What Is the Full Form of UNIVAC? Last Updated : 23 Jul, 2025 Comments Improve Suggest changes Like Article Like Report UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) is the first computer that was used for commercial purposes for the first time. It was developed by the Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation (EMCC) and is based on the principles of vacuum tubes for computing instead of transistors. This article will describe the in-depth explanation, full form, and use cases of UNIVAC.What is UNIVAC?Universal Automatic Computer unveiled the first commercially viable computer in 1951 that was mass-built. There were more than 40 systems sold. The memory in the UNIVAC I consisted of 5,000 vacuum tubes, weighed close to eight tons and contained 1,000 12-digit values stored in mercury-filled acoustic delay lines. Magnetic tape reels with a 1MB data capacity and a 128 cpi density were used for storage.When the computer projected Eisenhower would defeat Stevenson in 1952, UNIVAC became associated with computers. It was used up to the early 1960s with UNIVAC I machines. See early memory and delay line memory.Characteristics of UNIVACFive drum memories, ten magnetic core registers, also referred to as main storage units, and three input-output units, also referred to as auxiliary storage units, together with the output section that goes with them, make up the main parts. The drum controllers installed on the front cover panel are connected to the drum memory. The motors that drive the drum controller mechanisms are coupled to an unending belt that revolves around these drums. The core registers are interchangeable and function similarly to drum memories.Significance of UNIVACUNIVAC and other large-scale computers, such as the IBM 701, opened up new possibilities for computer-human interaction. Computer scientists were able to significantly advance the design of computer hardware by studying human behavior using UNIVAC and other large-scale computers. A study carried out with UNIVAC had a significant impact on the design of computers in the future, thus it's critical to comprehend the type of scientific study carried out with UNIVAC.UNIVAC was pivotal in establishing the groundwork for subsequent commercial and scientific pursuits.Mode of Operation of UNIVACThe UNIVAC computer is configured to accept instructions every 1/60 seconds via tape control. It may also receive instructions from a drum memory card. UNIVAC is operated using standard cards that contain the necessary software punched into them. The card punch stores the operation sequence, or the order in which the computer performs its primary function, in a set of 80 words referred to as the sequential function table. Because of its word length of 24 bits, UNIVAC can handle integers up to 20 digits and perform quick arithmetic, logical, and input-output operations. At about 2500 operations per second, a computer can store up to 2048 words.Features of UNIVACBelow are some features of UNIVAC UNIVAC II and II are the first commercial computers to use magnetic tape for primary memory while the UNIVAC I was the first to utilize it for secondary memory.Constructed in 1954, UNIVAC II could store 1.75 million words of data over 58 magnetic cassettes. And UNIVAC I was supplanted by it.For punch card input and output, UNIVAC was utilized. Transistors, rather than vacuum tubes, were employed in this electrical gadget that operated on the principles of digital computing.UNIVAC I was intended to be a business mainframe computer with distributed computation capabilities for several users at once.ExamplesSome examples of UNIVAC are given bellow,UNIVAC I: UNIVAC I is released in 1951 and used for business applications such as payroll processing and accounting. He had a memory of 5,000 vacuum tubes and used magnetic tape reels for storageUNIVAC II: UNIVAC II released in 1954, and it is the advance version of UNIVAC I. It used for scientific and military applications, and it store 1.75 million words of data over 58 magnetic cassettes.UNIVAC 1108: UNIVAC 1108 released in 1960, and it used transistors instead of vacuum tubes, making it faster and more reliable. It used for a variety of applications including business, scientific, and military useUNIVAC 490: UNIVAC 490 released in 1960s, with smaller and portable versions. It used for applications such as data processing and word processing and popular among small businesses and organizations.AdvantagesThe idea of the contemporary calculator was made possible by these computers, which could execute instructions in milliseconds, unlike Charles Babbage's attempt to calculate using water pressure.Originally intended for scientific and military use, the computer's focus eventually switched completely to corporate use.They were the first robots to be taught to follow instructions repeatedly with minimal assistance from a human.Additionally, they unveiled magnetic drums, a type of storage device that would eventually be improved upon to become magnetic discs using the same basic idea.DisadvantagesPunch cards were used as the input source for the computer, and bundles of cards with instructions on how to use them were provided to the computer.The electrical components might melt quickly, which can lead to erroneous findings sometimes.The vacuum tube's ability to process the instructions was constrained by the extremely little amount of information that could be stored in the magnetic drums. It took some time for commercial applications to become feasible with the introduction of transistors to computers due to the poor computing speed and non-portable facility.ConclusionIn conclusion The UNIVAC computer is configured to accept instructions every 1/60 seconds via tape control. Punch cards were used as the input source for the computer, and bundles of cards with instructions on how to use them were provided to the computer. Additionally, they unveiled magnetic drums, a type of storage device that would eventually be improved upon to become magnetic disc using the same basic idea. Comment More infoAdvertise with us Next Article What is a Computer? A aritrikghosh784 Follow Improve Article Tags : Computer Organization & Architecture Similar Reads Computer Organization and Architecture Tutorial In this Computer Organization and Architecture Tutorial, you’ll learn all the basic to advanced concepts like pipelining, microprogrammed control, computer architecture, instruction design, and format. Computer Organization and Architecture is used to design computer systems. Computer architecture I 5 min read Basic Computer InstructionsWhat is a Computer?A computer is an electronic device that processes data according to instructions provided by software programs. It takes input (data), processes it using a central processing unit (CPU), stores information, and produces output (results) to perform various tasks.Types of ComputersThere are various ty 8 min read Issues in Computer DesignComputer Design is the structure in which components relate to each other. 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A vector contains just one kind of element per element, whether it is an integer, logical value, floating-point number, or char 4 min read Instruction Design and FormatIntroduction of ALU and Data PathRepresenting and storing numbers were the basic operations of the computers of earlier times. The real go came when computation, manipulating numbers like adding and multiplying came into the picture. These operations are handled by the computer's arithmetic logic unit (ALU). The ALU is the mathemat 8 min read Computer Arithmetic | Set - 1Negative Number Representation Sign Magnitude Sign magnitude is a very simple representation of negative numbers. In sign magnitude the first bit is dedicated to represent the sign and hence it is called sign bit. Sign bit ‘1’ represents negative sign. Sign bit ‘0’ represents positive sign. 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A high-performing computer system is one that can perform tasks quickly and efficiently while minimizing the amount of time and resources required to complete these 5 min read Introduction of Control Unit and its DesignA Central Processing Unit is the most important component of a computer system. A control unit is a part of the CPU. A control unit controls the operations of all parts of the computer but it does not carry out any data processing operations. What is a Control Unit?The Control Unit is the part of th 10 min read Computer Organization | Amdahl's law and its proofIt is named after computer scientist Gene Amdahl( a computer architect from IBM and Amdahl corporation) and was presented at the AFIPS Spring Joint Computer Conference in 1967. It is also known as Amdahl's argument. 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The CPU receives this signal, suspends the current instructions it is exe 5 min read I/O Interface (Interrupt and DMA Mode)The method that is used to transfer information between internal storage and external I/O devices is known as I/O interface. The CPU is interfaced using special communication links by the peripherals connected to any computer system. These communication links are used to resolve the differences betw 6 min read Direct memory access with DMA controller 8257/8237Suppose any device which is connected to input-output port wants to transfer data to memory, first of all it will send input-output port address and control signal, input-output read to input-output port, then it will send memory address and memory write signal to memory where data has to be transfe 3 min read Computer Organization | Asynchronous input output synchronizationIntroduction : Asynchronous input/output (I/O) synchronization is a technique used in computer organization to manage the transfer of data between the central processing unit (CPU) and external devices. In asynchronous I/O synchronization, data transfer occurs at an unpredictable rate, with no fixed 7 min read Programmable peripheral interface 8255PPI 8255 is a general purpose programmable I/O device designed to interface the CPU with its outside world such as ADC, DAC, keyboard etc. We can program it according to the given condition. It can be used with almost any microprocessor. It consists of three 8-bit bidirectional I/O ports i.e. PORT A 4 min read Synchronous Data Transfer in Computer OrganizationIn Synchronous Data Transfer, the sending and receiving units are enabled with the same clock signal. It is possible between two units when each of them knows the behaviour of the other. The master performs a sequence of instructions for data transfer in a predefined order. All these actions are syn 4 min read Introduction of Input-Output ProcessorThe DMA mode of data transfer reduces the CPU's overhead when handling I/O operations. It also allows parallel processing between CPU and I/O operations. This parallelism is necessary to avoid the wastage of valuable CPU time when handling I/O devices whose speeds are much slower as compared to CPU. 5 min read MPU Communication in Computer OrganizationMPU communicates with the outside world with the help of some external devices which are known as Input/Output devices. The MPU accepts the binary data from input devices such as keyboard and analog/digital converters and sends data to output devices such as printers and LEDs. For performing this ta 4 min read Memory Mapped I/O and Isolated I/OCPU needs to communicate with the various memory and input-output devices (I/O). Data between the processor and these devices flow with the help of the system bus. There are three ways in which system bus can be allotted to them:Separate set of address, control and data bus to I/O and memory.Have co 5 min read Memory OrganizationIntroduction to memory and memory unitsMemory is required to save data and instructions. Memory is divided into cells, and they are stored in the storage space present in the computer. Every cell has its unique location/address. Memory is very essential for a computer as this is the way it becomes somewhat more similar to a human brain. 11 min read Memory Hierarchy Design and its CharacteristicsIn the Computer System Design, Memory Hierarchy is an enhancement to organize the memory such that it can minimize the access time. The Memory Hierarchy was developed based on a program behavior known as locality of references (same data or nearby data is likely to be accessed again and again). The 6 min read Register Allocations in Code GenerationRegisters are the fastest locations in the memory hierarchy. But unfortunately, this resource is limited. It comes under the most constrained resources of the target processor. Register allocation is an NP-complete problem. However, this problem can be reduced to graph coloring to achieve allocation 6 min read Cache MemoryCache memory is a small, fast storage space within a computer. It holds duplicates of data from commonly accessed locations in the main memory. The CPU contains several separate caches that store both instructions and data.Cache Memory The key function of cache memory is to reduce the average time n 5 min read Cache Organization | Set 1 (Introduction)Cache is close to CPU and faster than main memory. But at the same time is smaller than main memory. The cache organization is about mapping data in memory to a location in cache. A Simple Solution: One way to go about this mapping is to consider last few bits of long memory address to find small ca 3 min read Multilevel Cache OrganisationCache is a type of random access memory (RAM) used by the CPU to reduce the average time required to access data from memory. Multilevel caches are one of the techniques used to improve cache performance by reducing the miss penalty. The miss penalty refers to the additional time needed to retrieve 6 min read Difference between RAM and ROMMemory is an important part of the Computer which is responsible for storing data and information on a temporary or permanent basis. Memory can be classified into two broad categories: Primary Memory Secondary Memory What is Primary Memory? Primary Memory is a type of Computer Memory that the Prepro 7 min read Difference Between CPU Cache and TLBThe CPU Cache and Translation Lookaside Buffer (TLB) are two important microprocessor hardware components that improve system performance, although they have distinct functions. Even though some people may refer to TLB as a kind of cache, it's important to recognize the different functions they serv 4 min read Introduction to Solid-State Drive (SSD)A Solid-State Drive (SSD) is a non-volatile storage device that stores data without using any moving parts, unlike traditional Hard Disk Drives (HDDs), which have spinning disks and mechanical read/write heads. Because of this, SSDs are much faster, more durable, and quieter than HDDs. They load fil 7 min read Read and Write operations in MemoryA memory unit stores binary information in groups of bits called words. Data input lines provide the information to be stored into the memory, Data output lines carry the information out from the memory. The control lines Read and write specifies the direction of transfer of data. Basically, in the 3 min read PipeliningInstruction Level ParallelismInstruction Level Parallelism (ILP) is used to refer to the architecture in which multiple operations can be performed parallelly in a particular process, with its own set of resources - address space, registers, identifiers, state, and program counters. It refers to the compiler design techniques a 5 min read Computer Organization and Architecture | Pipelining | Set 1 (Execution, Stages and Throughput)Pipelining is a technique used in modern processors to improve performance by executing multiple instructions simultaneously. It breaks down the execution of instructions into several stages, where each stage completes a part of the instruction. These stages can overlap, allowing the processor to wo 9 min read Computer Organization and Architecture | Pipelining | Set 3 (Types and Stalling)Please see Set 1 for Execution, Stages and Performance (Throughput) and Set 2 for Dependencies and Data Hazard. Types of pipeline Uniform delay pipeline In this type of pipeline, all the stages will take same time to complete an operation. In uniform delay pipeline, Cycle Time (Tp) = Stage Delay If 3 min read Computer Organization and Architecture | Pipelining | Set 2 (Dependencies and Data Hazard)Please see Set 1 for Execution, Stages and Performance (Throughput) and Set 3 for Types of Pipeline and Stalling. Dependencies in a pipelined processor There are mainly three types of dependencies possible in a pipelined processor. These are : 1) Structural Dependency 2) Control Dependency 3) Data D 6 min read Last Minute Notes Computer Organization Table of ContentBasic TerminologyInstruction Set and Addressing ModesInstruction Design and FormatControl UnitMemory Organization I/O InterfacePipeliningIEEE Standard 754 Floating Point NumbersBasic TerminologyControl Unit - A control unit (CU) handles all processor control signals. It directs all i 15+ min read COA GATE PYQ's AND COA QuizGATE CS PreparationPreparing for the GATE exam can be straightforward if you know the right steps to take. This brief GATE CSE Preparation Guide will help you get started and stay on track as you prepare for one of the most important exams for admissions into IITs, NITs and other government colleges.Let's get started: 3 min read Like