Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC)

Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is a structured process that is used to design, develop, and test high-quality software. SDLC, or software development life cycle, is a methodology that defines the entire procedure of software development step-by-step. The goal of the SDLC life cycle model is to deliver high-quality, maintainable software that meets the user's requirements.

SDLC in software engineering models outlines the plan for each stage so that each stage of the software development model can perform its task efficiently to deliver the software at a low cost within a given time frame that meets users requirements. In this article we will see Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) in detail.

What is the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC)?

SDLC is a process followed for software building within a software organization. SDLC consists of a precise plan that describes how to develop, maintain, replace, and enhance specific software. The life cycle defines a method for improving the quality of software and the all-around development process.  

Stages of the Software Development Life Cycle

SDLC specifies the tasks to be performed at various stages by a software engineer or developer. It ensures that the end product is able to meet the customer's expectations and fits within the overall budget. Hence, it's vital for a software developer to have prior knowledge of this software development process. SDLC is a collection of these six stages, and the stages of SDLC are as follows:

The SDLC Model involves six phases or stages while developing any software.

Stage 1: Planning and Requirement Analysis

Planning is a crucial step in everything, just as in software development. In this same stage, requirement analysis is also performed by the developers of the organization. This is attained from customer inputs, and sales department/market surveys. 

The information from this analysis forms the building blocks of a basic project. The quality of the project is a result of planning. Thus, in this stage, the basic project is designed with all the available information.

Stage 2: Defining Requirements

In this stage, all the requirements for the target software are specified. These requirements get approval from customers, market analysts, and stakeholders. 
This is fulfilled by utilizing SRS (Software Requirement Specification). This is a sort of document that specifies all those things that need to be defined and created during the entire project cycle. 

Stage 3: Designing Architecture

SRS is a reference for software designers to come up with the best architecture for the software. Hence, with the requirements defined in SRS, multiple designs for the product architecture are present in the Design Document Specification (DDS). 

This DDS is assessed by market analysts and stakeholders. After evaluating all the possible factors, the most practical and logical design is chosen for development.

Stage 4: Developing Product

At this stage, the fundamental development of the product starts. For this, developers use a specific programming code as per the design in the DDS. Hence, it is important for the coders to follow the protocols set by the association. Conventional programming tools like compilers, interpreters, debuggers, etc. are also put into use at this stage. Some popular languages like C/C++, Python, Java, etc. are put into use as per the software regulations. 

Stage 5: Product Testing and Integration

After the development of the product, testing of the software is necessary to ensure its smooth execution. Although, minimal testing is conducted at every stage of SDLC. Therefore, at this stage, all the probable flaws are tracked, fixed, and retested. This ensures that the product confronts the quality requirements of SRS. 

Documentation, Training, and Support: Software documentation is an essential part of the software development life cycle. A well-written document acts as a tool and means to information repository necessary to know about software processes, functions, and maintenance. Documentation also provides information about how to use the product. Training in an attempt to improve the current or future employee performance by increasing an employee's ability to work through learning, usually by changing his attitude and developing his skills and understanding. 

Stage 6: Deployment and Maintenance of Products

After detailed testing, the conclusive product is released in phases as per the organization’s strategy. Then it is tested in a real industrial environment. It is important to ensure its smooth performance. If it performs well, the organization sends out the product as a whole. After retrieving beneficial feedback, the company releases it as it is or with auxiliary improvements to make it further helpful for the customers. However, this alone is not enough. Therefore, along with the deployment, the product's supervision. 

Software Development Life Cycle Models

Software development models are various processes or methods that are chosen for project development depending on the objectives and goals of the project. Here, we have listed the top eight Most Popular SDLC Models:

Choosing the right model is very important for the Development of a Software Product or application. Development and testing processes are carried out based on the model.

1. Agile Model

Agile Development Model is a combination of iterative and incremental models, that is, it is made up of iterative and incremental models. In the agile model, the software product is divided into small incremental parts. In this, the smallest part is developed first and then the larger one.

2. Waterfall Model

Waterfall Model is a famous and good version of SDLC (System Development Life Cycle) for software engineering. The waterfall model is a linear and sequential model, which means that a development phase cannot begin until the previous phase is completed. We cannot overlap phases in waterfall model.

3. V-Model

V-Model is an SDLC model, it is also called Verification and Validation Model. V-Model is widely used in the Software Development Process, and it is considered a disciplined model. In V-Model, the execution of each process is sequential, that is, the new phase starts only after the previous phase ends.'

4. Incremental Model

In Incremental Model, the Software Development Process is divided into several increments and the same phases are followed in each increment. In simple language, under this model a complex project is developed in many modules or builds.

5. RAD Model

RAD Model stands for rapid application development model. The methodology of RAD model is similar to that of incremental or waterfall model. It is used for small projects

6. Iterative Model

In Iterative Model we start developing the software with some requirements and when it is developed, it is reviewed. If there are requirements for changes in it, then we develop a new version of the software based on those requirements. This process repeats itself many times until we get our final product.

7. Spiral Model

Spiral Model is a software development process model. This model has characteristics of both iterative and waterfall models. This model is used in projects which are large and complex.

8. Prototype model

Prototype Model is an activity in which prototypes of software applications are created. First a prototype is created and then the final product is manufactured based on that prototype.

Read More - Most Popular SDLC Models.

What is the need for SDLC?

SDLC is a method, approach, or process that is followed by a software development organization while developing any software. SDLC models were introduced to follow a disciplined and systematic method while designing software. With the software development life cycle, the process of software design is divided into small parts, which makes the problem more understandable and easier to solve. SDLC comprises a detailed description or step-by-step plan for designing, developing, testing, and maintaining the software.

Follow the project Library Management System or E Portfolio Website to see the use of Software Development Life Cycle in a Software Projects.

How does SDLC Address Security?

A frequent issue in software development is the delay of security-related tasks until the testing phase, which occurs late in the software development life cycle (SDLC) and occurs after the majority of crucial design and implementation has been finished. During the testing phase, security checks may be minimal and restricted to scanning and penetration testing, which may fail to identify more complicated security flaws.

Security issue can be address in SDLC by following DevOps. Security is integrated throughout the whole SDLC, from build to production, through the use of DevSecOps. Everyone involved in the DevOps value chain have responsibility for security under DevSecOps.

Real Life Example of SDLC

Developing a banking application using SDLC:

• Planning and Analysis: During this stage, business stakeholders' requirements about the functionality and features of banking application will be gathered by program managers and business analysts. Detailed SRS (Software Requirement Specification) documentation will be produced by them. Together with business stakeholders, business analysts will analyze and approve the SRS document.
• Design: Developers will receive SRS documentation. Developers will read over the documentation and comprehend the specifications. Web pages will be designed by designers. High level system architecture will be prepared by developers.
• Development: During this stage, development will code. They will create the web pages and APIs needed to put the feature into practice.
• Testing: Comprehensive functional testing will be carried out. They will guarantee that the banking platform is glitch-free and operating properly.
• Deployment and Maintenance: The code will be made available to customers and deployed. Following this deployment, the customer can access the online banking. The same methodology will be used to create any additional features.

How to Choose an SDLC Model?

Selecting the right Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) model is crucial for project success. The SDLC defines how software is planned, built, tested, and maintained, and the right model aligns with project goals, team skills, and constrain.

1. Project Requirements:

• Clear and Stable Requirements: Use Waterfall or V-Model when requirements are well-defined and unlikely to change.
• Evolving or Unclear Requirements: Use Agile or Iterative models when requirements are likely to change.

2. Project Size and Complexity:

• Small and Simple Projects: Use Waterfall or RAD for straightforward projects with limited scope.
• Large and Complex Projects: Use Agile, Spiral, or DevOps for projects requiring flexibility and scalability.

3. Team Expertise:

• Experienced Teams: Use Agile or Scrum when teams are skilled in iterative development.
• Less Experienced Teams: Use Waterfall or V-Model for teams needing clear guidance.

4. Client Involvement:

• Frequent Client Feedback: Use Agile, Scrum, or RAD when regular client interaction is required.
• Minimal Client Involvement: Use Waterfall or V-Model when client input is limited to initial stages.

5. Time and Budget Constraints:

• Fixed Time and Budget: Use Waterfall or V-Model for strict schedules and budgets.
• Flexible Time and Budget: Use Agile or Spiral when adjustments are feasible.

6. Risk Management:

• High-Risk Projects: Use Spiral for projects with significant uncertainties.
• Low-Risk Projects: Use Waterfall for projects with minimal risks.

Conclusion

In conclusion, we now know that the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) in software engineering is an important framework for the better and more structured development of optimized software programs. In a world full of rapid evolution in technology, SDLC phases plays a crucial role in enabling some good and innovative solutions for helping users and organizations. Also, it's better to adapt SDLC principles to achieve software development goals effectively.

Important Questions on Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC)

1. Which of the following is not a life cycle model?

(A) Spiral model

(B) Prototyping model

(C) Waterfall model

(D) Capability maturity model

Solution: The correct Answer is (D).

2. What is the appropriate pairing of items in the two columns listing various activities encountered in a software life cycle?

(A) P-3, Q-2, R-4, S-1

(B) P-2, Q-3, R-1, S-4

(C) P-3, Q-2, R-1, S-4

(D) P-2, Q-3, R-4, S-1

Solution: The correct Answer is (B).