R-Operators

Operators are the symbols directing the compiler to perform various kinds of operations between the operands. Operators simulate the various mathematical, logical, and decision operations performed on a set of Complex Numbers, Integers, and Numericals as input operands. 

R supports majorly four kinds of binary operators between a set of operands. In this article, we will see various types of operators in R Programming language and their usage.

Arithmetic Operators

Arithmetic Operators modulo using the specified operator between operands, which may be either scalar values, complex numbers, or vectors. The R operators are performed element-wise at the corresponding positions of the vectors. 

1. Addition operator (+)

The values at the corresponding positions of both operands are added. Consider the following R operator snippet to add two vectors:

a <- c (1, 0.1)
b <- c (2.33, 4)
print (a+b)

Output:

[1] 3.33 4.10

2. Subtraction Operator (-)

The second operand values are subtracted from the first. Consider the following R operator snippet to subtract two variables:

 a <- 6
 b <- 8.4
 print (a-b)

Output:

[1] -2.4

3. Multiplication Operator (*) 

The multiplication of corresponding elements of vectors and Integers are multiplied with the use of the '*' operator.

b= c(4,4) 
c= c(5,5)
print (b*c)

Output:

[1] 20 20

4. Division Operator (/) 

The first operand is divided by the second operand with the use of the '/' operator.

 a <- 10
 b <- 5
 print (a/b)

Output:

[1] 2

5. Power Operator (^)

The first operand is raised to the power of the second operand.

 a <- 4
 b <- 5
 print(a^b)

Output:

[1] 1024

6. Modulo Operator (%%)

It returns the remainder after dividing the first operand by the second operand.

a<- c(2, 22)
b<-c(2,4)
print(a %% b)

Output:

[1] 0 2

Logical Operators

Logical Operators in R simulate element-wise decision operations, based on the specified operator between the operands, which are then evaluated to either a True or False boolean value. Any non-zero integer value is considered as a TRUE value, be it a complex or real number. 

1. Element-wise Logical AND operator (&)

Returns True if both the operands are True.

a <- c(TRUE, 0.1)
b <- c(0,4+3i)
print(a & b)

Output:

[1] FALSE TRUE

2. Element-wise Logical OR operator (|)

Returns True if either of the operands is True.

a <- c(TRUE, 0.1)
b <- c(0,4+3i)
print(a|b)

Output:

[1] TRUE TRUE

3. NOT operator (!)

A unary operator that negates the status of the elements of the operand.

a <- c(0,FALSE)
print(!a)

Output:

[1] TRUE TRUE

4. Logical AND operator (&&)

Returns True if both the first elements of the operands are True.

a <- c(TRUE, 0.1)
b <- c(0,4+3i)
print(a[1] && b[1])

Output:

[1] FALSE

5. Logical OR operator (||)

Returns True if either of the first elements of the operands is True.

a <- c(TRUE, 0.1)
b <- c(0,4+3i)
print(a[1]||b[1])

Output:

[1] TRUE

Relational Operators

The Relational Operators in R carry out comparison operations between the corresponding elements of the operands. Returns a boolean TRUE value if the first operand satisfies the relation compared to the second. A TRUE value is always considered to be greater than the FALSE. 

1. Less than (<)

Returns TRUE if the corresponding element of the first operand is less than that of the second operand. Else returns FALSE.

a <- c(TRUE, 0.1,"apple")
b <- c(0,0.1,"bat")
print(a<b)

Output:

[1] FALSE FALSE TRUE

2. Less than equal to (<=)

Returns TRUE if the corresponding element of the first operand is less than or equal to that of the second operand. Else returns FALSE.

a <- c(TRUE, 0.1, "apple")
b <- c(TRUE, 0.1, "bat")

c <- as.character(a)
d <- as.character(b)

print(c <= d)

Output:

[1] TRUE TRUE TRUE

3. Greater than (>)

Returns TRUE if the corresponding element of the first operand is greater than that of the second operand. Else returns FALSE.

a <- c(TRUE, 0.1, "apple")
b <- c(TRUE, 0.1, "bat")
print(a > b)

Output:

[1] FALSE FALSE FALSE

4. Greater than equal to (>=)

Returns TRUE if the corresponding element of the first operand is greater or equal to that of the second operand. Else returns FALSE.

a <- c(TRUE, 0.1, "apple")
b <- c(TRUE, 0.1, "bat")
print(a >= b)

Output:

[1] TRUE TRUE FALSE

5. Not equal to (!=) 

Returns TRUE if the corresponding element of the first operand is not equal to the second operand. Else returns FALSE.

a <- c(TRUE, 0.1,'apple')
b <- c(0,0.1,"bat")
print(a!=b)

Output:

[1] TRUE FALSE TRUE

Assignment Operators

Assignment Operators in R are used to assigning values to various data objects in R. The objects may be integers, vectors, or functions. These values are then stored by the assigned variable names. There are two kinds of assignment operators: Left and Right

1. Left Assignment (<- or <<- or =)

Assigns a value to a vector.

vec1 = c("ab", TRUE) 
print (vec1)

Output:

[1] "ab" "TRUE"

2. Right Assignment (-> or ->>)

Assigns value to a vector.

c("ab", TRUE) ->> vec1
print (vec1)

Output:

[1] "ab" "TRUE"

Miscellaneous Operators

Miscellaneous Operator are the mixed operators in R that simulate the printing of sequences and assignment of vectors, either left or right-handed. 

1. %in% Operator 

Checks if an element belongs to a list and returns a boolean value TRUE if the value is present  else FALSE.

 val <- 0.1
 a <- c(TRUE, 0.1,"apple")
 print (val %in% a)

Output:

[1] TRUE

2. %*% Operator

This operator is used to multiply a matrix with its transpose. Transpose of the matrix is obtained by interchanging the rows to columns and columns to rows. The number of columns of the first matrix must be equal to the number of rows of the second matrix. Multiplication of the matrix A with its transpose, B, produces a square matrix. 
A_{r*c} x B_c*r -> P_{r*r}  

 mat = matrix(c(1,2,3,4,5,6),nrow=2,ncol=3)
         print (mat)
         print( t(mat))
         pro = mat %*% t(mat)
         print(pro)

Output: