SQL General Functions

SQL general functions are built-in tools provided by SQL databases to perform a variety of operations on data. These functions are crucial for manipulating, analyzing, and transforming data efficiently.

In this article, We will learn about the what are the SQL General Functions along with the examples and so on.

SQL General Functions

• SQL general functions are built-in functions provided by SQL databases to perform various operations on data.
  
• These functions are categorized into several types based on their functionality.

Single Row Functions

1. NVL Function in SQL

• In SQL, NVL() converts a null value to an actual value.
  
• Data types that can be used are date, character and number.
  
• The data type must match with each other i.e. expr1 and expr2 must be the same data type.

Syntax -

NVL (expr1, expr2)

expr1

is the source value or expression that may contain a null.

expr2

is the target value for converting the null. Example -

SELECT  salary, NVL(commission_pct, 0),
    (salary*12) + (salary*12*NVL(commission_pct, 0))
      annual_salary FROM employees;

Output

:

2. NVL2(expr1, expr2, expr3)

• The NVL2 function examines the first expression. If the first expression is not null, then the NVL2 function returns the second expression.
  
• If the first expression is null, then the third expression is returned i.e. If expr1 is not null, NVL2 returns expr2.
  
• If expr1 is null, NVL2 returns expr3. The argument expr1 can have any data type.

Syntax -

NVL2 (expr1, expr2, expr3)

expr1

is the source value or expression that may contain null

expr2

is the value returned if expr1 is not null

expr3

is the value returned if expr1 is null

Example -

SELECT last_name, salary, commission_pct,
 NVL2(commission_pct, ’SAL+COMM’, ’SAL’)
 income FROM employees;

Output

:

3. DECODE()

• Facilitates conditional inquiries by doing the work of a CASE or IF-THEN-ELSE statement. The DECODE function decodes an expression in a way similar to the IF-THEN-ELSE logic used in various languages.
  
• The DECODE function decodes expression after comparing it to each search value. If the expression is the same as search, result is returned.
  
• If the default value is omitted, a null value is returned where a search value does not match any of the result values.

Syntax -

DECODE(col|expression, search1, result1 
 [, search2, result2,...,][, default])

Example

-

SELECT last_name, job_id, salary,
   DECODE(job_id, ’IT_PROG’, 1.10*salary,
    ’ST_CLERK’, 1.15*salary,
    ’SA_REP’, 1.20*salary,salary) 
     REVISED_SALARY FROM employees;

Output

:

4. COALESCE()

• The COALESCE() function examines the first expression, if the first expression is not null, it returns that expression; Otherwise, it does a COALESCE of the remaining expressions.
  
• The advantage of the COALESCE() function over the NVL() function is that the COALESCE function can take multiple alternate values.
  
• In simple words COALESCE() function returns the first non-null expression in the list.

Syntax -

COALESCE (expr_1, expr_2, ... expr_n)

Examples

-

SELECT last_name, 
    COALESCE(commission_pct, salary, 10) comm
    FROM employees ORDER BY commission_pct;

Output

:

5. NULLIF()

• The NULLIF function compares two expressions. If they are equal, the function returns null.
  
• If they are not equal, the function returns the first expression. You cannot specify the literal NULL for first expression.

Syntax -

NULLIF (expr_1, expr_2)

Examples

-

SELECT LENGTH(first_name) "expr1",
   LENGTH(last_name) "expr2",
   NULLIF(LENGTH(first_name),LENGTH(last_name))
    result FROM employees;

Output

:

6. LNNVL()

• LNNVL evaluate a condition when one or both operands of the condition may be null. The function can be used only in the WHERE clause of a query.
  
• It takes as an argument a condition and returns TRUE if the condition is FALSE or UNKNOWN and FALSE if the condition is TRUE.

Syntax -

LNNVL( condition(s) )

Examples

-

SELECT COUNT(*) FROM employees 
      WHERE commission_pct < .2; 

Output

:

Now the above examples does not considered those employees who have no commission at all. To include them as well we use LNNVL()

SELECT COUNT(*) FROM employees 
  WHERE LNNVL(commission_pct >= .2); 

Output:

7. NANVL()

• The NANVL function is useful only for floating-point numbers of type BINARY_FLOAT or BINARY_DOUBLE. It instructs the Database to return an alternative value n2 if the input value n1 is NaN (not a number).
  
• If n1 is not NaN, then database returns n1. This function is useful for mapping NaN values to NULL.

Syntax -

NANVL( n1 , n2 )

Consider the following table named nanvl_demo :

Example

-

SELECT bin_float, NANVL(bin_float,0)
  FROM nanvl_demo;

Output

:

Conclusion

SQL general functions are essential for streamlining data operations and enhancing the flexibility of SQL queries. They provide powerful capabilities for handling null values, conditional logic, and data conversions, thus enabling more sophisticated data manipulation and analysis.