Test Automation Using Selenium

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Test Automation
Test automation is the use of software
To set test preconditions. To control the execution of tests. To compare the actual outcomes to predicted outcomes. To report the Execution Status.

Commonly, test automation involves automating a manual process already in place that uses a formalized testing process.
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Why and When To Automate?

Frequent regression testing Repeated test case Execution is required User Acceptance Tests Faster Feedback to the developers Reduce the Human Effort Test same application on multiple environments
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Test Automation Tools

Quick Test Professional By HP Rational Functional Tester By Rational (IBM Company) Silk Test By Borland Test Complete By Automated QA QA Run (Compuware ) Watir ( Open Source) Selenium ( Open Source) Sahi (Open Source)

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Selenium
Selenium is a robust set of tools that supports rapid development of test automation for webbased applications. Selenium provides a rich set of testing functions specifically geared to the needs of testing of a web application. Selenium operations are highly flexible, allowing many options for locating UI elements and comparing expected test results against actual application behavior.
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Selenium Features
Supports Cross Browser Testing. The Selenium tests can be run on multiple browsers. Allows scripting in several languages like Java, C#, PHP and Python. Assertion statements provide an efficient way of comparing expected and actual results. Inbuilt reporting mechanism.
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Selenium Components
Selenium IDE Selenium Remote Control Selenium Grid

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Selenium IDE
Selenium IDE is an integrated development environment for Selenium tests. It is implemented as a Firefox extension, and allows you to record, edit, and replay the test in firefox Selenium IDE allows you to save tests as HTML, Java, Ruby scripts, or any other format It allows you to automatically add assertions to all the pages. Allows you to add selenese commands as and when required
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Selenium IDE Installation

Using Firefox, first, download the IDE from the SeleniumHQ downloads page When downloading from Firefox, youll be presented with the Window A. (See Next Slide) Select Install Now. The Firefox Add-ons window pops up, first showing a progress bar, and when the download is complete, displays the Window B. (See Next Slide) Restart Firefox. After Firefox reboots you will find the Selenium-IDE listed under the Firefox Tools menu.

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Selenium Installation

Window A

Window B

To run the Selenium-IDE, simply select it from the Firefox Tools menu. It opens as follows with an empty script-editing window and a menu for loading, or creating new test cases. (See Next Slide)
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Selenium IDE - UI
Replay Toolbar Start and Stop Recording

Selenese Script Editor Accessor Area

Selenium Log

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Selenium Options
Selenium Options allow you to Set The Text Encoding Format Set the Default Page Time Out Set The Base URL recording option Adding Selenium Core and IDE Extension Add Automatic Page Title Assertions There are also other options under development

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Recoding a Selenium Test Case

Open Firefox that has the IDE installed Open the base URL of the application to record. Keep the application in a common base state. Go To Tools Selenium IDE and the IDE will be opened Now perform the operations on the application as you are testing the application. Once you are done with the recording click on the stop recording button and save the test case through the file menu. By default it will be saved as a selenese script (HTML format)
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General Selenese Commands

clicking a link - click or clickAndWait commands entering values - type command selecting options from a drop-down listbox - select command clicking checkboxes or radio buttons - click command
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Running Your First Selenium Script

Make sure the application is in the common base state. Click on the run button. Here you can also control the speed of the execution using the toolbar Once the test is run you can view the test log in the bottom of the IDE window

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Creating a Test Suite

In the Selenium IDE you can create any number of test cases and save them as test suite. To Run the test Suite click on the Play entire test suite button as shown below.

Test Suite with Test1 & test2

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Playing The test Suite with Test Runner

Test Runner allows you to run the test case in a browser

loaded with the Selenium-Core TestRunner.

Test runner is invoked by clicking the below button in the IDE Shown

On Clicking the Test Runner Button you will the window as seen in the next slide
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Test Runner

Click this button to run all the tests

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Running Options
Run a Test Case
Click the Run button to run the currently displayed test case.

Run a Test Suite

Click the Run All button to run all the test cases in the currently loaded test suite.

Stop and Start

The Pause button can be used to stop the test case while it is running. The icon of this button then changes to indicate the Resume button. To continue click Resume.

Stop in the Middle

You can set a breakpoint in the test case to cause it to stop on a particular command. This is useful for debugging your test case. To set a breakpoint, select a command, right-click, and from the context menu select Toggle Breakpoint.
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Running Options
Start from the Middle
You can tell the IDE to begin running from a specific command in the middle of the test case. This also is used for debugging. To set a start point, select a command, right-click, and from the context menu select Set/Clear Start Point.

Run Any Single Command

Double-click any single command to run it by itself. This is useful when writing a single command. It lets you immediately test a command you are constructing, when you are not sure if it is correct. You can double-click it to see if it runs correctly. This is also available from the context menu.
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Adding Assertions to the Script

Selenese allows multiple ways of checking for UI elements. Verifications and assertions are used to check if
an element is present somewhere on the page? specific text is somewhere on the page? specific text is at a specific location on the page?

Verifications and assertions are not one and the same. If an assertion fails, the script will be aborted but if a verification fails the script will continue.
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Verification Commands
verifyTextPresent This command is used to check if a particular text is present in a page or not. To add this command , While recording the test steps right click on the text item that you want verify. Once right clicked you can find an option Show all commands. On Clicking it you will find an option verifyTextPresent, select it

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Verification Commands
verifyTitle This command is used to check if the page title is correct or not. To add this command , While recording the test steps right click any where on the page that you want verify. Once right clicked you can find an option Show all commands. On Clicking it you will find an option verifyTitle, select it

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Verification Commands
verifyElementPresent This command is used to verify if a page element is present in the page or not.

To add this command , While recording the test steps right click any element on the page that you want verify. Once right clicked you can find an option Show all commands. On Clicking it you will find an option verifyElementPresent, select it
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Verification Commands
verifyValue This method is used to check if edit box has particular value or if the check box is on. Basically this method returns the value of present in the object.

To add this command , While recording the test steps right click any element on the page that you want verify the value of. Once right clicked you can find an option Show all commands. On Clicking it you will find an option verifyValue, select it.
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Assertions
Assertions are same as Verifications. The only difference is, if the assertions fail the script will abort. But the script will continue run in case a verification point fails. The steps for inserting the assertions is same as that of verification point. While recording Right Click Show all commands select an assertion.
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Assertion Statements
assertTextPresent This will assert if the text is present in the page. assertText This will assert if a particular element is having the particular text.

assertTitle This will assert if the page is having a proper title.

assertValue This will assert if a Text box or check box has a particular value assertElementPresent This will assert if a particular UI Element is present in the page.

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Selenium WaitFor Commands

waitForPageToLoad
This command will make the script to wait till the page loads. Syntax is waitForPageToLoad(timeout); Time out is the maximum time the script will wait for the page to load.

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Other waitFor Commands

waitForAlert This command will wait for the alert message to appear waitForTable This command will wait for the Web table to completely load in the page waitForTitle This command will for the page Title to appear on the browser. Other waitFor commands Selenium has several other wait command like waitForText, waitForPopup and so on. These commands are generically called Synchronization commands
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Store Commands
Store command are used to fetch the values from the application and store it in a variable. These variables can be used latter for validation purpose. The Store command can be used to retrieve the page title, text from the page and other attributes from the application.

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Echo Command
Echo command is used to print the value in to the selenium IDS log. When printing a variable use ${var} There are some limitations for this methods this has to be used with caution
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Limitations of Selenium IDE

Can run the test only on Firefox No Programming login (like loops, conditional statements) can be applied Selenium IDE can execute scripts created in Selenese only. It is difficult to use Selenium IDE for checking complex test cases involving dynamic contents
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Selenium RC
A solution to cross browser testing. A server, written in Java and so available on all the platforms. Acts as a proxy for web requests from them. Client libraries for many popular languages. Bundles Selenium Core and automatically loads into the browser
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Installing Selenium RC
Software Required
JDK 1.6 , selenium-remote-control-1.0.3 (this can be downloaded from http://seleniumhq.org/download/) Installation Procedure Selenium RC is simply a jar file and to run it we need java installed. (JDK 1.6 is preferred) Once the Java is installed just unzip the seleniumremote-control-1.0.3. zip which was downloaded from the selenium site to a directory.

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Selenium Test Automation Process

First Generate the Script using selenium IDE in the firefox IDE Once the Scripts are recorded add assertions where ever required Now format the Selenese test into the language of your choice. Please refer to the Image

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Selenium Test Automation Process

Once the Selenese script is converted into your preferred language you can you can run them using Selenium Server. For running the script you also need the client driver for that particular language. To enhance the script we will require IDE like netbeans or Eclipse IDE To Integrate the script and run them as a suite we will require build integration tools like Maven or Ant.
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How Selenium Works

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Running a Selenese Test on Different Browsers

1) 2)

Following are the steps to create a selenese test suite and run a test suite using selenium RC
Record a test case using selenium IDE and save it as Test1.html (say). Record another test case using selenium IDE and save its as Test3.html (say). In this way you can record any number of test case using selenium IDE and save them as <filename>.html Then Create a New Test Suite using the File Menu. See the Image Below.

3)
4)

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Selenese Suite cont..

Add the created test cases in to the suite as shown in Image1

Once the test cases are added to the suite save them as a test suite as in Image2
The Open the command prompt and navigate to the directory where Selenium RC (server) is placed. In the command prompt Enter the command as shown below.

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Selenese Suite cont..

Command :
java -jar selenium-server.jar multiwindow -htmlSuite "*iexplore" "https://localhost/bookstore/" "D:\testa.html" "C:\results.html
Once the command is run the results will be stored in the results.html file as shown below.

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Selenium Test Case Development Using Java

Required Software Selenium RC Server jar , Selenium Java Client Driver jar , JDK 1.6 +, Eclipse (or any other IDE), Junit jar and testng jar For building the frame work we require continuous build integration tools like Ant, Maven or cruise control.

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Client Drivers
Enables communication with Selenium Remote Control Server. Functionality of Selenium is exposed via these drivers. Available in Ruby, Python, Java, C-Sharp and so on. Give access to the rich features and libraries of the language, including their unit testing framework. Makes it possible to develop automated scripts in the same language as product. Which one you should use?
Whatever make sense in your context. Most Popular is java and for the training we will use java

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Process of Developing Selenium Java Scripts.

Following are the steps for generating the test scripts in java 1) Record the Script in Selenium IDE and format them into Java 2) Create a Selenium Java project in Eclipse and load all the necessary jar files 3) Copy the formatted Java code into the Eclipse and run the test.
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Formatting the recorded script into Java

Steps of formatting the code into java 1) 2) 3) 4) Open the Browser and open the base URL of the application. Open the Selenium IDE and start recoding the test steps. Once the recording is done go to Menu Options Format Java(TestNG) Selenium RC You can see the java code in the source tab of IDE. Save the test case with .java extension.

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Setting Up an Eclipse Project for Selenium Automation

Eclipse is an open source community whose projects are focused on building an extensible development platform for building Java applications and frameworks. Eclipse is one of the best Java IDE and as a matter of face Eclipse is much more than a Java IDE. We can configure a selenium project in eclipse and even run the scripts from eclipse. Using eclipse its easy to enhance the recorded script. We can add power to the recorded script by parameterizing the test inputs and even validate the back values. Eclipse also allows us to write reusable code for efficient test automation.
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Installing Eclipse
Download the Eclipse IDE for Java Developers from the http://www.eclipse.org/downloads/ page. Unzip the downloaded zip file from the above site into a directory. Once the unzipping is over open the folder and double click on the icon and it will open a dialog box as shown below.

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Setting up the workspace

Create a folder say (selenium) in any one of the directory and change the workspace location to the directory created by you. Then click ok button. On doing so you will see the eclipse welcome screen if you are doing it for the first time. On the welcome screen click on the workbench icon to open the project explorer. When you to try to open the eclipse from next time it will directly show the project explorer as shown in the next slide.
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Eclipse IDE

Package Explorer

Scrip View

console

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Create a Project In eclipse

File New Java Project
Specify the project name and click finish

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Adding the required Jars

Open the folder contain the selenium project that you have just created. Inside that folder create another folder with name lib Inside the lib folder place the following jar files.
junit-4.8.1.jar selenium-java-client-driver.jar selenium-server.jar testng-5.12.jars

After placing the jar file in lib come back to the eclipse and click on the project explorer strip and press F5. You should see the all the jar files under the lib folder in the project explorer as shown in the Image in next slide.
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Selenium Libraries

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Creating a package and adding a class file

In the eclipse Package Explorer right click on the src (source) folder. In that select New Package and give a name to the package. See the Picture1 Now right click on the created package and click on new class and provide a class name. You will see a java script template as seen in the next slide
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Eclipse IDE with Java Script Template

Your IDE should look like this

This is where you have copy the Java code that you formatted in the Selenium IDE

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Adding the Jar files to the class path

Right Click on the Project Select Build Path Configure Build path On the next window click on the libraries tab and click on the add jars tab
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Adding the Jar files to the class path

As you click on the add jars button a window showing all the jar files will be opened. Select all the jar files and click on ok button By doing this step we are almost ready to write the script and run it.
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Creating the test script inside the class file

Copy the code that was formatted in the selenium IDE and paste it in the Eclipse IDE script template. Make sure the class name that you created and the class name in the script are same Make sure that you have add the methods setUp and tearDown
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Running the test through Eclipse

Start the Selenium Server For this open the command prompt and go to the folder where the selenium server is present. Run the command java -jar selenium-server.jar The Selenium server will start running and you can see the message in the command prompt.

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Running the test through Eclipse

Once the server is up go to the eclipse and right click on the script. In that select Run As JUnit Test. See the image below. After this you will get will see that the script has run successfully in the window thats shown in the next slide.

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Selenium Results Strip in the Eclipse IDE

success

failure

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Components of the Selenium test Script

setUp method This method prepares the selenium server to run the test. This method basically hooks to the selenium server and opens up the base URL of the application test*** method The methods with the name test will actually run the tests on the application. There can be any number of test methods in the app tearDown method This method will run after the end of the test. This test will disconnect with the server and makes room for the next tests to run the tests.
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Script View

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Enhancing the Selenium commands

The generated selenium command can be enhanced by writing java commands. Using java methods we can do parameterization and data base validation. More over java methods can be used for to perform some complex validations and testing activities. The best way to use java methods is used to is have a Java IDE like eclipse.
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Some Java Basics

Java Data Types Int, float, String, char, Boolean and double Declarations String s = Selenium; Int i = 20; float cur = 3.35; Operators
* ,/ ,% ,+, - are the mathematical operators * ,/, %, have a higher precedence than + or -

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Relational Operators
== != >= <= > < Equal (careful) Not equal Greater than or equal Less than or equal Greater than Less than

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Programming Elements
If Condition
if (name != selenium) { System.out.print(Tool Changed); } Else { System.out.print(Tool is ok); }

Loop n times
for ( i = 0; i < n; n++ ) { // this code body will execute n times // I from 0 to n-1 }
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Use string functions

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Date Functions
Required Packages import java.util.Date; import java.text.SimpleDateFormat; Sample Code

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Example 1 Get the values from the list box and check if the value HTML is present in it

Implementation Steps 1) First get the values from the list box 2) To get the values from the list box or any other HTML element we need to know its Xpath. (use Xpath checker) 3) The values taken from the list box are stored in a variable. 4) Use the indexOf method to find if HTML is present in the extracted variable.
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Screen Shot of the Example Script

Xpath Locator

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Parameterization
Parameterization is to same run the script with multiple set of data. The data will be stored in a CSV file. We will have write a program to read the values from the excel line by line and replace the values. For reading the values from a CSV file we will require the following packages
import java.io.File; import java.io.BufferedReader; import java.io.FileReader; import java.util.StringTokenizer;
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Parameterization Example

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Ant Integration
Ant is a free tool from the Apache Jakarta Group Originally written by James Duncan Davidson on an airplane from Europe to the US... Like make for Java only better Uses an XML file to drive its action Extremely powerful and modular Easily extensible Written in Java so it is cross platform
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To Integrate with ANT

Download ANT and copy it into any of the directory Create a JAVA_HOME environment Variable Create a ANT_HOME environment variables Add the ANT bin path to windows path environment variable Create a build file to load all the jar files and create targets to run the selenium tests using the build file
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Defining a folder Structure for Selenium ANT task

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Running the ANT selenium task

Start the selenium server through the command prompt Then go the folder where the selenium tests are stored Make sure that the build.xml file is present in that location Now run the command ant from the command prompt You can see the test running and the results will be saved in the results.txt file.
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Selenium-Grid
Selenium-Grid allows the Selenium-RC solution to scale for test suites or test suites to be run in multiple environments. With Selenium-Grid multiple instances of Selenium-RC are running on various operating system and browser configurations, each of these when launching register with a hub. When tests are sent to the hub they are then redirected to an available SeleniumRC, which will launch the browser and run the test. This allows for running tests in parallel, with the entire test suite theoretically taking only as long to run as the longest individual test.

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How to Grid
Download Selenium Grid latest binary distribution and unpack it on your computer. Go at the root of selenium grid directory and validate your installation:
cd selenium-grid-1.0 ant sanity-check

Go to the selenium distribution directory and launch in a new terminal:

ant launch-hub

Check out that the Hub is running by looking at its console in a browser:
http://localhost:4444/console (See the Browser in the next slide)
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How to Run
In a new terminal enter the following command
ant launch-remote-control

Based on your target file you can run either in sequence or in parallel

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What's good?
Relatively easy to automate web UI tests Record/Replay for regression tests RC allows integration with CI and JUnit/FitNesse tests

What's bad?
Speed: RC->Browser communication is a speed bottleneck (run in grid, overnight) UI is brittle, tests depending on the UI break a lot (DSTL might fix this, page abstractions as well) Data-backed tests are not easily repeatable (integrate with DB test engines)

Best practices
Use Selenium to verify workflow and session Don't put Selenium tests in your main development build run them overnight Have dedicated machines that run tests DON'T THINK OF THIS AS A REPLACEMENT FOR EXPLORATORY TESTING!!!

Links
http://gojko.net http://www.openqa.org http://www.solutionsiq.com/agile2008/agile-2008domain.php http://storytestiq.solutionsiq.com http://www.cubictest.com http://fitnesse.info/webtest