Medical Insurance Price Prediction using Machine Learning - Python

Stock Price Prediction Project using TensorFlow

Last Updated : 08 Apr, 2025

Stock price prediction is a challenging task in the field of finance with applications ranging from personal investment strategies to algorithmic trading. In this article we will explore how to build a stock price prediction model using TensorFlow and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks a type of recurrent neural network (RNN) which is well-suited for Timeseries data like stock prices.

Below is the step by step implementation:

1. Importing Libraries

In this article we will import Pandas, Numpy, Matplotlib, Seaborn and TensorFlow.

Python

import pandas as pd
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
import tensorflow as tf
from tensorflow import keras
import seaborn as sns
import os
from datetime import datetime

import warnings
warnings.filterwarnings("ignore")

2. Loading the Dataset

We will load the dataset containing stock prices over a 5-year period. The read_csv function loads the dataset into a pandas DataFrame for further analysis. You can download dataset from here.

delimiter=',': Specifies that commas separate values in the CSV file.
on_bad_lines='skip': Skips any malformed lines in the CSV file.

Python

data = pd.read_csv('all_stocks_5yr.csv', delimiter=',', on_bad_lines='skip')
print(data.shape)
print(data.sample(7))

Output:

Since the given data consists of a date feature, this is more likely to be an 'object' data type.

Python

data.info()

Output:

Stock Price Prediction Project using TensorFlow

Whenever we deal with the date or time feature, it should always be in the DateTime data type. Pandas library helps us convert the object date feature to the DateTime data type.

Python

data['date'] = pd.to_datetime(data['date'])
data.info()

Stock Price Prediction Project using TensorFlow

3. Exploratory Data Analysis

Exploratory Data Analysis is a technique that is used to analyze the data through visualization and manipulation. For this project let us visualize the data of famous companies such as Nvidia, Google, Apple, Facebook and so on. First let us consider a few companies and visualize the distribution of open and closed Stock prices through 5 years.

Python

companies = ['AAPL', 'AMD', 'FB', 'GOOGL', 'AMZN', 'NVDA', 'EBAY', 'CSCO', 'IBM']

plt.figure(figsize=(15, 8))
for index, company in enumerate(companies, 1):
    plt.subplot(3, 3, index)
    c = data[data['Name'] == company]
    plt.plot(c['date'], c['close'], c="r", label="close", marker="+")
    plt.plot(c['date'], c['open'], c="g", label="open", marker="^")
    plt.title(company)
    plt.legend()
    plt.tight_layout()

plt.figure(figsize=(15, 8))
for index, company in enumerate(companies, 1):
    plt.subplot(3, 3, index)
    c = data[data['Name'] == company]
    plt.plot(c['date'], c['volume'], c='purple', marker='*')
    plt.title(f"{company} Volume")
    plt.tight_layout()

Output:

Analyzing Close and Open prices for stocks of 9 different country

Now let's plot the volume of trade for these 9 stocks as well as a function of time.

Python

plt.figure(figsize=(15, 8))
for index, company in enumerate(companies, 1):
    plt.subplot(3, 3, index)
    c = data[data['Name'] == company]
    plt.plot(c['date'], c['volume'], c='purple', marker='*')
    plt.title(f"{company} Volume")
    plt.tight_layout()

Output:

Analyzing volume for stocks of 9 different country

Now let's analyze the data for Apple Stocks from 2013 to 2018.

Python

apple = data[data['Name'] == 'AAPL']
prediction_range = apple.loc[(apple['date'] > datetime(2013,1,1))
 & (apple['date']<datetime(2018,1,1))]
plt.plot(apple['date'],apple['close'])
plt.xlabel("Date")
plt.ylabel("Close")
plt.title("Apple Stock Prices")
plt.show()

Output:

The overall trend in the prices of the Apple Stocks

Now let's select a subset of the whole data as the training data so that we will be left with a subset of the data for the validation part as well.

Python

close_data = apple.filter(['close'])
dataset = close_data.values
training = int(np.ceil(len(dataset) * .95))
print(training)

Output:

1197

Now we have the training data length, next applying scaling and preparing features and labels that are x_train and y_train.

Python

from sklearn.preprocessing import MinMaxScaler

scaler = MinMaxScaler(feature_range=(0, 1))
scaled_data = scaler.fit_transform(dataset)

train_data = scaled_data[0:int(training), :]
# prepare feature and labels
x_train = []
y_train = []

for i in range(60, len(train_data)):
    x_train.append(train_data[i-60:i, 0])
    y_train.append(train_data[i, 0])

x_train, y_train = np.array(x_train), np.array(y_train)
x_train = np.reshape(x_train, (x_train.shape[0], x_train.shape[1], 1))

4. Build LSTM network using TensorFlow

Using TensorFlow, we can easily create LSTM models. It is used in Recurrent Neural Networks for sequence models and time series data. It is used to avoid the vanishing gradient issue which is widely occurred in training RNN. To stack multiple LSTM in TensorFlow it is mandatory to use return_sequences = True. Since our data is time series varying we apply no activation to the output layer and it remains as 1 node.

Python

model = keras.models.Sequential()
model.add(keras.layers.LSTM(units=64,
                            return_sequences=True,
                            input_shape=(x_train.shape[1], 1)))
model.add(keras.layers.LSTM(units=64))
model.add(keras.layers.Dense(32))
model.add(keras.layers.Dropout(0.5))
model.add(keras.layers.Dense(1))
model.summary

Output:

Model summary to analyze the architecture of the model

5. Model Compilation and Training

While compiling a model we provide these three essential parameters:

optimizer – This is the method that helps to optimize the cost function by using gradient descent.
loss – The loss function by which we monitor whether the model is improving with training or not.
metrics – This helps to evaluate the model by predicting the training and the validation data.

Python

model.compile(optimizer='adam',
              loss='mean_squared_error')
history = model.fit(x_train,
                    y_train,
                    epochs=10)

Output:

Progress of model training epoch by epoch

For predicting we require testing data, so we first create the testing data and then proceed with the model prediction.

Python

test_data = scaled_data[training - 60:, :]
x_test = []
y_test = dataset[training:, :]
for i in range(60, len(test_data)):
    x_test.append(test_data[i-60:i, 0])

x_test = np.array(x_test)
x_test = np.reshape(x_test, (x_test.shape[0], x_test.shape[1], 1))

predictions = model.predict(x_test)
predictions = scaler.inverse_transform(predictions)

mse = np.mean(((predictions - y_test) ** 2))
rmse = np.sqrt(mse)

print("MSE", mse)
print("RMSE", np.sqrt(mse))

Output:

Screenshot-2025-04-08-135906 — Model Accuracy

Now that we have predicted the testing data, let us visualize the final results.

Python

train = apple[:training]
test = apple[training:]
test['Predictions'] = predictions

plt.figure(figsize=(10, 8))
plt.plot(train['date'], train['close'])
plt.plot(test['date'], test[['close', 'Predictions']])
plt.title('Apple Stock Close Price')
plt.xlabel('Date')
plt.ylabel("Close")
plt.legend(['Train', 'Test', 'Predictions'])

Output:

Prediction for Stock Prices of Apple

The chart shows Apple’s stock closing price over time with the "Train" data representing historical prices used for model training, "Test" data for evaluation and "Predictions" showing the model’s forecasted values. It visually demonstrates how well the model’s predictions align with actual stock prices highlighting areas of accurate forecasting and divergence.

You can download the source code from here: click here.

Medical Insurance Price Prediction using Machine Learning - Python

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