by acid cleaning

Date of last change

Reference/Name of Presentation/SN

73

Corrosion of Heat Exchangers by Combustion Byproducts High temperature corrosion in superheaters and reheaters
promoted by sodium and vanadium compounds sensitive if metal temp. above 600C

Medium temp. Corrosion in evaporators

fixed through combustion system adjustment

Low temp. Corrosion in cold areas

promoted by sulfur, which turns into sulfuric acid below dew point : keep temperature above 150C

Date of last change

Reference/Name of Presentation/SN

74

Tube failures - Overheating

Cross section of a tube exposed to short time overheating Cause : often DNB excursion Short time overheating failure

Long time overheating failure Long time overheating failure

Date of last change

Reference/Name of Presentation/SN

75

Tube failures - Pitting

Electromechanical corrosion

Fix : appropriate water chemistry

Date of last change Reference/Name of Presentation/SN 76

Tube failures - Others

Hydrogen-induced tube burst : occurs beneath a relatively dense deposit Fix : appropriate water chemistry Ductile gouging : irregular wastage of the tube meteal beneath a porous deposit Fix : appropriate water chemistry

Date of last change

Reference/Name of Presentation/SN

77

Boiler Construction : Drum

Dry saturated steam towards superheaters Feedwater

Water/steam mixture from evaporator

Date of last change

Reference/Name of Presentation/SN

78

Troubles associated to drums

Loss of level gauges water level controllers out of service corrosion moisture carry-over in the steam safety valves leaking leaks of roll-expanded evaporator tubes plugging of evaporator tubes

Date of last change

Reference/Name of Presentation/SN

79

Boiler Auxiliary : Ljungstrom Regenerative Air Heater

Hot flue gas from boiler Hot Air to Burners

Cold flue gas to stack

Date of last change Reference/Name of Presentation/SN

Cold Air

Ljungstrom Regenerative Air Heater, Glossary

Hot flue gas from boiler Hot Air to burners

Radial seals Heat transfer Elements

Rotor Housing Pin rack

r to Ro
So otb low Axial seals er
Cold air
Reference/Name of Presentation/SN

Hot End Intermediate

s

Cold End
Source : Combustion, Fossil Power J.G. Singer 1991, ch 14 p 29 fig 27

Date of last change

Cold flue gas to chimney

81

Ljungstrom Regenerative Air Heater Issues Leakages due to damaged axial or circumferential seals Cold end baskets damaged by acid corrosion, Poor sootblowing, triggering fires Standby pneumatic or DC motor not working or absent Broken / missing pins on the pin rack

- Heavy impact on boiler efficiency Date of last change Reference/Name of Presentation/SN 82

Boiler auxiliary : Sootblowers

Source : Combustion, Fossil Power J.G. Singer 1991, ch 14 p 39 fig 34

Date of last change

Reference/Name of Presentation/SN

83

Sootblowers Issues

Locked, unable to travel in the furnace Auxiliary steam not available Insufficient number of sootblowers Wear and tear of the steam nozzles etc.

Date of last change

Reference/Name of Presentation/SN

84

Boiler Auxiliary : fans

Discharge

Inlet vanes

Inlet (Suction) Inlet (Suction)

Source : Combustion, Fossil Power J.G. Singer 1991, ch 14 p 8 fig 5

Date of last change

Reference/Name of Presentation/SN

85

Boiler Auxiliary : fans

Source : Combustion, Fossil Power J.G. Singer 1991, ch 14 p 8 fig 6

Date of last change

Reference/Name of Presentation/SN

86

Boiler Auxiliary : Circulation Pump

Inlet (Suction)

Discharge Impeller Pump-End Journal Bearing Rotor Motor Casing Thrust Bearing Terminal Gland Electrical Terminal Box
Source : Combustion, Fossil Power J.G. Singer 1991, ch 14 p 43 fig 37

Discharge Pump-End Bearing Housing Heat-Exchanger Inlet Connection Stator Windings Stator laminations Cover-End Journal Bearing Thrust Disc and Auxiliary Impeller Heat-Exchanger Outlet Connection Reverse Thrust Bearing
87

Filter
Reference/Name of Presentation/SN

Date of last change

Boiler Operation Improvement : Training

Source : Combustion, Fossil Power J.G. Singer 1991, ch 21 p 32

Date of last change

Reference/Name of Presentation/SN

88

Safe Operation of Large Boilers Protection against pressure surges

safety relief valves on drum, reheaters and superheaters

Lack of water in the drum

automatic trip if level comes too low to avoid operation of boiler without water

Protection against explosions in furnaces

boilers on-off safeties : burner management system flame scanners

Environmental issues
Date of last change Reference/Name of Presentation/SN 89

Power Generation Glossary Capacity Factor

energy generated by the unit during the reference period divided by the energy that could have been generated had the unit run at its full rating over the entire period

Net Plant Heat Rate [ NPHR ]

the fuel-heat input required to generate one KWhr of energy delivered to the grid

Auxiliary Power Charges

in-house power requirement of the installation (pumps, fans, motors, etc.)
Date of last change Reference/Name of Presentation/SN 90

Power Generation Glossary (+) Gross Plant Heat Rate

net plant heat rate plus the fuel-heat input needed to cover the auxiliary power charges

Replacement Power Cost

the cost of purchasing the replacement energy if the concerned installation is not operating, due to a scheduled or forced outage

Black Start Capability

in-house auxiliary generating station (diesel, generally) to cover the auxiliary power charges necessary to start the plant
Date of last change Reference/Name of Presentation/SN 91

A introduction to Boiler Design Basics

Boiler Design Basics Introduced !

Thank you for your attention

Date of last change Reference/Name of Presentation/SN 92

www.alstom.com