DEFLECTIONS: GEOMETRIC METHODS

! ! ! !

Deflection Diagrams and the Elastic Curve Elastic-Beam Theory Moment-Area Method Conjugate Beam Method

Deflection Diagrams and the Elastic Curve

=0 roller or rocker

=0 pin

fixed-connected joint

1 2

=0 =0 fixed support

pin-connected joint

fixed-connected joint
3

fixed-connected joint
4

-M

inflection point

+M -M

-M

inflection point P

inflection point

inflection point

P1 A B C D

P2 M -M

+M x

inflection point

10

P1

P2 +M -M x

inflection point

11

Elastic-Beam Theory

w P M dx x x

s = x M x

s x

Before deformation

After deformation
12

 Moment-curvature relationship O

s = x y x

s x
x s = ( )

x' = ( ) y

Before deformation

After deformation
M EI = 1

Curvature

------(8-1) Radius of Curvature

13

O
dx = d

d =

dx

s = x y x

s x
x s = ( )

M dx EI

------(8-2)

Before deformation

After deformation

14

If we chose the axis positive upward, and if we can express the curvature (1/) in terms of x and , we can then determine the elastic curve for the beam.

d 2 / dx 2 = [1 + (d / dx) 2 ]3 / 2 1

Therefore,
M d 2 / dx 2 = EI [1 + (d / dx) 2 ]3 / 2
( d 2 ) 0 dx

d 2 M = 2 dx EI

------(8-3)* * Small deflection theory

15

The Double Integration Method

w A B
x1 x2 x3

P C D

d 2 M = 2 dx EI

------(8-3)

16

 Sign Convention

+w
+M

O'

+ +M

+ elastic curve

+V

+V

+d +

ds +dx

+d

+x

17

 Boundary condition

Continuity Conditions

=0
roller or rocker

1,2
a A
x1

P B

b C

x2

=0
pin
at point B, x1 = x2 = a,

1 (a ) = 2 (a )

=0 =0 fixed support

1 ( a) = 2 (a )

18

integration Constants
d 2 M = 2 dx EI

PL P L

Slope () Deflection ()

d dx

M = dx = ( I1 ) + C1 EI

(I

+ c1 )dx = I 2 + C2

x M EI
I1
d dx

C1
I2

C2

19

 Cantilever Beam

PL

A P

P B

Moment-curvature relationship
d 2 M = 2 EI dx d 2 1 ( PL + Px) = 2 dx EI

V P

L P + Px x x

d 1 Px 2 = ( PLx + ) + C1 dx EI 2

(1) (2)

M -PL + Px x
PL2 2 EI

1 PLx 2 Px 3 = ( + ) + C1 x + C2 EI 2 6

d -PL C1 = 0 dx

Boundary Condition
( d ) x =0 = 0 dx

C2 = 0

d 1 Px = ( PLx + ) + C1 > C1 dx EI 2
2

=0

x
PL3 3EI

( ) x =0 = 0

PLx 2 Px 3 = ( + ) + C1 x + C2 > C2 = 0 20 EI 2 6

0 1

 Simply Support

P B L/2 P/2 x

Moment-curvature relationship
d 2 M = 2 EI dx

x P/2 L/2

V P/2
P x 2

1 Px d 2 = ( ) 2 dx EI 2
d 1 Px 2 = ( ) + C1 dx EI 4

-P/2 PL/4 x x
1 Px PL ( ) EI 4 16
2 2

(1) (2)

M
d dx

1 Px 3 = ( ) + C1 x + C2 EI 12

Boundary Condition
( ) x =0 = 0

C1

C =0 2

0 1 Px = ( ) + C1 x + C2 > C2 EI 12
3

=0

x
PL3 48EI

d ) x =L / 2 = 0 dx

1 Px 3 PxL2 ( ) EI 12 16

1 Px 2 d PL2 = ( ) + C1 > C1 = dx EI 4 16 EI

L/2

21

 Simply Support

x A wL/2 wx A wL/2 x V wL/2

2

w B L
wx 2 wLx M= + 2 2

Moment-curvature relationship
d 2 M = 2 EI dx

wL/2

1 wx 2 wLx d 2 = ( + ) 2 dx EI 2 2
d 1 wx 3 wLx 2 = ( + ) + C1 dx EI 6 4

(1) (2)

1 wx 4 wLx 3 = ( + ) + C1 x + C2 EI 24 12

wx wLx M 2 2
d dx

x wL2/4 wL/2 x x

Boundary Condition
( ) x =0 = 0

0 1 wx 4 wLx 3 = ( + ) + C1 x + C2 > C2 = 0 EI 24 12
x =L = 0

C1

C2 = 0
5wL4 384 EI

wL3 1 wx wLx > C1 = = ( + ) + C1 x 24 EI EI 24 12 22

4 3

Example 8-1 The beam shown is subjected to a load P at its end. Determine the equation of the elastic curve and the slope and displacement at C. EI is constant.

P B 2a a C

23

x1 A P/2 V
P 2 M

x2 B 2a 3P/2 P +
P 2

P C

Double Integration of x1 d 21 M x1 Px = = 1 2 EI 2 EI dx1

Mx 2 d1 = ( 1 )dx = Px1 + C (1) 1 dx1 EI 4 EI

a P x

1 = (

M x1 EI
3

) dx)dx ( 2)

Px 1 = 1 + C1 x1 + C2 12 EI

x
M x1 = P x1 2
-

Boundary conditions

Pa

M x2 = Pa + Px2

1 1

x1 = 0

= 0; = 0;

C2 = 0

x1 = 2 a

Pa 2 C1 = 3EI

24

x1 A P/2 V
P 2 M

x2

P C

Double Integration of x2
d 2 2 M x 2 Pa Px2 = = + 2 EI EI EI dx2
2 M x2 d 2 Pax2 Px2 = ( )dx = + + C3 (3) dx2 EI 2 EI EI

B
2a

B a 3P/2 P

P + x

P 2

2 = (

M x2 EI

dx)dx
2 3

Pax2 Px 2 = + 2 + C3 x2 + C4 ( 4) 2 EI 6 EI

x
M x1 = P x1 2
-

Boundary conditions

Pa

M x2 = Pa + Px2

2
d1 dx1

x2 = 0

= 0; d = 2 dx2

C4 = 0

Deflection and Slope at C

x1 = 2 a

2 Pa 2 C3 = x2 = 0 ; 3EI

C = 2

x2 = a

Pa 3 Pa 3 2 Pa 3 Pa 3 = + = 2 EI 6 EI 3EI EI

d C = 2 dx2

x2 = a

Pa 2 Pa 2 2 Pa 2 7 Pa 2 = + = EI 2 EI 3EI 6 EI

25

x1 Conclusion A
Pa 2 2 d1 Px1 = + C1 3EI dx1 4 EI Pa 2 0 3 3EI Px 1 = 1 + C1 x1 + C2 12 EI

x2

P C

A
2a

B a 3P/2 P +
P 2

P/2 V
P 2

C
P x

2 Pa 2 2 d 2 Pax2 Px2 = + + C3 3EI 2 EI dx2 EI 2 Pa 2 2 3 3EI 0 Pax2 Px2 + + C3 x2 + C4 2 = 2 EI 6 EI

M
P M x1 = x1 2
-

x
Pa
2

M x2 = Pa + Px2

C1 = A

Px1 x1 = A + 4 EI

x
7 Pa 2 = C 6 EI x Pa 3 C = EI 26

C3 = B C2 = 0 = A C4 = 0 = B

Example 8-2 The cantilevered beam shown is subjected to a vertical load P at its end. Determine the equation of the elastic curve. EI is constant.

A L

B L

27

P PL P A Cubic L V P
+

Moment-curvature relationship B Straight line C L

d 2 M = 2 dx EI 1 d 2 ( PL + Px) = 2 dx EI

P x x -PL+ P(x1) = Mx Mx

1 Px 2 d ( PLx + ) + C1 = 2 dx EI 1 PLx 2 Px 3 = ( + ) + C1 x + C2 2 6 EI Boundary condition : ( d ) x =0 = 0 > C1 = 0 dx

x1
-

-PL PL A P x1

( ) x =0 = 0 > C2 = 0 1 Px 2 d = ( PLx + ) (1) 2 dx EI 1 PLx 2 Px 3 = ( + ) (2) 2 6 EI

28

Vx

P PL P A L B L

1 Px 2 d = ( PLx + ) (1) 2 dx EI

1 PLx 2 Px 3 = ( + ) (2) 2 6 EI

Elastic Curve Equation ; x : 0 - L

( ) x = L PL3 PL3 PL3 1 = + ( )= EI 2 6 3EI , B

PL2 PL2 d 1 2 ( ) x=L = ( PL + )= dx EI 2 2 EI

Elastic Curve Equation ; x : L - 2L

BC = B + B ( x L)
PL3 PL2 )+( )( x L) = ( 3EI 2 EI

29

 Conclusion

P PL P V A L P
-

B L

d PL ( ) x=L = dx 2 EI
2

( ) x = L = ( ) x:L 2 L

PL 3EI

x x

M PL3 PL2 = ( )+( )( x L) 3EI 2 EI -PL

( d ) dx

x
PL2 2 EI

Parabola

PL2 Horizontal 2 EI
-

x
5PL3 6 EI
30

Cubic

PL3 3EI

Straight line

Example 8-3 The simply supported beam shown is subjected to the concentrated force P. Determine the maximum deflection of the beam. EI is constant.

P A 2a C a B

31

P A
P/3 x1 x2

B
2P/3

Segment AC
d 21 M 1 1 P = = ( x1 ) 2 EI EI 3 dx1 d1 1 P 2 = ( x1 ) + C1 dx1 EI 6 (1)
( 2)

2a
P/3

x
-2P/3 2Pa/3 M = 2 P a 2 P x 2 2 3 3

P M 1 = x1 3

1 =

1 P 3 ( x1 ) + C1 x1 + C2 EI 18

Segment AC
1 2 Pa 2 P d 2 2 M 2 ( = = x2 ) 2 3 EI EI 3 dx2 d 2 1 2 Pa 2P 2 = ( x2 x2 ) + C 3 dx2 EI 3 6 (3)
(4)
32

2 =

1 2 Pa 2 2 P 3 ( x2 x 2 ) + C 3 x2 + C 4 18 EI 6

P A
P/3 x1 x2

B
2P/3
1 2P 2P 2 d 2 ( = ax2 x2 ) + C3 (3) 6 dx2 EI 3 1 2P 2P 3 2 2 = ( ax2 x2 ) + C3 x2 + C4 (4) 18 EI 6
0 = 0 + 0 + C2 (1*)

2a

C a

d1 1 P 2 = ( x1 ) + C1 (1) dx1 EI 6 1 P 3 1 = ( x1 ) + C1 x1 + C2 (2) EI 18

Boundary Conditions (1 ) x1 =0 = 0 ;
( 2 ) x2 =a = 0 ; (1 ) x1 = 2 a = ( 2 ) x2 =0 ;

0=

1 2P 3 2P 3 ( a a ) + C3 a + C4 (2*) 18 EI 6 1 P ( ( 2a ) 3 ) + C1 (2a) + 0 = 0 0 + 0 + C4 (3*) EI 18

d1 dx1

=
x1 = 2 a

d 2 dx2

;
x2 = 0

1 P ( (2a) 2 ) + C1 = 0 0 + C3 EI 6 2 Pa 2 C3 = 9 EI

(4*)

Solving for (1*) to (4*) :

4 Pa 2 C1 = 9 EI

C2 = 0

4 Pa 3 C4 = 9 EI

33

P A
P/3 x1 x2

B
2P/3

2a

Elastic Curve Equation

1 P 2 4 Pa 2 d1 ( x1 ) = 9 dx1 EI 6
1 P 3 4 Pa 2 1 = ( x1 x1 ) 9 EI 18

1 2 Pa 2 P 2 2 Pa 2 d 2 ( ) = x2 x2 + 6 9 dx2 EI 3
1 2P 2 P 3 2 Pa 2 4 Pa 3 2 ax2 x2 + x2 2 = ( ) 18 9 9 EI 6

Maximum Deflection
d1 dx1 = 0;
max

1 P 2 4 Pa 2 d1 ( x1 ) = 9 dx1 EI 6

x1 = 1.633a

max

x1 =1.633 a

1 P 4 Pa 2 Pa 3 3 = [ (1.633a) (1.633a)] = 0.484 9 EI 18 EI

34

 Summary

P A
P/3 x1 x2

B
2P/3

2a
P/3

x
-2P/3 P/3(2a) M = 2 P a 2 P x 2 2 3 3

M EI
d dx

P M 1 = x1 3

1.633a

2 Pa 2 C3 = 9 EI

4 Pa 2 C1 = 9 EI

C2 = 0

x
Pa EI
3

max = 0.484

4 Pa 3 C4 = 9 EI

35

Example 8-4 From the beam shown determine the slope at supports , the maximum deflection of the beam and the deflection at C. Take E = 10 GPa and INA = 15(106) mm4.

1 kN/m A 3m B C 1m

36

1 kN/m A 1.333 kN 3m x1 V (kN) 1.333 + 1.333 m M (kNm) 0.888 + -0.5

37

BL

B C 2.667 kN 1m x2 1 + -1.667

BR

Boundary condition 1) Deflection at support is zero (a) 1| x1= 0 = 0 (b) 1| x1= 3 = 0 x (c) 2| x = 0 = 0 2 2) The left of slope and the right of slope at B are equivalent (d) x d1 dx1 = d2 dx2

x1=3

x2=0

Segment AB

E = 10 GPa and INA = 15(106) mm4. 1 kN/m 1 kN/m A

x1 Mx1 Vx1 x1 + Mx1 = 0:

4 x 1x M x1 = 1 1 3 2
2

A 1.333 kN x1
Moment Curvature

0.0058 rad 3m

B C 2.667 kN 1m x2

1.333 kN

The Slope at A
2

1 4 x1 1x1 d 2 ( ) = 2 2 EI 3 dx1 d1 1 2 x1 x = ( ) + C1 dx1 EI 3 6

2 3 1
3 4

from (1) : at x1 = 0 ,

0
(1)
( 2)
2

0
3

1 2 x1 d x ( A = ( 1 ) x1 =0 = 1 ) + C1 6 dx1 EI 3

1 2 x1 x1 1 = ( ) + C1 x1 + C2 EI 9 24 Boundary Condition

A = C1 = A =

7 8 EI

(a) 1 x =0 = 0 : C2 = 0
1

7 8(10 10 6 kPa )(15 10 6 m 4 )

38

(b) 1 x =3 = 0 : C1 =
1

7 8 EI

= 0.005833 rad

1 kN/m A 1.333 kN x1
The Maximum Displacement

E = 10 GPa and INA = 15(106) mm4.

d1 x 7 1 2 x1 = 1 ) ( dx1 EI 3 6 8 EI
2 3

(1)
(2)

= 0
3m

max

B C 2.667 kN 1m x2

1 2 x1 x1 7 1 = ( ) x1 EI 9 24 8 EI

max when

d1 d = 0; substute 1 = 0 in (1) dx1 dx1 2 3 1 2 x1 x1 7 0= ( ) (10 10 + 6 )(15 10 6 ) 3 6 8[(10 10 + 6 )(15 10 6 )]

x1 = 1.427 m Substitute x1 = 1.427 m, E = 10x106 kPa and I = 15(10-6) m4 in (2)

max = -5.171 mm
39

Segment BC
1 kN/m A 1.333 kN 3m x1
Moment Curvature

0.5 kNm 0.0042 rad

1 kN/m

x2 Mx2 Vx2
2

B C 2.667 kN 1m x2

1 kN + Mx2 = 0: M x2 =
1 x + x2 2 2 2

x2

Boundary Condition
2

1 1 d 2 2 x ( + x2 2 ) = 2 2 EI 2 dx2 d 2 1 x2 x2 x = ( + 2 ) + C3 2 6 dx2 EI 2
2 3

(c ) 2

x2 = 0

= 0 : C4 = 0
d1 dx1 =
x1 =3

d 2 dx2

x2 = 0

3
2 3

0
2

0
3

1 x2 x x 2 = ( + 2 2 ) + C3 x 2 + C 4 EI 4 6 24

1 2 x1 7 1 x2 x2 x x ( 1 ) = ( + 2 ) + C3 EI 3 6 8 EI EI 2 2 6 5 C3 = 8EI d 5 B = ( 2 ) x 2 = 0 = C3 = = 0.004167 rad dx2 8(10 15) 40

1 kN/m A B 3m x1
Displacement at C

3.33 mm C 1m x2

x x 1 x2 5 ( x2 2 = + 2 2 )+ EI 4 6 24 8 EI

1 2 3 4 x2 x2 1 x2 5 ( )+ C = 2 x2 =1 = + x2 EI 4 6 24 8 EI
=
3 5 12 + = 24 EI 8 EI 24 EI

C =

12 = 3.333 mm , 24(10 15)

41

 Conclusion A

x1 1 kN/m

x2

1.333 kN 3m V (kN) 1.333 + 1.333 m M (kNm) 0.888 + 1.427 m

BL

B C 2.667 kN 1m 1 + -1.667 x

BR

(rad)

-0.5 = C = 0.004167 rad B 3 x

(mm)
C2 = 0

A = C1 = 0.005833 rad

C = 3.33 mm
C4 = 0 inflection point x
42

max = -5.171 mm

Moment - Area Theorems The angle between the tangents Theorem 1: B/A = The area under the M/EI diagram between B and A w A dx B
d 2 M = EI 2 dx
M = EI

If slope is small

d d d ( ) = EI dx dx dx

d =

A tangent B M/EI

M dx EI

B/A
M EI

tangent A

B/ A =

M dx A EI
B

B/A
dx

43

 The vertical deviation Theorem 2: tA/B = The moment area under the M/EI diagram between B and A, this moment is computed about A. w A B A w B

A tangent B M/EI tA/B

B tangent A

A tangent B M/EI

tB/A

B tangent A

xA

xB

t A/ B = xA

M dx A EI
B

t B / A = xB

M dx A EI
B

44

General form w A x A xd=dt M/EI d dx B

dt = xd M dt = x dx EI

t=
B

x + dx

x
Q

M dx EI

M tP / Q = x dx P EI M = xP dx EI
t A/ x = M dx A EI M = xA dx EI
x

P
xP

45

Example 8-5 The beam shown is subjected to a load P at its end. Determine the slope and displacement at C. EI is constant.

P B 2a a C

46

SOLUTION

tA g en tan
tB / A 2a

A =
A

C/A

tB/A C

3 tB / A 2

tC/A

2a

C C

tan ge n tC

M diagram EI

Pa

C = C / A A = C / A
3 C = tC / A t B / A 2

tB / A 2a

----------(1) ----------(2)
47

M ( ) EI

B A

1 Pa Pa 2 = (2a )( ) = 2 EI EI A

2a
-

M ( ) EI a

C = C / A A = C / A
3 C = tC / A t B / A 2

tB / A -----(1) 2a

x BAB

Pa 2a 1 a 3 3

Pa Pa 2 1 = (a )( ) = B 2 EI 2 EI M diagram C EI BC xC

2 a 3

-----(2)
M =( ) EI
C A

5 x CAB = a 3

C / A
tB / A

M =( ) EI

B A

M +( ) EI

C B

3Pa 2 Pa 2 Pa 2 = + = 2 EI 2 EI EI

2 Pa 3 M B Pa 2 2a AB )( ) = = ( ) x B = ( 3 EI A EI 3EI

3Pa 2 1 2 Pa 3 7 Pa 2 C = ( )= 2 EI 2a 3EI 6 EI

tC / A

M B M = ( ) x CAB + ( ) EI A EI

C B

xC

BC

2 Pa 3 Pa 2 5a Pa 2 2a )( ) + ( )( ) = = ( 2 EI 3 EI 3 EI

2 Pa 3 3 2 Pa 2 Pa 3 ( )= , C = 2 3EI EI EI

48

Example 8-6 Determine the slope and deflection at points B and C of the beam shown in the figure. Take E = 200 GPa and I = 250(106) mm4

9 kN A 4.5 m 9m B C

49

SOLUTION 81 kNm 9 kN A 4.5 m 9m B

9 kN C

M /EI 4.5 m -40.5/EI -81/EI 9m x (m)

A B C
50

M /EI A

4.5 m B -40.5/EI C x (m)

M /EI A

9 m C x (m)

-81/EI A

B/A
B
B

-81/EI A tangent A tangent B B

C/A
C

tangent A

C B = B/A = the area under the M/EI diagram between point A and B
1 40.5 81 = ( + )(4.5) EI 2 EI 273.38 kN m 2 EI 273.38 kN m 2 = kN (200 10 6 2 )(250 10 6 m 4 ) m B = -0.00547 rad =

tangent C C = C/A = the area under the M/EI diagram between point A and C
= 1 81 ( )(9) 2 EI

364.50 kN m 2 EI 364.5 kN m 2 = kN ( 200 10 6 2 )(250 10 6 m 4 ) m C = -0.00729 rad =

51

81 40.5 182.25 ( )(4.5) = EI EI EI 1 81 40.5 91.125 (4.5)( )= 2 EI EI EI

M /EI A

4.5 2 B

x (m)

-81/EI

2 4.5 3

-40.5/EI

4.5 m A B = tB/A B tangent A tangent B C B = tB/A = the moment of the M/EI diagram between A and B computed about point B.
= (
182.25 4.5 91.125 2 kN m 2 )( m) + ( kN m 2 )( 4.5 m) 2 3 EI EI

683.44 kN m 3 = EI

683.44 kN m 3 = kN (200 106 2 )(250 10 6 m 4 ) m

52

B = -0.01367 m = -13.67 mm

M /EI A
1 81 364.5 ( )(9) = EI 2 EI

9m C x (m)

-81/EI

2 9 3

A B C

tangent A C = tC/A tangent C

C = tC/A = the moment of the M/EI diagram between A and C computed about point C.
= ( =
364.5 2 kN m 2 )( 9 m) 3 EI 2187 kN m EI
3

2187 kN m 3 = kN (200 106 2 )(250 10 6 m 4 ) m

53

C = -0.04374 m = -43.74 mm

Example 8-7 Determine the slope and deflection at points B and C of the beam shown in the figure. Values for the moment of inertia of each segment are indicated in the figure. Take E = 200 GPa. A B C

500 Nm

IAB = 8(106) mm4 IBC = 4(106) mm4 4m 3m

54

SOLUTION 500 Nm A B C 500 Nm

IAB = 8(106) mm4 IBC = 4(106) mm4 4m 3m M /EIBC

250 EI BC
( 250 1000 )(4) = EI BC EI BC

IAB = 2IBC
500 EI BC

B = B/A = the area under the M/EI diagram between A and B

=( 250 N m )(4 m) EI BC

x (m)
=

100 N m2 EI BC

B/A B

B=B/A C

tangent B tangent A

100 N m 2 = N (200 109 2 )(4 10 6 m 4 ) m

B = 0.00125 rad
55

500 Nm

IAB = 8(106) mm4 IBC = 4(106) mm4 4m 3m M /EIBC

250 EI BC
( 250 1000 )( 4 ) = EI BC EI BC

IAB = 2IBC
500 EI BC

C = C/A = the area under the M/EI diagram between A and C

100 N m 2 1500 N m 2 = + EI BC EI BC
2500 N m 2 = EI BC

x (m)
( 500 1500 )(3) = EI BC EI BC

tangent C

C/A

C = C/A tangent A

2500 N m 2 = N ( 200 109 2 )(4 10 6 m 4 ) m

C = 0.00313 rad
56

500 Nm

IAB = 8(106) mm4 IBC = 4(106) mm4 4m 3m M /EIBC

250 EI BC

IAB = 2IBC
250 1000 ( )( 4 ) = EI BC EI BC

500 EI BC

B = tB/A = the moment of the M/EI diagram between A and B computed about point B. x (m)
1000 N m 2 ( 2 m) = EI BC
= 2000 N m3 EI BC

2m

B B = tB/A

tangent B tangent A

2000 N m 3 = N ( 200 109 2 )(4 10 6 m 4 ) m

B = 0.0025 m = 2.5 mm
57

500 Nm

IAB = 8(106) mm4 IBC = 4(106) mm4 4m 3m M /EIBC

250 EI BC

IAB = 2IBC
( 500 1500 )(3) = EI BC EI BC

500 EI BC

C = tC/A = the moment of the M/EI diagram between A and C computed about point C. x (m)
1000 N m 2 1500 N m 2 = (5 m) + (1.5 m) EI BC EI BC
= 7250 N m3 EI BC

250 1000 ( )( 4 ) = EI BC EI BC

1.5 m 5m C

tangent C tangent A

C = tC/A

7250 N m 3 = N ( 200 109 2 )(4 10 6 m 4 ) m

C = 0.00906 m = 9.06 mm
58

Example 8-8 Determine the slope and deflection at points C of the beam shown in the figure. Take E = 200 GPa and I = 60(106) mm4

20 kN A C 3m 3m D 6m B

59

SOLUTION Elastic Curve 20 kN A 10 C 3m 3m D 6m B 10 kN A

tC/A

3m

3m
C
'

6m B D tangent C

tangent B

tB/ A
' t B / A = 3 12
' = 3 1 tB / A = tB / A 12 4

M /EI

10(6)=60 /EI x (m)

tangent A

C = D/C
C

D/C C = D/C

horizontal tangent D tangent C --------(1)

C = 'tC / A 1 C = t B / A tC / A 4 (2)

60

M /EI 30 /EI A 3m C

Moment-Area Theorem 60 /EI

135 1 30 60 ( + )(3) = 2 EI EI EI

6m M /EI
1 60 180 (6)( ) = 2 EI EI

6m 60 /EI

x (m) D 6m B

3m

1 60 180 (6)( ) = 2 EI EI

D/C = the area under the M/EI diagram

between C and D
2

A C D
2 6=4 3 1 6+ 6 =8 3

x (m) B

D/C =
M /EI

135 kN m EI

60 /EI 30 /EI x (m) D B

tB/A = the moment of the M/EI diagram between A and B computed about point B.
tB / A 180 kN m 2 180 kN m 2 =( )](4 m) + ( )](8 m) EI EI 2160 kN m 3 EI

A C 1m

tC/A = the moment of the M/EI diagram between A and C computed about point C.
1 30 kN m 45 tC / A = [ (3 m)( )](1 m) = kN m 3 2 EI EI

tB / A =

61

Substitute D/C in (1):

Substitute tB/A and tC/A in (2) :

2

C = D/C =

135 kN m EI

1 C = t B / A tC / A 4 = = 1 2160 45 ( ) 4 EI EI 495 EI

135 kN m 2 = kN (200 10 6 2 )(60 10 6 m 4 ) m

C = 0.01125 rad

495 (200)(60)

C = 0.04125 m = 41.25 mm,

A C

C = 41.25 mm

B tangent C
62

C = 0.01125 rad

Example 8-9 Determine the slope and deflection at points C of the beam shown in the figure. Take E = 200 GPa and I = 6(106) mm4

5 kNm A C 4m 4m B

63

SOLUTION 5 kNm A C 4m M /EI 5 /EI 4m B

Elastic Curve tangent B tangent C tB/A 4m

' t B / A = 4 8 1 ' = t B / A 2 C = 'tC / A
So; 1 C = t B / A tC / A 2 (2)

' C C tC/A
4m

tangent A

x (m) A

C/A
A =
tB / A 8

tangent B tangent C tB/A tangent A

C = A - C/A
So; C = tB / A C / A 8 (1)

64

 Moment-Area Theorem M /EI 5 /EI

1 5 20 ( )(8)( ) = 2 EI EI

M /EI 5 /EI B x (m) A

1 5 2.5 5 (4)( )= 2 EI EI EI

2.5 /EI C

A 8m

2 8 3

2 4 3

2.5 10 ( 4) = EI EI

x (m)

4m

tB/A = the moment of the M/EI diagram between A and B computed about point B.
tB / A 20 kN m 2 2 = ( 8 m) EI 3 106.667 kN m 3 = EI

C/A = the area under the M/EI diagram

between A and C

C / A

10 5 15 kN m 2 = + = EI EI EI

tC/A = the moment of the M/EI diagram between A and C computed about point C.
tB / A 10 kN m 2 5 kN m 2 2 = ( 2 m) + ( 4 m) EI EI 3 33.333 kN m 3 = EI

65

Substitute tB/A and C/A in (1) :

Substitute tB/A and tC/A in (2) :

1 C = t B / A tC / A 2

C =

tB / A C / A 8

1 106.667 15 C = ( )( ) EI EI 8

1 106.667 kN m 3 33.333 kN m 3 ) = ( EI EI 2 20 kN m 3 = EI 20 kN m 3 = kN (200 10 6 2 )(6 10 6 m 4 ) m

1.667 kN m 2 = EI 1.667 kN m 2 = kN (200 10 6 2 )(6 10 6 m 4 ) m

= -0.0014 rad

C = 0.01667 m = 16.67 mm,

A

C = 16.67 mm
C

C= 0.0014 rad tangent C

66

Example 8-10 Determine the slope and deflection at points C of the beam shown in the figure. Take E = 200 GPa and I = 250(106) mm4

1 kN/m A 8m B C 8m

67

SOLUTION 1 kN/m A 4 kN 8m M /EI A tangent C tA/C A B C

t A/ C + C 16

Elastic Curve tangent A tangent B C A 8m x (m) tB/A B C 8m

B 12 kN 8m B

C
C

tC/A

tangent C

-32/EI

tangent A

' t B / A = 16 8 ' = 2t B / A
C = tC / A '

C
(1)

C =

C = tC / A 2 t B / A

( 2)

68

1 32 85.333 (8)( ) = 3 EI EI

Moment-Area Theorem C x (m) M /EI A

1 32 85.333 (8)( ) = 3 EI EI

M /EI A

8m

8m
3 8 4

8m

8m

C x (m)

1 32 128 (8)( )= 2 EI EI

-32/EI
8 3

1 32 128 (8)( )= 2 EI EI

tC/A = the moment of the M/EI diagram between A and C computed about point C.
tC / A = ( 128 85.333 3 1 )( 8) + ( )(8 + 8) EI EI 4 3

-32/EI 2 8 3 1 8+ 8 4 tA/C = the moment of the M/EI diagram between A and C computed about point A.
85.33 128 2 1 )(8 + 8) )( 8) + ( EI 3 EI 4

t A/C = (

1877.37 kN m 3 = EI tB / A 128 1 =( )( 8) EI 3 341.33 kN m 3 = EI

1536 kN m 3 = EI

Note h

1 A = bh 3 3 x= b 4

69

Substitute tC/A and B/A in (2) :

C = tC / A 2t B / A

Substitute tA/C and C in (1) :

C =

1 ( t A/ C + C ) 16 m

1877.37 341.33 2( ) EI EI

1 1536 kN m 3 1194.71 kN m 3 C = ( ) + 16 m EI EI 170.67 kN m 2 = EI 170.67 kN m 2 = kN (200 106 2 )(250 10 6 m 4 ) m

1194.71 kN m 3 = EI 1194.71 kN m 3 = kN (200 106 2 )(250 10 6 m 4 ) m

C = 0.02389 m = 23.89 mm, A B

C = 0.00341 rad

C= -23.89 mm C C = 0.00341 rad tangent C

70

Example 8-11 (a) Determine the deflection and slopes at point B. (b) Draw shear, bending moment diagrams and deflected curve. E = 200 GPa I = 200(106) mm4

10 kNm A I 4m B

Hinge

20 kN 2I C 3m

3m

71

10 kNm A I 4m B

Hinge

20 kN 2I C 3m

3m 2.5 kN 0

10 kNm

20 kN 75 kNm

2.5 kN

0 2.5 kN

22.5 kN -2.5 -22.5 x (m) -22.5 x (m) -7.5 -75

72

V (kN) -2.5 10 M (kNm) +

Moment-Area Method 10 kNm A 10 M (kNm) I 4m + B

Hinge

20 kN 2I C 3m x (m) -7.5 -75 x (m) tB ngen a R

37.5 EI tangent C = horizontal

3m

M diagram EI

10 EI

+
3.75 EI

Deflected Curve

B = tB/C
tB / C + tB / A 4 tB / C + tB / A 4 B / A

C/B

BR = C/B
tB/A

A =

B/A

BL

BL = A B / A =

tang

tangent B

ent

73

4m
M diagram EI 10 EI A

3m
5 . 25 B EI 3.75 2 m EI 2 4 3

3m
11.25 EI

+ 20 EI

4.5 m 5m
= 67.5 ( 200)(200) =

x (m) 50.625 EI 37.5 EI

BR = B / C =
B = tB / C =

5.625 11.25 50.265 67.5 + + = EI EI EI EI

= 0.00168 rad

315 5.625 11.25 50.265 (2) + (4.5) + (5) = EI EI EI EI

315 = 7.875 mm ( 200)(200)

BL =

tB / C + tB / A 4

B/ A

315 20 2 + ( )( 4) EI EI 3 ) 20 = 72.08 =( EI EI 4

72.08 ( 200)(200)

= 0.0018 rad C
74

B = 7.875 mm BR = 0.00168 rad BL = 0.0018 rad

Conjugate-Beam Method

dV = w dx d M = dx EI

d 2M = w 2 dx d 2 M = dx 2 EI

Or integrating,

V = wdx

M = [ wdx ]dx

= (

M ) dx EI

= [ (

M ) dx]dx EI

75

Theorem 1: The slope at a point in the real beam is numerically equal to the shear at the corresponding point in the conjugate beam. Theorem 2: The displacement of a point in the real beam is numerically equal to the moment at the corresponding point in the conjugate beam.

w A L real beam M/EI

A' B'

L conjugate beam
76

 Conjugate - Beam Supports Real Beam 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) Conjugate Beam external pin external roller internal pin internal roller hinge fixed free V M=0 V M=0 V M=0 V M=0 V M V =0 M=0 V M pin roller hinge hinge internal roller free fixed
77

=0 =0 =0 =0

6) = 0 =0 7)

Real Beam

Conjugate Beam

hinge

hinge

hinge

hinge

78

Example 8-10 The beam shown is subjected to a load P at its end. Determine the slope and displacement at C. EI is constant.

P B 2a a C

79

SOLUTION A

=0
2a EI

=0
B

P C a

Real Beam
M diagram EI

Pa 2 EI

V M = 0
Pa 2 3EI

Pa EI

Pa 2 2 EI

Hinge V M = 0

Pa 3 EI

Pa 2 3EI

V 2 M 7 Pa 6 EI

Conjugate Beam

V diagram
2 Pa 2 3EI 7 Pa 2 6 EI Pa 3 3EI

M diagram

80

Conjugate Beam
1 ( 2a ) 3

a B VB
Pa EI

2 a 3

2a A
Pa 2 EI

NB = 0

0 = NB

VB

MC RC

RA Member AB: + MB = 0:

Pa 2 2 EI

Member BC:
Pa 2 1 ( 2a ) R ' A ( 2 a ) = 0 EI 3

+ Fy = 0:

2 Pa 2 Pa 2 + R 'C = 0 3EI 2 EI 7 Pa 2 R'C = 6 EI

Pa 2 R' A = 3EI

+ Fy = 0:

Pa 2 Pa 2 V 'B = 0 3EI EI 2 Pa 2 V 'B = 3EI

+ MC = 0:

2 Pa 2 Pa 2 2 M 'C + ( a) + (a ) = 0 2 EI 3 3EI Pa 3 M 'C = EI

81

Example 8-11 Use the conjugate beam method for Determine the slope and deflection at points B of the beam shown in the figure. Take E = 200 GPa and I = 250(106) mm4.

10 kN A 3m 3m B

82

SOLUTION Real Beam 10 kN 30 kNm A 3m 10 kN V 10 10 (kN) 10(3) = 30 3m B

Conjugate Beam 3m A
30 EI 45 EI

3m B

225 EI

5m

45 EI

x (m)

V (kNm2)
-

x (m) -45/EI

M (kNm)
-

-45/EI x (m) M (kNm3)

-30

x (m) -225/EI
83

Deflected Curve

Conjugate Beam 3m A
30 EI 45 EI

3m B

225 EI

B = V 'B =
45 EI

45 EI

5m

V (kNm2)
-

45kN m 2 = kN (200 106 2 )(250 10 6 m 4 ) m

x (m) -45/EI x (m) -225/EI

B = -0.0009 rad
B = M 'B = 225 EI

M (kNm3)

-45/EI

225kN m 3 = kN (200 10 6 2 )(250 10 6 m 4 ) m

Real Beam

B = -0.0045 m = -4.5 mm

B = 4.5 mm B = 0.0009 rad

84

Example 8-12 Use the conjugate beam method for Determine the maximum deflection , the slope and deflection at points C of the beam shown in the figure. Take E = 200 GPa and I = 60(106) mm4.

8 kN A 9m B 3m

85

SOLUTION Real Beam 8 kN A 9m 2 kN M (kNm) B 3m 6 kN 18 x (m) V (kNm2)

-

Conjugate Beam 81 18/EI EI A

45 EI

27 EI

C 9m 6m 10 m 3m

B
63 EI

63/EI x 36/EI
+

x (m) V = = 0

-45/EI M (kNm3)

x (m)

= max

86

 maximum deflection
x2 EI
x 18 2x ( )( ) = 9 EI EI

slope and deflection at point C

81 EI

18/EI M C C 3m VC

A
45 EI

x
x 3

M V = 0

A
45 EI

9m

+ Fy = 0:

45 x 2 + =0 EI EI

+ Fy = 0:

x = 6.71 m + Mx = 6.71 = 0:
(6.71) 2 6.71 45 M ' ( )+ (6.71) = 0 EI EI 3

45 81 + V 'C = 0 EI EI 36 V 'C = EI

Note : VC is the same value from previously obtained V diagram. + MC = 0:

M 'C 81 45 (3) + (9) = 0 EI EI

M '= max = M ' =

201.246 EI 201.246 EI

M 'C =

162 EI

87

 max

201.25 201.25 kN m3 = M '= = kN EI (200 106 2 )(60 10 6 m 4 ) m

max = -0.01677 m = -16.77 mm

81 81 kN m 2 C = V 'C = = EI (200 106 kN )(60 10 6 m 4 ) m2

C = 0.003 rad
162 162 kN m 3 C = M 'C = = kN EI (200 106 2 )(60 10 6 m 4 ) m C = -0.0135 m = -13.35 mm

C = 13.35 mm B

max = 16.77 mm C C = 0.003 rad

88

Example 8-13 Determine the slope and deflection at points C of the beam shown in the figure. Take E = 200 GPa and I = 250(106) mm4

1 kN/m A 8m B C 8m

89

SOLUTION A 4 kN 8m M A B

1 kN/m C 12 kN 8m B C x (m) -32 Real beam

Conjugate beam

8m

-32/EI

8m

90

By Ax A Ay B Bx -32/EI

85.33/EI B 8m C -32/EI
1 32 85.33 (8)( ) = 3 EI EI

MC VC

128/EI 8m

(3/4)(8) = 6 m

+ MA = 0:
128 2 8B' y ( 8) = 0 EI 3 85.33 B' y = EI

+ Fy = 0:
V 'C = C = 170.67 EI 170.67 = = 0.00341 rad (200)(250)

+ MC = 0:
85.33 85.33 (8) + (6) = 0 EI EI 1194.62 1194.62 M 'C = C = = = 0.024 m EI (200)(250) + M 'C +

91

1 kN/m A 8m B C 8m Real beam

A B

C= 24 mm
C tangent C

C = 0.00341 rad

92

Example 8-14 (a) Determine the deflection and slopes at point B. (b) Draw shear, bending moment diagrams and deflected curve. E = 200 GPa I = 200(106) mm4

10 kNm A I 4m B

Hinge

20 kN 2I C 3m

3m

93

SOLUTION 10 kNm A 10 kNm I 4m B 3m 2.5 kN 0 2.5 kN V (kN) -2.5 10 M (kNm) + -7.5 Deflected Curve
94

Hinge

20 kN 2I 3m C

20 kN 75 kNm

0 2.5 kN -2.5 -22.5 -75 -

22.5 kN x (m) -22.5 x (m)

10 kNm A I 4m + B

Hinge

20 kN 2I C 3m x (m) -7.5 -75 x (m) 37.5 EI

Real Beam

3m

10 M (kNm)

M diagram EI

10 EI

+
3.75 EI

10 EI 3.75 EI

Conjugate Beam
37.5 EI

95

20 (EI) A 92.08 (EI) 139.58 (EI) -5.625 (EI) 3m

67.5 EI

Conjugate Beam

-11.25 (EI) 3m 61.875 EI

-50.625 (EI)

0.00168 =

67.5 (200)(200) V (kNm2)

4m = BR

M (kNm3)

92.08 EI

72.08 72.08 = BL = = -0.0018 rad. ( 200)(200) EI

BR = 0.00168 rad BL = 0.0018 rad

96

 Slope before support B 20 (EI) A 92.08 (EI) + Fy = 0:

92.08 20 + V ' BL = 0 EI EI V ' BL = 72.08 EI

Slope after support B 20

MB A VBL 92.08 (EI) + Fy = 0:

(EI) B 139.58 (EI)

MB VBR

92.08 20 139.58 + + V ' BR = 0 EI EI EI V 'BR = 67.5 EI

BL = V ' BL =

72.08 = 0.0018 rad (200)(200)

BR = V 'BR =

67.5 = 0.00168 rad (200)(200)

BR = 0.00168 rad BL = 0.0018 rad

97

20 (EI) A 92.08 (EI) 4m 2.667 m 139.58 (EI) B MB VBR

Deflection at point B + MB = 0:
M 'B 20 92.08 (2.667) + ( 4) = 0 EI EI M 'B = M 'B = 315 EI

315 315 = = 7.88 mm EI ( 200)(200)

B = 7.88 mm

98

Example 8-15 The girder in the figure below is made from a continuous beam and reinforced at its center with cover plates where its moment of inertia is larger. The 3 -m end segments have a moment of inertia of I = 60(106) mm4, and the center portion has a moment of inertia of I = 120(106) mm4. Determine the slope and deflection at point C, the maximum deflection. Take E = 200 GPa.

6 kN 8 kN A 3m C
I = 60(106) mm4.

6 kN E
I = 60(106) mm4.

D
I = 120(106) mm4.

B 3m

1.5 1.5

99

SOLUTION Real Beam 6 kN 8 kN A 10 kN 3m 10 +30 10 C

I = 60(106) mm4.

Conjugate Beam 6 kN E
I = 60(106) mm4.

D
I = 120(106) mm4.

30 15 18 15 30 EI EI EI EI EI

B 3m 10 kN

A 3m

D 1.5 1.5

E 3m

1.5 1.5

V (kN)

4
+6

2.25 EI

2.25 EI

-4 30

-6

-30 -10 30

x (m) -10 A x (m) B

45 EI

22.5 EI

22.5 45 EI EI

M (kNm)

36
+

C
69.75 EI

B
69.75 EI

Deflected curve A

100

2.25 EI 45 EI

2.25 EI

Slope and deflection at point C 1m B

69.75 EI 45 EI

22.5 EI

22.5 45 EI EI

A
69.75 EI 3m

D 1.5 1.5
24.75 EI

MC C VC

A
69.75 EI 3m

3m
69.75 EI

V (kNm2)
69.75 EI
-

+ MC = 0: M 'C

x (m)
C = M 'C =

45 69.75 (1) + (3) = 0 EI EI

24.75 EI

164.25 164.25 = EI (200)(60)

= -13.69 mm

M (kNm3)

C= 13.69 mm

C = V 'C = x (m)

24.75 24.75 = EI ( 200)(200)

= -0.002063 rad

C=0.002063 rad

101

2.25 EI 45 EI

2.25 EI

Maximum deflection
45 EI

2.25 EI
22.5 EI

22.5 EI

22.5 45 EI EI

MD D VD = 0 0.5 m 0.75 m

A
69.75 EI 3m

D 1.5 1.5
24.75 EI

B
69.75 EI

A
69.75 EI

3m
69.75 EI

2.5 m 4.5 m + MD = 0:
M 'D

V (kNm2)
69.75 EI
-

24.75 EI

V = 0

x (m)

M (kNm3)

x (m)

max

= max = 15.3 mm

2.25 22.5 (0.5) (0.75) EI EI 45 69.75 (2.5) + ( 4.5) = 0 EI EI 183.375 M 'D = EI 183.375 = D = M 'D = = -15.3 mm (200)(60)
102