Advanced Strategies Advanced Strategies For Option Trading Success For Option Trading Success

The Chicago Board Options E xchange

Presented by: James B. Bittman Senior Instructor, The Options Institute Author, Options for the Stock Investor and Trading Index Options
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Disclaimer Disclaimer
Options involve risks and are not suitable for everyone. Prior to buying or selling options, an investor must receive a copy of Characteristics and Risks of Standardized Options. Copies may be obtained from your broker or from the Chicago Board Options Exchange at LaSalle at Van Buren, Chicago, IL 60605. In order to simplify the computations, commissions, fees, margin interest and taxes have not been included in the examples used in these materials. These costs will impact the outcome of all stock and options transactions and must be considered prior to entering into any transactions. Investors should consult their tax advisor about any potential tax consequences. Any strategies discussed, including examples using actual securities and price data, are strictly for illustrative and educational purposes only and are not to be construed as an endorsement, recommendation, or solicitation to buy or sell securities. Past performance is not a guarantee of future results.

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What does advanced mean? What does advanced mean?

Understanding Implied Voaltility Multiple-Part Strategies Three-Part Forecasting

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Presentation Outline Presentation Outline

1. The Importance of Implied Volatility 2. Unique aspects of options-related forecasting 3. The Greeks 4. Trading straddles and ratio spreads 5. Volatility skews
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The Problem The Problem

SPX Days to Expiration 1375 Call 1306 32 15 1/4 1330 31 13 7/8

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Volatility Volatility
What is it? How does it affect option prices? What do I need to know?

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Insurance vs. Options Insurance vs. Options

Insurance Asset Value Deductible Time Interest Rates Risk = Premium Options Stock Price Strike Price Time Int Rate & Div Volatility = Premium
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VOLATILITY IS A MEASURE OF RISK VOLATILITY IS A MEASURE OF RISK

Mathematical definition Intuitive understanding

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Theoretical Option Values Theoretical Option Values The Black-Scholes option pricing model takes the six inputs and calculates a theoretical value for the option.
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Theoretical Option Values Theoretical Option Values

Stock Price Strike Price Days to Exp Int. Rates Dividends Volatility $50 50 90 4 0 30%
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50 Call Theor. Val. ??

Theoretical Option Values Theoretical Option Values

What if we know the market price of an option, but we do not know the volatility?
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Finding The Volatility Finding The Volatility

Stock Price Strike Price Days to Exp Int. Rates Dividends Volatility $73 75 58 4 0 ??
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75 Call Market Price 3 5/8

Implied Volatility Defined Implied Volatility Defined

The volatility percentage used in an option pricing formula that returns the market price of an option as the theoretical value.
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Supply and Demand Determine Option Prices Supply and Demand Determine Option Prices

Implied volatility can be used used in a subjective way to evaluate the market price price of an option.

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Changing Implied Volatility Changing Implied Volatility

Date 10/22 DJX 80.35 Dec 78 Call 3 7/8 Imp Vol. ??

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Changing Implied Volatility Changing Implied Volatility

Date 10/22 10/23 DJX 80.35 78.48 Dec 78 Call 3 7/8 3 3/8 Imp Vol. 18.7% ??

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Changing Implied Volatility Changing Implied Volatility

Date 10/22 10/23 10/24 DJX 80.35 78.48 77.15 Dec 78 Call 3 7/8 3 3/8 2 3/4 Imp Vol. 18.7% 24.8% 25.7%

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Changing Implied Volatility Changing Implied Volatility

Date 10/22 10/23 10/24 10/27 10/28 DJX 80.35 78.48 77.15 71.61 74.98 Dec 78 Call 3 7/8 3 3/8 2 3/4 1 7/8 ?? Imp Vol. 18.7% 24.8% 25.7% 38.9% ??

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Changing Implied Volatility Changing Implied Volatility

Date 10/22 10/23 10/24 10/27 10/28 DJX 80.35 78.48 77.15 71.61 74.98 Dec 78 Call 3 7/8 3 3/8 2 3/4 1 7/8 1 3/4 Imp Vol. 18.7% 24.8% 25.7% 38.9% 26.3%

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Day 1 - Open Trade Stock Price Strike Price Days to Exp. Int Rates & Div Implied Volatility = Mkt Px of Option

Day 2 - Close Trade Stock Price Strike Price Days to Exp. Int. Rates & Div Implied Volatility = Mkt Px of Option

WHICH COMPONENTS CHANGE?

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Types of Volatility Types of Volatility

?Historical actual volatility during a specified time period ?Future
actual volatility from present to option expiration

?Implied
volatility that justifies an options current market price

?Forecasted
estimate of future volatility used in computer models to calculate theoretical values
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Three-Part Forecast Three-Part Forecast

Underlying Price Time to Expiration Implied Volatility
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Realistic Expectations Realistic Expectations Depend on 4 Questions: Depend on 4 Questions:

1. I buy/sell the option today 2. If my forecast is correct... 3. What will the option price be? 4. Is that OK?

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Speaking Greek -- DELTA Speaking Greek DELTA

Rate of change in option theoretical value for one-point change in underlying stock price
i.e. how much the option acts like stock

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Speaking Greek -- GAMMA Speaking Greek GAMMA

Change in an options delta for a one-point change in underlying stock price not constant highest for near-term, at-the-money options
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Note: Gamma is a sophisticated concept; it may not necessarily be pertinent to non-professional traders

Speaking Greek -- Delta/Gamma Speaking Greek Delta/Gamma

The impact of changing stock price. Stock Price Price of 100 Call Delta Gamma $100 7 5/8 0.56 0.021 $101 8 1/4 0.58 0.021 $110 14 1/4 0.74 0.016

(Days to Expiration, 60, and Implied Volatility, 45%, unchanged)

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Speaking Greek -- Delta/Gamma Speaking Greek Delta/Gamma

The impact of changing time on delta and gamma. Days to Expiration Price of 100 Call Delta Gamma Price of 110 Call Delta Gamma 120 11 0.58 0.015 7 1/8 0.44 0.015 60 7 5/8 0.56 0.021 3 7/8 0.36 0.020 15 3 3/4 0.53 0.043 3/4 0.17 0.027

(Stock Price, $100, and Implied Volatility, 45%, unchanged)

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Speaking Greek -- Delta/Gamma Speaking Greek Delta/Gamma

The impact of changing strike price on delta and gamma. Price of 100 Call Delta Gamma Price of 105 Call Delta Gamma 7 5/8 0.56 0.021 5 5/8 0.45 0.021 Price of 110 Call Delta Gamma Price of 115 Call Delta Gamma 3 7/8 0.36 0.020 2 3/4 0.27 0.018

(Stock Price, $100, Implied Volatility, 45%, Days to Exp., 60)

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GAMMA (cont.) GAMMA (cont.)

Is it better to buy high-gamma options? What is the trade-off for owning highgamma options?

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Speaking Greek -- Theta Speaking Greek Theta

A measure of the rate of change in an options price for a one-point change in the time to the options expiration. Time Decay is Enemy #? for option buyers.
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Speaking Greek -- Theta Speaking Greek Theta

The impact of changing time on option prices. Days to EXP. Price of 100 Call Theta 120 11 -0.049 60 7 5/8 -0.067 15 3 3/4 -0.129

Price of 110 Call Theta

7 1/8 -0.048

3 7/8 -0.061

3/4 -0.073

(Stock Price, $100, and Implied Volatility, 45%, unchanged)

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Speaking Greek -- Vega Speaking Greek Vega

Rate of change in an options price for a one-percent change in volatility. Volatility is Enemy #? for option buyers.
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Speaking Greek -- Vega Speaking Greek Vega

The impact of changing volatility on option prices. VOLATILTIY Price of 100 Call Vega 45% 7.654 0.160 46% 7.814 0.160 90% 14.827 0.158

Price of 110 Call Vega

3.919 0.150

4.071 0.151

11.071 0.161

(Stock Price, $100, and Days to Expiration, 60, unchanged)

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Speaking Greek -- Vega Speaking Greek Vega

The impact of changing time on option vegas. Days to EXP. 120 60 15

Price of 100 Call Vega

11 0.225

7 5/8 0.160

3 3/4 0.081

Price of 110 Call Vega

7 1/8 0.225

3 7/8 0.150

3/4 0.050

(Stock Price, $100, and Implied Volatility, 45%, unchanged)

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Strategy Selection Strategy Selection

Forecast (as of 8/17/01): Stock Price Time. $17.50 ? $35 5 mo. (Jan 02 Exp.)

Imp. Volatility 55% ? 45% Risk Capital: $3,000

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Options Under Consideration Options Under Consideration

Jan 02 20 Call 1.95 Buy 15 ($2,925) Jan 02 30 Call .35 Buy 85 ($2,975)

Jan 03 20 Call 3.90 Buy 7 ($2,730) Jan 03 30 Call 1.65 Buy 18 ($2,970) Jan 03 40 Call
Note: Commissions are not included. C-36

.75 Buy 40 ($3,000)

Results at: Results at:

$17.50 $17.50

$25 $25

$35 $35

02/20 Call 02/30 Call 03/20 Call 03/30 Call 03/40 Call

-100% -100% - 35% - 58% - 74%

+156% -100% + 95% + 93% + 66%

+ 669% +1,330% + 320% + 472% + 580%

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Preparing for a Trade Preparing for a Trade Step 1: Calculate the implied volatility of each option under consideration Step 2: State your 3-part forecast Underlying Price, Time, Imp Vol Step 3: Estimate option prices assuming the forecast is correct. Step 4: Calculate the profit/loss of each strategy and weigh trade-offs.
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Long Straddles Long Straddles

Long a call and long a put with the same strike price and expiration.

80

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Long Straddles Long Straddles

Example: Buy 1 80 Call @ 3 3/4 and Buy 1 80 Put @ 3 1/4 Total Cost 7

Question: If the stock price rises or falls by $4 in one week, the price of the $80 Straddle can be expected to change from 7 to what price?
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Long Straddles Long Straddles

$80 Straddle - Theoretical Values - Vol. 30%, Rates 4%

Stock Price 96 92 88 84 80 76 72 68 64 49 Days 16 3/4 13 1/4 10 1/4 8 7 7 3/8 9 1/4 12 1/4 16 42 Days 16 5/8 12 7/8 9 7/8 7 1/2 6 1/2 6 7/8 8 7/8 12 1/8 16 35 Days 16 1/2 12 3/4 9 1/2 7 6 6 1/2 8 5/8 12 1/8 16 28 Days 16 1/4 12 1/2 9 6 1/2 5 1/4 6 8 3/8 12 16 21 Days 16 1/8 12 1/4 8 5/8 5 7/8 4 5/8 5 1/2 8 1/8 12 16 14 Days 16 12 1/8 8 3/8 5 1/8 3 3/4 4 7/8 8 12 16 7 Days 16 12 8 4 3/8 2 5/8 4 1/4 8 12 16 EXP 16 12 8 4 0 4 8 12 16

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Long Straddles Long Straddles

Stock Price $80 Straddle Stock Price $80 Straddle

$80 --> $84 (1 week) 7 --> 7 1/2

$80 --> $74 (1 week) 7 --> 6 7/8

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Long Straddles Long Straddles

CONCLUSION The forecast must predict a price change larger than $4 in 1 week to justify the purchase of this straddle.

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1x2 Ratio Volatility Spread with Calls 1x2 Ratio Volatility Spread with Calls

Short 1 call with a lower strike and long 2 calls with a higher strike.

6 0

7 0

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1x2 Ratio Volatility Spread with Calls 1x2 Ratio Volatility Spread with Calls Example: Sell 1 60 Call @ 2 3/4

and Buy 2 65 Calls @ 1 ea. Net Credit 3/4

Question: What will the spread price be, and how much will you make, if the stock price rises to $69 in one week?
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1x2 Ratio Volatility Spread with Calls 1x2 Ratio Volatility Spread with Calls
$60-$65 1x2 Ratio Volatility Spread - Theoretical Values - Vol. 30%, Rates 4%
Stock Price 81 78 75 72 69 66 63 60 57 49 Days (11 1/2) (8 5/8) (5 7/8) (3 1/2) (1 5/8) 0 5/8 3/4 5/8 42 Days (11 1/2) (8 1/2) (5 3/4) (3 1/8) (1 1/4) 0 3/4 7/8 3/4 35 Days (11 1/2) (8 1/2) (5 3/4) (3 1/8) (7/8) 3/8 1 1 1/8 1/2 28 Days (11 1/4) (8 1/4) (5 1/2) (2 3/4) (5/8) 3/4 1 1/4 1 1/8 5/8 21 Days (11 1/8) (8 1/8) (5 3/8) (2 5/8) (1/4) 1 3/8 1 1/2 1 1/8 1/2 14 Days (11 1/8) (8 1/8) (5 1/8) (2 1/8 1/8 2 2 1 1/4 3/8 7 Days (11) (8) (5) (2) 3/4 2 5/8 1 3/4 1 1/8 EXP (11) (8) (5) (2) 1 4 3 0 0

Parenthesis indicate the spread can be established for a debit or closed for a credit. No parenthesis indicate the spread can be established for a credit or closed for a debit. C-46

1x2 Ratio Volatility Spread with Calls 1x2 Ratio Volatility Spread with Calls
Stock Price Ratio Vol Sprd $63 --> $69 (1 week) 1 1/4 DR 2

3/4 CR --> Profit

Is the estimated result satisfactory?

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Time Spreads Time Spreads

Long a call with a later expiration date and short a call with an earlier one. Example: Long 1 DEC 50 Call @ 2.60 Short 1 SEP 50 Call @ 1.00 Net Debit: 1.60
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Time Spreads Time Spreads

Stock Price: $46 Buy 1 90-day 50 Call @ 2.60 and Sell 1 30-day 50 Call @ 1.00 Question: If the stock price rises by $4, the price of this time spread can be expected to change from 1.60 to what price?
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Time Spreads Time Spreads

Stock Price $46 --> $50 (1 wk) (start 1.60)

S-T Call 2.30 L-T Call 4.40 SPD 2.10

(2 wks) S-T Call 1.90 L-T Call 4.20 SPD 2.30 (3 wks) S-T Call 1.40 L-T Call 4.00 SPD 2.60 (at Exp) S-T Call 0.00 L-T Call 3.70 SPD 3.70

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Time Spreads Time Spreads

Stock Price $46 --> $46 (1 wk) (start 1.60)

S-T Call 0.75 L-T Call 2.50 SPD 1.75

(2 wks) S-T Call 0.45 L-T Call 2.30 SPD 1.85 (3 wks) S-T Call 0.20 L-T Call 2.15 SPD 1.95 (at Exp) S-T Call 0.00 L-T Call 1.90 SPD 1.90

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Diagonal Time Spreads Diagonal Time Spreads

Long a call with a later expiration date and short a call with a higher strike price and an earlier expiration date. Example: Long 1 DEC 45 Call @ 4.70 Short 1 SEP 50 Call @ 1.00 Net Debit: 3.70
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Diagonal Time Spreads Diagonal Time Spreads

Stock Price: $46 Buy 1 90-day 45 Call @ 4.70 and Sell 1 30-day 50 Call @ 1.00 Question: If the stock price rises by $4, the price of this time spread can be expected to change from 3.70 to what price?
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Diagonal Time Spreads Diagonal Time Spreads

Stock Price $46 --> $50 (1 wk) (start 3.70)

S-T Call 2.30 L-T Call 7.20 SPD 4.90

(2 wks) S-T Call 1.90 L-T Call 7.00 SPD 5.10 (3 wks) S-T Call 1.40 L-T Call 6.85 SPD 5.45 (at Exp) S-T Call 0.00 L-T Call 3.70 SPD 6.60

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Diagonal Time Spreads Diagonal Time Spreads

Stock Price $46 --> $46 (1 wk) (start 3.70)

S-T Call 0.75 L-T Call 4.50 SPD 3.75

(2 wks) S-T Call 0.45 L-T Call 4.35 SPD 3.90 (3 wks) S-T Call 0.20 L-T Call 4.15 SPD 3.95 (at Exp) S-T Call 0.00 L-T Call 1.90 SPD 3.90

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SUMMARY
There is a decision-making process:
Trade in units of capital (not in numbers of contracts) Make a 3-part forecast Underlying price, time period, impl. vol. Know implied volatility levels Analyze more than one alternative
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