HARD WARE

Name of the experiment: - I) VARIOUS PART OF MOTHER BOARD

INTRODUCTION THE COMPUTER:Computer Basics introduces general computer use and terminology. It describes the basic hard ware components of a PC and introduces basic skills for using soft ware programs in a windows environment. This course will address Hard Ware and peripheral components of the computer and how to use them correctly.

Mother board SMPS CPU (Central processing Unit) Hard disk drive Floppy disk drive CD/DVD ROM VGA RAM Monitor Key board Mouse Cabinet

Motherboard:
Mother board is a nothing but main board (layer board), it is operated by form factor technology. Form Factor is designed by SMPS. Here all I/O ports are constructed in a single i/o panel. At rear side of the mother board. This type of boards use 20pins, (20+4=24pins, 24+4=28pins, 28+4=32pins) style power supply connectors, form the power supply. The CPU is located clear and away from all expansion buss slots eliminating interface with full slot expansion cards.

Mother board contains the following parts:1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. Processor socket RAM slot (Random access memory ) PCI slots (peripheral component interface) North Bridge chip South bridge chip IDE ports (Integrated Device Electronic ) CMOS battery (complex metal oxide semiconductor ) BIOS chip (Basic Input Output system) AGP port (accelerate graphic port) SMPS power port (switched mode power supply) Floppy port System fan connector CMOS jumper I/O ports (Input / Output)

Back panels: Key board & mouse ports USB ports Serial port (com port) Parallel port (printer port) VGA port Game port Sound port

Print panel: Power batten Restart batten USB ports Sound ports Hard disk led

1) Processor Socket:- when you find mother board you will probably find it designated processor

socket on which the processor will be placed. The socket only Processor support.

2) RAM Slot :- The individual memory chips soldered by one circuit board thats Called RAM. So

removing & replacing that card, designed RAM Slots. Use RAMS SD-Ram, DDR1-Ram, DDR2Ram, DDR3-Ram.

3) PCI Slot:- It is by passes the standard i/o buss. It helps the system buss to increase buss clock

speed & CPUs data path. It is available 32 to 64 bit. In this bus Interface the PCI Cards such as Sound card, VGA Card, VGA Card, USB Card, GAME Card, LAN Card, TV Tuner Cards (32 bit). 66MHz speed. It is designed for Installation of Interfacing Cards only.

4) NORTH BRIDGE:- It is helpful for the CPU to process the data or functions controllers each

and every components through in this bridge. The Instructions will pass from socket to bridge, NORTH BRIDGE to RAM Slots & AGP Slot.

5) SOUTH BRIDGE:- It is also helpful for the processor. It is transferring Instructions

Communicate with an I/O ports, FDD ports, PCI Slots, and IDE Slot to processor.

6) IDE ports (Integrated Device Electronics):- It is a 40pins connector. These are used for connecting IDE drives (HDD, CD, DVD) in every mother board will have two ports.
a) Primary port b) Secondary port In port can connect one buss cable, with one cable can connect two drives so in one board has two slots, in one system can connect four drives, it connect in primary these primary master, primary slave at some it secondary.

6) CMOS battery:-

(complementary metal oxide semiconductor ):- computer use 3v

lithium battery , it is supply power to the CMOS chip.

8) BIOS chip (Basic Input Output system):- Two types of BIOS

a) EEP ROM BIOS (electrical erasable programming read only memory) b) FLASH BIOS The BIOS is a 128/256 KB, EEP ROM, That contains the basic input and output system code, The CPU to handle all I/O Confits and data transfer uses this code, it is input like a remote controller.

9) AGP port (Accelerate Graphic Port):- It is by passes the standard I/O buss, It helps the system buss
to increase buss clock speed & CPUs data path. Its available 32bit, 64bit , In this buss interface the PCI cards such as sound

It, s passes high-speed graphic display adaptor buss slot, Its 133MHz speed. It is designed for only installation of AGP Card.

10) SMPS power port (switched mode power supply):- It is 20pins (20+4=24pins, 24+4=28pins,
28+4=32pins) connecter, It is discharge D/C voltages to mother board. These 20pins are (+V to -V). Ex: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 1 5 16 17 18 20 First two pins are +V, 3pin V, 4,5,6pins Ground, 7pin is V and 8pin is Ground, 9,10 are V.

11) Floppy Port :- It is a 36pins connector, used for connecting Floppy drive in one system can connect
the two FDD.

12) SYSTEM FAN CONNECTOR :- It is a 3pins connector used for connecting the CPU Fan or
system fan, pin 1 is Ground, pin 2 is +12v, pin 3 is a fan sense line which can monitor the management.

13) CMOS jumper:- The jumper can used clear the CMOS settings passwords. This jumper can be used
to prevent access to the CMOS setup routine.

14) I/O ports (Input / Output):- these are called aback penal, these are the group of I/O connectors that
preside on the rear side. These include. i) PS2 ports like key board, mouse. These are 6pins connector, used for connecting key board, mouse. ii) Serial ports. It is a 9pins connector, used for connecting the serial mouse and external modem. iii) Parallel port or printer port. It is used for connecting to printer, it is 25pins connector. iv) USB ports. These are the high speed serial buss controllers now a days all input and output devices can connect through these connectors, such as webcam, keyboard, mouse, pen drive, scanner, printer, cell phones,mp3players, DVD units, storage drives, Cd /DVD writers.

Name of the experiment: - II) COMPONENTS OF PC.

SMPS(SWITHEDMODEPOWERSUPPLY):
It is step down by A/C to D/C conversion, A/C voltage is 220v, 230v, 340v, 250v. D/C voltage is +3.3v, +5v, +12v, - 3.3v, -5v, -12v. Chips & circuits +3.3v, +5v, motor device +12v. SMPS is two types - a) AT SMPS (Advanced technology SMPS) use Pentium 1, Pentium-2. b) ATX SMPS (Advanced technology Extended SMPS) Pentium 3, Pentium-4 Manufacturing A/C MERCURY, INTEX, ZOBRANIC. D/C

CPU(Centralprocessingunit):- It is the main and the brain of the computer. It is main chip does all the processing, communicates with the I/O devices and performs the task given by the user. In computers various modals starting from 8088 to present systems like various frequencies.
CPU manufactures - INTEL, CYRIX, and IBM etc Efficiency, frequency, word size, address buss and cache memory. Processor two types: a) 32 bit processor b) 64 bit processor

32 bit processor desktop processor & 64 bit processor server processor 32 bit processor supporting o/s, windows 98, 2000,xp, 2003, vista, 2007, Linux 64 bit processor supporting o/s, windows 2000(64 bit), 2003(64 bit), Linux.

HARDDISKDRIVE: - It is secondary storage memory, and permanent storage device

It use magnetic storage technology to store data. Olden days it is heavy and low capacity like 10MB, 20MB Now adays it is replaced by lights and flask like 1GB. Hard disk has been provided the reliable and quit storage mechanisms. It is measured in bytes. Hard drives are standard equipment on all pc s and are proffered boot quick loading of even the spindle motor, media consists of disk heads sectors clusters and cylinders.

HDD types a) IDE (Integrated device electronics), b) EIDE (Enhanced), c) SATA (Serial advanced technology attachments) IDE - 10GB, 20GB, 40GB, 80GB, 120GB. SATA 40GB, 80GB,120GB,160GB, 200GB, 240GB, 250GB, 300GB, 320GB, 350GB, 400GB, 450GB, 500GB, 550GB, 600GB, 700GB.

Manufacturing SEGEATE, SAMSUNG, MAXTOR

FLOPPYDISKDRIVE:
Floppy disk has available in two sizes 1.2MB, In spite of its limited storage capacity the floppy drive in the traditional PC drive, which is university accepted in virtually every PC manufactured.

CD/DVDROM:
Hooking up the CD/DVD-ROM or even a CD/DVD-Writer is a breeze. It will take more patience than anything. Sometimes getting the IDE cable in and out of other wires can be a chore. This section will cover installation of a DVD-ROM and DVD-Writer. These installations are the same really. The only thing to keep in mind when installing one is whether to make it a slave drive or a master. If you are installing just the DVD-ROM you should slave it off the hard drive. This is done by setting the CD-ROM to the slave setting with a jumper. The combination doesn't really matter as far as which IDE slot on the motherboard you use. As long as the hard drive is a master to the primary IDE slot you are on the right track. Remember that only one slave and master to a IDE slot on the motherboard. If you are installing a SCSI drive you can have more. Refer to your systems manual for more information Now lets start on the installation of two optical drives, a DVD-ROM and a DVD-Writer. Ground yourself, touch power supply often to discharge any electrostatic electricity from yourself.

VGA(VideoGraphicAdapter):
It is on board display connector. It is a 15 pins type female connector. It can used for connectible display unit such as monitors screen projectors.

RAM(RandomAccessMemory): It is for a computer to work the CPU must take program

Instructions and exchange data directly with memory as a must keep with CPU on make the CPU wait for it to catch up. Now a days processor is very fast memory arch it lectures are being replaced specialized memory devices that have been tailored to serve specific fruitions in the PC. RAM contains of some chips and small circuits board. It is measured in bytes. RAM s are available different types, they are. a) b) c) d) e) f) SIMM RAM ( Single Inline Memory Module ) DIMM or SD RAM (Dual Inline Memory Module), (Synchronous Dynamic) RD RAM DDR1 RAM ( Double Data Rate ) DDR2 RAM DDR3 RAM

a) SIMM RAM :-

It is 72 pins Buss width 16 Bit Clock speed 33MHz Capacity Manufacturing Nynex, Kingston, Transend. b) SD RAM :-

It is 168 pins Buss width 32 Bit Clock speed 66, 133,166MHz. Capacity 128MB, 256MB, 512MB. Manufacturing - Nynex, Kingston, Transend.

c) RD RAM :-

It is 184 pins Buss width 64 Bit Clock speed 200, 233,266MHz. Capacity 512MB, 1GB. It is failure model. Manufacturing Nynex, Kingston, Transend. d) DDRI RAM :-

It is 184 pins Buss width 64 Bit Clock speed 233,266, 300, 333, 366,400MHz. Capacity 512MB, 1GB, 2GB. Manufacturing Nynex, Kingston, Transend. e) DDR2 RAM :-

It is 240 pins Buss width 128Bit Clock speed 400,433,466,500MHz Capacity 1GB, 2GB, 4GB, 8GB. Manufacturing Nynex, Kingston, Transend. f) DDR3 RAM :-

MONITOR:
The monitor creates a picture out of many rows or lines of tiny colored dots. These are technically not the same thing as pixels, but the terms are often used interchangeably. The more lines of dots per inch, the higher and clearer the resolution. Therefore 1024 x 768 resolution will be sharper than 800 x 600 resolution because the former uses more lines creating a denser, more detailed picture. Higher resolutions are important for displaying the subtle detail of graphics. For text, resolution isn't as critical. The monitor power store 1500V, 2000V, 2500V. MONITOR two types :- a) Mono monitor, b) color monitor, The is two types i) CRT monitor ii) LCD monitors.

KEYBOARD:
Keyboard typically has characters engraved or printed on the keys and each press of a key typically corresponds to a single written symbol. However, to produce some symbols requires pressing and holding several keys simultaneously or in sequence. While most keyboard keys produce letters, numbers or signs (characters), other keys or simultaneous key presses can produce actions or computer commands. Key board types:a) Normal key board (AT key board) 5 pins b) PS2 key board 6 pins c) USB key board 4 pins d) Wireless key board

MOUSE:
In computing, a mouse is a pointing device that functions by detecting two-dimensional motion relative to its supporting surface. Physically, a mouse consists of an object held under one of the user's hands, with one or more buttons. It sometimes features other elements, such as "wheels", which allow the user to perform various system-dependent operations, or extra buttons or features that can add more control or dimensional input. The mouse's motion typically

translates into the motion of a cursor on a display, which allows for fine control of a graphical user interface. Mouse types:a) Normal mouse (serial mouse) 9 pins b) PS2 mouse 6 pins c) USB mouse 4 pins d) Wireless.

RESULT :- All the parts were observed correctly.

Name of the experiment: - III ) ASSEBLING OF COMPUTER.

ASSEMBLINGOFPC
REQUIRED PARTS:1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) 12) 13) Cabinet Mother board Processor RAM SMPS Hard disk drive Floppy disk drive CD/ DVD ROM IDE Cables Key board Mouse Monitor Scrows

Procedure:1) Preparation the cabinet:- select the holes of cabinet and fix the plastic locks or copper nuts on the shut inside the cabinet insure that I/O should is suitable for mother board I/O panel. 2) Installation of mother board:- insert the mother board vertically and ensure that the holes of mother board and I/O shield my consist with the cabinet holes then press the mother board finely or highly on copper huts with I/O panel facing back side it cabinet and fix the screws.

3) Installation of CPU:- To insert the processor on socket 478 (white rectangular shape) first we have to identify the starting pin from where we have to insert, to identify the starting pin and follow the value. a. At upper right comer there will one arrow need. b. At the small one pin will be missed. 4) Installation of CPU heat sink and fan:- Insert the heat sink and fan first in current position on the CPU and socket 478. Then look the (four) edges of heat sink, they will lock automatically now normally look two levers in opposite direction on the hut sink fan for tightness at heat sink. Then connect the fan cable to 3pin power connector on the mother board which is plod beside the socket 478 and also there will be written CPU fan. 5) Installation of RAM:- To observe the RAM slots and RAM card on the mother board, while fixing suitable RAM hold the two edges correctly and press by applying same energy on the both sides. If you correctly inserted, you can here a small click on sound. 6) Installation of SMPS:- Insert the SMPS such that, inside to back showing the power connections fit the screws to the back side of cabinet. 7) Installation of HDD:- Insert the hard disk inside of cabinet front box, fit the screws connected to the IDE cable such that long edge must go to mother board IDE connector E-type power connector with A wires, so connect the connector to HDD. 8) Installation of CD-ROM drive:- Open the fort side of cabinet CD-ROM block and insert the CDROM form outside to inside and fix the screw connector CD in jack cable. 9) Installation of LAN card:- Insert the LAN card in PCI slot correctly and fix the screw outside showing connector correctly. 10) Connections of power cable:- Insert the ATX power connector on mother board and press it cable. 11) 4 Pin power connector:- Connect the mother board and install the eloping 12v power connector at be hand of CPU. 12) D-Type power connector:- There are 4D-type connectors to give power supply. Those are HDD, CD-ROM, DVD-ROM. 13) E-type power connector:- This is used for FDD power supply. 14) Connection of data cables:- 80 pin or 40 pin IDE connector connects only IDE drives, at one edge to IDE drive and second edge will connect to the board. 36 pin FDD cable, connected one edge to mother board and second edge is FDD drive. 15) Front panels connections:- It is the most important session. In this session there will be five types. a) Speakers. b) Power supply on off switch. c) Power light emitted diode. d) HDD led. e) Reset switch.

NOTE:- The directions of installing these five will be printed on mother board. RESULT:- Assembling PC has success fully completed.

Name of the experiment: - IV) INSTALLATION OF WINDOWS XP Professional

AIM: - INSTALLATION OF WINDOWS XP Professional. DESCRIPTION: - Processor :- 300MHz or Higher. RAM: - 64MB. Hard disk drive: - 4GB. CD ROM: - Windows XP CD (Compatible) Key Board. Mouse. PROCEDURE: - The installation of windows XP2 is by booting from the XP2 bootable CD. 1) When you turn on the PC insert the bootable windows XP CD into you CD ROM. Press DEL key or F2. It shows the BIOS serene. Select first boot device in CD ROM, save exit setup. 2) It shows the first screen. Press any key boot from CD. (press any key) windows setup screen will prompt setup reading files. Setup starting windows. Then preparing the installation screen, coping files is compatible for hard ware. Windows XP shows the welcome screen. In this 3 options are shown. f) ENTER Continue g) R Repair h) F3 Quit. Press enter. Now shows the agreement screen. In this screen, F8 for agreeing. Now examine the disc space, show the total disc size, now select position then press enter. 3) If you want to multiple partitions, select C, create partitions Enter the disk space, size the press enter. 4) After creating partitions, show the unallocated space and again press C for process, same as the end of the disk size. 5) Next screen prompts the selection of install partition 6) Show the format screen. Format partitions with FAT (QUICK) Format partitions with NTFS (QUICK) Format partitions with FAT. Format partitions with NTFS. If you have dual O/S with windows 98, SELECT FAT 32. For compatible, otherwise select NTFS. It is more secure and of fast performance when compared with FAT 32 and then, press enter. Now setup is checking drive C. Now setup is formatting. After the completion of the format, setup is going to copy files. The install image will be copied to hard drive from CD. After completing 100% of copying, setup will prepare to install windows XP. Now system is rebooting Now shows the graphical session screen. Now installing the windows. Setup will complete installing the devices are approximately 39/30 minutes. Select the regional language options and press next. Now show the user information. ENTER NAME ------------------------Enter organization--------------------------

Enter computer name------------------------Admin and password. Press next button. Prompt product key screen. Enter 25 characters product key in five blanks. Each blank has five characters. Now appears the computer name ------------------- now prompt the date and time setting. Select date and time zone, it as GMT+5:30. It indicates the standards of India time. 1) Typical 2) Custom Select any option. Preferable is typical mode. Now prompt the work group selection. Enter the work group. Copying files to hand drive Configuring installation Deleting temporary files Now installing the start menu items registering the components saving settings. finalizing the installation. Now system is rebooting in 15 seconds. After that is shown the display setting warning press OK. WELCOME to MICROSOFT WINDOS XP. Click next.

Select one help protector. Now click next. Connect the internet. Press skip now enter the user accounts information of 5 blanks. Enter any (your own choice). Setup finishes showing the welcome screen appeal on the WINDOWS XP.

SESULT:- installation of WINDOWS XP was completed successfully.

Name of the experiment: -V ) TROUBLE SHOOTING OF H/W TROUBLE SHOOTING OF H/W

AIM: - To perform hard ware trouble shooting and soft ware trouble shooting. REQUIREMENT: - A pc which is doesnt boot due to improper assembly (or) defective peripheral and due to system s/w problem. TOPIC COVERED:1) Hard ware trouble shooting. 2) Soft ware trouble shooting. HARD WARE TROUBLE SHOOTING:1) Introduction to trouble shooting. 2) List of trouble shooting. 3) Monitor trouble shooting. 4) Hard disk Drave trouble shooting.

5) Key board trouble shooting. 6) Mouse trouble shooting.

HARD WARE TROUBLE SHOOTING:- Which deals the process of eliminating the potential be souse of problem related to the PC components namely hard disk drive monitor, key board, mouse etc.. PROBLEM 1 :- No power to the system at all power light does not illuminate for inside power supply does not turn on indicator light on key board does not turn.

Problem cause
Power cable is unplugged Defective power supply Power supply failure Circuit break down can fuse blown

diagnosis
Visuaky inspected power supply Inspect power cable Power cable on will socket are but system is still dead Plug in devices known to work in socket out test

solution
Make sure power cable is plugged in properly Replace power supply Contact technical puson. Used different socket, repair, reset circuit breaker (or) replace change the device

PROBLEM 2:- System in operation key board indicator iron, power inductor in file, hard drive in spinning.

Problem cause
Expansion card is partially dislocated from expansion slot on mother Defective floppy disk drive

diagnosis
Turn off computer cover of system until check all the expansion on cards they are successful plug is stats Turn off system disconnected the cable from one the floppy drive from turn on the floppy drive Turn off computer remove on expansion card

solution
Using even pressure on both ends of expansion card press down current of expansion card Ok contact technical person

Defective expansion card

Make sure expansion card is placed in socket

PROBLEM 3:-System doesnt boot from hard disk can be booted from floppy disk drive

Problem cause
Connection hard disk drive and mother board unplugged, damaged hard disk

diagnosis
When the tenting to run partition unity. We get a message drive specification format hard disk else replace

solution
Check cable running from disk to disk control of board make sure both the cable ends. Replace the hard disk else contact.

PROBLEM 4:- System only boots from floppy disk to hard disk can be read and application can be read but booting from hard disk is impossible.

Problem cause
Hard disk boot program has destroyed

diagnosis
A. no. of causes could be behind this

solution
Data back up and application files re-format the all application

PROBLEM 5:- Screen message says invalid configuration.

Problem cause
I connected in formation enter into setup program

diagnosis
Cheek the configuration program

solution
Review the system equipment and provided correct information setup

PROBLEM 6:-

Problem cause
No power to monitor

solution
Cheek the power connector monitor and system, make sure that monitor is connected to display card. Connect monitor connection to display card.

Monitor not connected to computer

PROBLEM 7:-

Problem cause
Key board is disconnected

solution
Key board is to be connected to key board (or) key (or) make proper connection.

PROBLEM 8:-

Problem cause
Fault in monitor CMOS in correctly setup

solution
In possible connect the board if no colors replace monitor Call technical support

Name of the experiment: - VI) TROUBLE SHOOTING OF S/W

SOFT WARE TROUBLE SHOOTING:1) Microsoft internet explorer trouble shooting. 2) Basic soft ware trouble shooting. 3) Microsoft windows XP trouble shooting

SOFT WARE TROUBLE SHOOTING:- A list of common soft ware or problems is given below. Each of the issues has additional information about problems and recommendation how to solve the issues. Microsoft internet explorer trouble shooting:To trouble shoot the problems related to internet explorer do the following. 1) Close all internet explorer windows. 2) Clear internet explorer windows. 3) Clear all any known download program by check the tools man internet options. Click the setup button click on view objects and select any changed program delete and press ok.

4) Verify security setting on tools menu, internet option in that second tab goes to custom level button. Set common setting to medium and press ok. 5) Restore the default for advanced internet option click the tools menu and internet option click last tab. Click the restore default, click on apply, press ok click internet explorer. 6) Open internet explorer windows and verify the options. 7) If we have any pop-up blocker install on the computer try to disable the pop-up blocker can uninstall the pop-up blockers. Because pop-up blocker can cause some issues with the browser click on the tools click on pop-up blocker turn on pop-up block or turn off pop-up browser. 8) If all the above recommendation do not resolve on problem do the following. Take system backup previous and restore the backup with previous backup. BASIC SOFT WARE TROUBLE SHOOTING:- When we are unable to install a soft ware programmer do the following. 1) Verify the CD if it readable all files on the drive is ok. 2) If CD reads fine with no error verify our computer hard disk space to install the soft ware programmer. 3) If our computer does not have enough disk space the program will not install. 4) Make sure that the programs are dated to our system operating system. 5) If we are getting stopped at the key verify the CD key and restore the CD key. ERROR DURING INSTALLATION (VERIFY SYSTEM REQUIREMENT OF THE PROGRAMMER):- checks the operating system with required programmer verify the CD is to clear then computer running slowly. Check the operating system in our computer. MICROSOFT WINDOWS XP TROUBLE SHOOTING:1) Error message encountered during boot before windows load. 2) Error message is while windows is loading error that occur while windows XP is loading or prevent windows XP from loading a likely being caused by a configuration error. 3) Others error messages that occur while windows is loading or after windows is loaded automatically it display minimum configuration of hardware device or disk with wires or computers with virus. 4) Computer running slowly. a) Make sure that our computer has 500MB free hard disk space. b) Close any programmer that running in the back ground process. c) Run Microsoft icon disc and defuse on the computer. d) Ensure that no error or confluent exists in the device manager. e) Make sure those windows XP is up to the date. f) If our computer has virus protection programmer. g) Make sure that it is up to data. h) If our computer works fine in the post but recently it is slow use system restore option and restore the system backup.

Name of the experiment: -VII) WHAT IS INTERNET & CONNECTIVITY

The internet is the worlds largest network mode up of thousands of networks. Internet is the combination of interconnection and networks and is also called Net. We are having the following networks. LAN Local Area Network Interconnection of computers within the room. WAN Wide Area Network within the building. MAN Metropolitan Area Network within the Town / City. INTERNET interconnection Network Network of Networks.

INTERNET:The internet is a global collection of networks that is owned by no one and operated by no single organization. Rocketed to prominence during the late 20th century, the internet today has become important in information, trade, and communication. The internet is made up of millions of computers linked together around the world in such a way that information can be sent from any computer to any other 24 hours a day. These computers can be in homes, schools, universities, government departments, or businesses small and large. They can be any type of computer and be single personal computers or workstations on a school or a company network. The internet in often described as a network of networks because all the smaller networks of organizations are linked together into the one giant network called the internet.

CONNECTIVITY:My network places right click Properties Local area connection right click Properties General tab click Internet protocol (TCP/IP) select Properties Use the following IP address IP address --Subnet mask --Default gateway --------------------------------------------

Preferred DNS server --Alternate DNS server ----

Name of the experiment: - VIII) PROTOCOLS

PROTOCALS 1. TCP/IP (TRANSMISSION CONTROL PROTOCAL / INTERNET PROTOCAL) 2. IPX/SPX 3. NETBIOS TCP:- Transmission control protocol this protocol is working in transport layer. TCP is a connection oriented protocol. VOP is a connection Len protocol TCP communication is slow when compared to VOP but it is slow when TCP check errors connections. IP:- This protocol when IP brought cast data though a proper interface. It will slow the path to data. IP just only brought cast the data and also IP add on logical address on every packet. IP ADDRESS:- This is a 32 Bit address. This address divided into four parts. Each pare contains 8Bits. It all 8 Bits are zeros

The IP address is 0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0 This is default address of Rouen. If all the 8 Bits are ones 1 1 1 1 1

The IP Address is 255. 255. 255. 255. This is brought cast IP address. The IP address depending on use is divided in to two types. a) PUBLIC IP b) PRIVATE IP IP Address are classified in 5 types. CLASS A CLASS B CLASS C CLASS D CLASS E 1 to 126 128 to 191 192 to 223 224 to 239 240 to 255. 127 is the loop back because from system. Self checking purpose from 127.0.0.1 to 127.254.254.254 CLASS A 1 to 126:EX:i) IP Address 20.15.10.2 Subnet mask -255.0.0.0 ii) IP Address 110.12.23.25 Subnet mask -255.0.0.0 In this one, IP starts from 1.0.0.1 to 1.254.254.254. this is one complete network. In case a first bits are called as network IP the remaining in this are called host bits. When the net work IP has been engaged. We cannot connect the system. Which have different Net IDs.

CLASS B 128 to 191:EX:i) IP Address 152.152.163.1 Subnet mask - 255.255.0.0 ii) IP Address 189.12.23.25 Subnet mask -255.255.0.0 In this one network IP starts from 128.0.0.1 to 128.0.254.254. In class b first 16 Bits are caused as network. In and remaining 16 Bits are hot bits. That in CLASS B first two numbers are should be same. CLASS C 192 to 223:EX:i) IP Address 201.152.163.1 Subnet mask - 255.255.255.0 ii) IP Address 192.168.1.1 Subnet mask -255.255.255.0

In this network ID starts from 192.0.0.1 to 192.0.0.254. in class. First 24 bits called as net remain 8 bits host ID. So that in this host 3 numbers 8 hold be same. PRIVETE IP ADDRESS:- Same Ips are not unique in unique in world. CLASS A 10.0.0.1 to 10.254.254.254. CLASS B 172.16.0.1 to 172.31.254.254 CLASS C 192.168.8.1 to 192.168.8.254. TCP / IP :APKA:- Advanced research project agency. ANS :- Advanced Networks and device. Subnet mask ;CLASS A :- 255.0.0.0 CLASS B :- 255255.0.0 CLASS C :- 255255.255.0 Loop back address :- 127.0.0.1 STATIC IP :- Adding IP address to a permanently is called static IP. DYNAMIC IP :- system getting IP address dynamically from DHCP server it may be change time to time.

Name of the experiment: -IX) Electronic mail (email) Creation Electronic mail (email) Mail types:a) Gmail.com b) Yahoomail.com
c) Reddifmail.com EX:- Gmail creation First name:Last name:Desired login name:Choose a password:Re-enter password:Security Question:Answer:Recovery email:Location:Word verification:Terms or service:------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @gmail.com -------------------------------------------------- password strength --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Select. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (Other person email ID) (INDIA) -------------------------------------------------- (Type Same Words) --------------------------------------------------

I accept. Create my account. RESULT:- successfully email creation.

Name of the experiment: -X) Domain name

Domain name
A domain name is the internet address of a computer. All computers connected to the internet have a domain name. A domain name is separated by periods (.) and will normally include the name of the organization, for example the domain name for JNT University is www.jntu.ac.in, this includes web site name (jntu), which is part of the department of academics, which is in India. Two-letter country codes are used, such as` in for India.

Some of standard name: .com .edu .org .net .gov .mil .int commercial organizations. educational institutions. non-profit organization. networks non-military government organizations. military government organizations. international organizations.