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A 2 E A2.1 C: Ppendix Quations IN Cylindrical AND Spherical Coordinates Oordinate Systems

1. The document discusses coordinate systems used to describe vector components and operations involving vectors. It describes cylindrical and spherical coordinate systems. 2. Equations are provided relating vector components in Cartesian and cylindrical/spherical coordinates. Differential operations involving vectors in cylindrical and spherical coordinates are also defined, such as gradient, divergence, curl, Laplacian, etc. 3. Continuity, momentum, and energy equations are presented for fluid flow problems in cylindrical and spherical coordinates. These equations relate time rates of change to spatial derivatives involving velocity, pressure, and other flow variables.

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83 views

A 2 E A2.1 C: Ppendix Quations IN Cylindrical AND Spherical Coordinates Oordinate Systems

1. The document discusses coordinate systems used to describe vector components and operations involving vectors. It describes cylindrical and spherical coordinate systems. 2. Equations are provided relating vector components in Cartesian and cylindrical/spherical coordinates. Differential operations involving vectors in cylindrical and spherical coordinates are also defined, such as gradient, divergence, curl, Laplacian, etc. 3. Continuity, momentum, and energy equations are presented for fluid flow problems in cylindrical and spherical coordinates. These equations relate time rates of change to spatial derivatives involving velocity, pressure, and other flow variables.

Uploaded by

nanduslns07
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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APPENDIX 2

EQUATIONS IN CYLINDRICAL AND SPHERICAL COORDINATES


A2.1 COORDINATE SYSTEMS
A2.1.1

CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES

x = rCos!
y = rSin!
z = z
r = ( x2 + y2 )
y
r

12

! = Tan 1 ( y x )

A2.1.2

SPHERICAL POLAR COORDINATES

x = rSin ! Cos "


y = rSin ! Sin "
z = rCos !

r = ( x2 + y2 + z2 )
y
x

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"

12

1
2
2 12 &
! = Tan %# ( x + y )
z$
1

" = Tan ( y x )

A2.1

9/5/07

Transformation of Vector Components

A2.2 TRANSFORMATION OF VECTOR COMPONENTS


Basic trigonometry can be used to show that the Cartesian and curvilinear
comnponents are related as follows.
A2.2.1

CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES

U r = U x Cos ! + U y Sin !
U ! = U x Sin ! + U y Cos !
Uz = Uz
(A2.1)

U x = U r Cos ! U ! Sin !
U y = U r Sin ! + U ! Cos !
Uz = Uz

A2.2.2

SPHERICAL POLAR COORDINATES

U r = U x Sin ! Cos " + U y Sin ! Sin " + U z Cos !


U ! = U x Cos ! Cos " + U y Cos ! Sin " U z Sin !
U " = U x Sin " + U y Cos "
(A2.2)

U x = U r Sin ! Cos " + U ! Cos ! Cos " U " Sin "


U y = U r Sin ! Sin " + U ! Cos ! Sin " + U " Cos "
U z = U r Cos ! U ! Sin !

A2.3 SUMMARY OF DIFFERENTIAL OPERATIONS


A2.3.1

CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES

1(
1 (U ! (U z
' U = --- ----- ( rU r ) + --- ---------- + ---------r (r
r (!
(z

9/5/07

A2.2

(A2.3)

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Summary of differential operations

1 ( ()
1( ) ( )
' ) = --- ----- %# r ------&$ + ----- --------- + --------2 2
2
r (r (r
r (!
(z
2

(Ur
(Uz
1 (U! Ur
* : ' U = * rr % ----------& + * !! % --- ---------- + ------& + * zz % ----------& +
# r (!
# (r $
# (z $
r$
(Uz (Ur
1 (Ur
( U!
1 (Uz (U!
* r ! % r ----- % -------& + --- ----------& + * ! z % --- ---------- + ----------& + * rz % ---------- + ----------&
# r (!
# (r
# ( r # r $ r (! $
(z $
(z $

')
')
')

'U
'U

(A2.4)

(A2.5)

()
= -----r
(r
1 ()
= --- -----!
r (!

(A2.6)

()
= -----z
(z

1 (U z (U !
= --- ---------- ---------r
r (!
(z

(U r (U z
= ---------- ---------!
(r
(z

(A2.7)

1 (U r
1(
-----'U =
( rU ! ) --- ---------z
r (!
r (r

'*

1 (* r ! * !! (* rz
1(
= --- ----- ( r * rr ) + --- ----------- -------- + ---------r
r (!
r (r
r
(z

2
1 (* !! 1 ( ( r * r ! ) (* ! z
' * = --- ----------- + ----- --------------------- + ----------!
2
(r
r (!
(z
r

(A2.8)

1 (* ! z (* zz
1(
' * = --- ----- ( r * rz ) + --- ----------- + ---------z
r (!
r (r
(z

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A2.3

9/5/07

Summary of differential operations

2 (U ! U r
' U = ' U r ----- ---------- -----r
2
2
r (!
r
2

' U

2
2 (U r U !
= ' U ! + ----- ---------- ------!
2
2
r (!
r
2

' U

(A2.9)

= ' Uz
z

where
2

1( ( ) ( ( )
1 ( (( )
2
' ( ) = --- ----- % r -----------& + ----- -------------- + -------------2
r ( r # ( r $ r 2 (! 2
(z

(A2.10)

(U r U ! (U r U !
(U r
-----------------------------U 'U = U r
------- + U z +
r
(r
r (!
(z
r
(U ! U ! (U ! U r U !
(U !
U 'U = U r ---------- + ------- ---------- + -------------- + U z ---------!
(r
r (!
(z
r
U 'U

A2.3.2

(A2.11)

(U z U ! (U z
(U z
= U r ---------- + ------- ---------- + U z ---------z
(r
r (!
(z

SPHERICAL POLAR COORDINATES

1 ( ( U ! Sin ! )
1 (U "
1 ( 2
------------------------------------------------------ -------------'U =
(r Ur) +
+
2 (r
rSin
rSin
!
(!
!
("
r
2

()
1 ( 2 ()
(
( )
1
1
' ) = ----- ----- %# r ------&$ + ----------------- ------ %# Sin ! ------&$ + -------------------- --------2
2
2
2
2
(!
(r
r (r
r Sin ! ("
r Sin ! (!
2

9/5/07

(A2.12)

A2.4

(A2.13)

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Summary of differential operations

(Ur
1 (U! Ur
* : ' U = * rr % ----------& + * !! % --- ---------- + ------& +
# (r $
# r (!
r$
1 (Ur
1 ( U " U r U ! Cot !
( U!
* "" % -------------- ---------- + ------ + --------------------& + * r ! % r ----- % -------& + --- ----------& +
# rSin ! ("
$
# ( r # r $ r (! $
r
r

(U"
1 ( U ! U " Cot !
1 (Ur U"
1 (U"
* r " % ---------- + -------------- ---------- -------& + * !" % --- ---------- + -------------- ---------- --------------------&
# (r
# r (!
$
rSin ! ("
rSin ! ("
r $
r

')
')
')

'U

"

(A2.14)

()
= -----r
(r
1 ()
= --- -----!
r (!

(A2.15)

1 ()
= -------------- -----rSin ! ("

1 ( ( U " Sin ! )
1 (U !
= -------------- ---------------------------- -------------- ---------r
(!
rSin !
rSin ! ("

'U

1 (U r 1 (
= -------------- ---------- --- ----- ( rU " )
!
rSin ! (" r ( r

'U

(A2.16)

1 (U r
1(
= --- ----- ( rU ! ) --- ---------"
r (!
r (r

* !! + * ""
1 (* r "
1 ( 2
1 ( ( * r ! Sin ! )
' * r = ----- ----- ( r * rr ) + -------------- ---------------------------- + -------------- ----------- % ------------------------&
#
$
2
rSin ! ("
rSin !
(!
r
r (r
1 (* !" * r ! Cot !
1 ( 2
1 ( ( * !! Sin ! )
' * ! = ----- ----- ( r * r ! ) + -------------- ----------------------------- + -------------- ----------- + ------- ------------- * ""
2
rSin ! ("
rSin !
(!
r
r
r (r
1 ( 2
' * " = ----- ----- ( r * r " ) +
2
r (r

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(A2.17)

1 (* "" * r " 2Cot !


1 (* !"
--- ----------- + -------------- ----------- + ------- + ---------------- * !"
rSin ! ("
r (!
r
r

A2.5

9/5/07

Continuity

2U r 2 ( U ! 2U ! Cot !
2 (U"
2
2
' U r = ' U r ---------- ----- ---------- ------------------------ ----------------- ---------2
2
2
2
r Sin ! ("
r (!
r
r
U!
2 (Ur
2
2
' U ! = ' U ! + ----- ---------- --------------------
2
2
2
r (! r Sin !

2Cos ! ( U "
-------------------- ---------2
2
r Sin ! ("

(A2.18)

U"
2Cos ! ( U !
2 (Ur
2
2
' U " = ' U " -------------------- + ----------------- ---------- + -------------------- ---------2
2
2
2
2
r Sin ! ("
r Sin ! r Sin ! ("

where
2

1
1
(
( ( )
1 ( 2 (( )
(( )
2
' ( ) = ----- ----- % r -----------& + ----------------- ------ % Sin ! -----------& + -------------------- -------------2 #
( r $ r 2 Sin ! (! #
(! $ r 2 Sin 2 ! (" 2
r (r

(A2.19)

(Ur U! (Ur
U" (Ur (U! + U")
U ' U r = U r ---------- + ------- ---------- + -------------- ---------- --------------------------(r
r (!
rSin ! ("
r
2
(U! U! (U!
U " ( U ! U r U ! U " Cot !
U ' U = U r ---------- + ------- ---------- + -------------- ---------- + -------------- -------------------!
(r
r (!
rSin ! ("
r
r

(A2.20)

(U" U! (U"
U " ( U " U r U " U ! U " Cot !
U ' U = U r ---------- + ------- ---------- + -------------- ---------- + -------------- + ---------------------------"
(r
r (!
rSin ! ("
r
r

A2.4 CONTINUITY
A2.4.1

CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES

(
1 (
() 1 (
------ + --- ----- ( ) rU r ) + --- ------ ( ) U ! ) + ----- ( ) U z ) = 0
(z
r (!
(t r (r

A2.4.2

(A2.21)

SPHERICAL POLAR COORDINATES

2
1 (
1 (
() 1 (
------ + ----- ----- ( ) r U r ) + -------------- ------ ( ) U ! Sin ! ) + -------------- ------ ( ) U " ) = 0 (A2.22)
rSin ! (!
rSin ! ("
(t r2 (r

9/5/07

A2.6

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Momentum

A2.5 MOMENTUM
A2.5.1

CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES

r - component
2

(Ur U! (Ur U!
( U r& ( P
% (Ur
) + ---------- + U r ---------- + ------- ---------- ------- + U z ----------, + ------- =
(r
r (!
(z $ (r
r
# (t
1(
--- ----- ( r * rr ) +
r (r

1 (* r ! * !! (* rz
--- ----------- -------- + ---------- + ) g r
r (!
r
(z

! - component
(U! U! (U! UrU!
(U!
(U!
1 (P
%
) ---------- + U r ---------- + ------- ---------- + -------------- + U z ----------& + --- ------- =
# (t
$
r (!
(r
r (!
(z
r

(A2.23)

2
1 ( ( r * r ! ) 1 (* !! (* ! z
----- --------------------- + --- ----------- + ----------- + ) g !
2
r (!
(r
(z
r

z - component

(Uz U! (Uz
(Uz
(Uz
(P
) % ---------- + U r ---------- + ------- ---------- + U z ----------& + ------- =
# (t
(r
r (!
(z $ (z
1(
--- ----- ( r * rz ) +
r (r

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1 (* ! z (* zz
--- ----------- + ---------- + ) g z
r (!
(z

A2.7

9/5/07

Momentum

A2.5.2

SPHERICAL POLAR COORDINATES

r - component
2

(Ur U! (Ur
U " ( U r ( U ! + U " )& ( P
% (Ur
) + ---------- + U r ---------- + ------- ---------- + -------------- ---------- ---------------------------, + ------- =
(r
r (!
rSin ! ("
r
(r
# (t
$
* !! + * ""
1 (* r "
1 ( 2
1 ( ( * r ! Sin ! )
----- ----- ( r * rr ) + -------------- ---------------------------- + -------------- ----------- % ------------------------& + ) g r
#
$
2
rSin ! ("
rSin !
(!
r
r (r
! - component
2
(U! U! (U!
U " ( U ! U r U ! U " Cot !& 1 ( P
% (U!
) + ---------- + U r ---------- + ------- ---------- + -------------- ---------- + -------------- --------------------, + --- ------- =
(r
r (!
rSin ! ("
r
r
# (t
$ r (!

(A2.24)

1 (* !" * r ! Cot !
1 ( ( * !! Sin ! )
1 ( 2
----- ----- ( r * r ! ) + -------------- ----------------------------- + -------------- ----------- + ------- ------------- * "" + ) g !
2
rSin ! ("
rSin !
(!
r
r
r (r

" - component
(U" U! (U"
U " ( U " U r U " U ! U " Cot !
(U"
1 (P
) % ---------- + U r ---------- + ------- ---------- + -------------- ---------- + -------------- + ----------------------------& + -------------- ------- =
# (t
$ rSin ! ("
(r
r (!
rSin ! ("
r
r
1 ( 2
----- ----- ( r * r " ) +
2
r (r

9/5/07

1 (* "" * r " 2Cot !


1 (* !"
--- ----------- + -------------- ----------- + ------- + ---------------- * !" + ) g "
rSin ! ("
r (!
r
r

A2.8

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Energy equation

A2.6 ENERGY EQUATION


Recall that the stagnation enthalpy is
P
h t = e + --- + k
)

A2.6.1

(A2.25)

CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES

(
1 (
() ( e + k ) 1 (
------------------------- + --- ----- ( r ) h t U ) + --- ------ ( ) h t U ) + ----- ( ) h t U ) +
r
!
z
r (r
(z
r (!
(t
(
% 1--- ----( rQ r ) +
# r (r

(Uz
1 (U! Ur
1 ( Q ! ( Q z& % ( U r
--- ---------- + --------- * rr ---------- + * !! % --- ---------- + ------& + * zz ----------&
# r (!
r (!
(r
(z $
(z $ #
r$

(U
(U
(U
(U
( % U !& 1 ( U r&
% * % r ----% ----------z + ---------r-& + * % 1--- ----------z + ----------!& &
--------------+
*
+
rz # ( r
! z # r (!
# r ! # ( r # r $ r (! $
(z $
(z $$
1(
U r % --- ----- ( r * rr ) +
# r (r

1 (* r ! * !! (* rz&
--- ----------- -------- + ----------
r (!
r
(z $

(A2.26)

2
% 1 (* !!
1 ( ( r * r ! ) (* ! z&
U ! + --- ----------- + ----- --------------------- + -----------,
2
(r
(z $
# r (!
r

1(
U z % --- ----- ( r * rz ) +
# r (r

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1 (* ! z (* zz&
--- ----------- + ---------- = { power sources }
r (!
(z $

A2.9

9/5/07

Energy equation

A2.6.2

SPHERICAL POLAR COORDINATES

1 ( ( ) ht U " )
1 ( ( ) h t U ! Sin ! )
() ( e + k ) 1 ( 2
------------------------- + ----- ----- ( r ) h t U ) + -------------- ------------------------------------- + -------------- ------------------------ +
r
2
rSin !
rSin !
(!
("
(t
r (r
%1 ( 2
1 ( Q "&
1 ( ( Q ! Sin ! )
---------------------------------------------------------------------,
(
Q
)
r
+
+
+ 2
r
rSin ! (" $
rSin !
(!
# r (r

(Ur
1 (U! Ur
* rr % ----------& * !! % --- ---------- + ------&
# (r $
# r (!
r$
1 (Ur
1 ( U " U r U ! Cot !
( U!
* "" % -------------- ---------- + ------ + --------------------& * r ! % r ----- % -------& + --- ----------&
# rSin ! ("
$
# ( r # r $ r (! $
r
r

(U"
1 ( U ! U " Cot !
1 (Ur U"
1 (U"
* r " % ---------- + -------------- ---------- -------& * !" % --- ---------- + -------------- ---------- --------------------&
# (r
# r (!
$
rSin ! ("
rSin ! ("
r $
r

(A2.27)

* !! + * "" &
%1 ( 2
1 (* r "
1 ( ( * r ! Sin ! )
U r + ----- ----- ( r * rr ) + -------------- ---------------------------- + -------------- ----------- % ------------------------& ,
#
$$
rSin ! ("
rSin !
(!
r
# r2 (r
%1 ( 2
1 (* !" * r ! Cot ! &
1 ( ( * !! Sin ! )
U ! + ----- ----- ( r * r ! ) + -------------- ----------------------------- + -------------- ----------- + ------- ------------- * "",
rSin ! ("
rSin !
(!
r
r
# r2 (r
$
%1 ( 2
U " + ----- ----- ( r * r " ) +
# r2 (r

9/5/07

1 (* "" * r " 2Cot ! &


1 (* !"
--- ----------- + -------------- ----------- + ------- + ---------------- * !", = { power sources }
rSin ! ("
r (!
r
r
$

A2.10

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Components of the stress tensor

A2.7 COMPONENTS OF THE STRESS TENSOR


A2.7.1

CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES

(Ur
2
* rr = 2 ---------- % --- v& ' U
$
(r # 3
2
1 (U! Ur
* !! = 2 % --- ---------- + ------& % --- v& ' U
# r (!
$
r $ #3

(Uz
2
* zz = 2 ---------- % --- v& ' U
$
(z # 3

(A2.28)

1 (Ur
( U!
* r ! = % r ----- % -------& + --- ----------&
# ( r # r $ r (! $

(Ur (Uz
* rz = % ---------- + ----------&
# (z
(r $
(U! 1 (Uz
* ! z = % ---------- + --- ----------&
# (z
r (! $

A2.7.2

SPHERICAL POLAR COORDINATES

(Ur
2
* rr = 2 ---------- % --- v& ' U
#
$
3
(r
2
1 (U! Ur
* !! = 2 % --- ---------- + ------& % --- v& ' U
# r (!
$
#
$
3
r
2
1 ( U " U r U ! Cot !
* "" = 2 % -------------- ---------- + ------ + --------------------& % --- v& ' U
# rSin ! ("
$
#
$
3
r
r

(A2.29)

1 (Ur
( U!
* r ! = % r ----- % -------& + --- ----------&
# ( r # r $ r (! $
1 (Ur
( U"
* r " = % -------------- ---------- + r ----- % -------& &
# rSin ! ("
(r # r $$
1 (U!
Sin ! ( U "
* !" = % ------------ ------ % ------------& + -------------- ----------&
# r (! # Sin !$ rSin ! (" $

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A2.11

9/5/07

Energy dissipation function

A2.8 ENERGY DISSIPATION FUNCTION

- = *:'U

Cylindrical coordinates
(Ur 2
(Uz 2
1 (U! Ur 2
( U!
1 (Ur 2
- = 2 % % ----------& + % --- ---------- + ------& + % ----------& & + % r ----- % -------& + --- ----------& +
# r (!
## (r $
# (z $ $
# ( r # r $ r (! $
r$
(Ur (Uz 2
(U! 1 (Uz 2
2
2
% ---------- + ----------& + % ---------- + --- ----------& % --- v& ( ' U )
# (z
$
#
$
#
$
r (!
3
(r
(z

(A2.30)

Spherical coordinates
(Ur 2
1 (U! Ur 2
1 ( U " U r U ! Cot ! 2
- = 2 % % ----------& + % --- ---------- + ------& + % -------------- ---------- + ------ + --------------------& & +
# r (!
# rSin ! ("
$ $
## (r $
r$
r
r
1 (Ur 2
( U!
1 (Ur
( U" 2
% r ----- % -------& + --- ----------& + % -------------- ---------- + r ----- % -------& & +
# rSin ! ("
# ( r # r $ r (! $
(r # r $$

(A2.31)

2
1 (U! 2 2
Sin ! ( U "
% ------------ ------ % ------------& + -------------- ----------& % --- v& ( ' U )
$
# r (! # Sin !$ rSin ! (" $ # 3

9/5/07

A2.12

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