Python OpenCV: Object Tracking using Homography

Last Updated : 03 Jan, 2023

In this article, we are trying to track an object in the video with the image already given in it. We can also track the object in the image. Before seeing object tracking using homography let us know some basics.

What is Homography?

Homography is a transformation that maps the points in one point to the corresponding point in another image. The homography is a 3×3 matrix :

If 2 points are not in the same plane then we have to use 2 homographs. Similarly, for n planes, we have to use n homographs. If we have more homographs then we need to handle all of them properly. So that is why we use feature matching.

Importing Image Data : We will be reading the following image :

Above image is the cover page of book and it is stored as ‘img.jpg’.

Python

# importing the required libraries 
import cv2 
import numpy as np 
  
# reading image in grayscale 
img = cv2.imread("img.jpg", cv2.IMREAD_GRAYSCALE)  
  
# initializing web cam  
cap = cv2.VideoCapture(0) 

Feature Matching : Feature matching means finding corresponding features from two similar datasets based on a search distance. Now will be using sift algorithm and flann type feature matching.

Python

# creating the SIFT algorithm 
sift = cv2.xfeatures2d.SIFT_create() 
  
# find the keypoints and descriptors with SIFT 
kp_image, desc_image =sift.detectAndCompute(img, None) 
  
# initializing the dictionary 
index_params = dict(algorithm = 0, trees = 5) 
search_params = dict() 
  
# by using Flann Matcher 
flann = cv2.FlannBasedMatcher(index_params, search_params) 

Now, we also have to convert the video capture into grayscale and by using appropriate matcher we have to match the points from image to the frame.

Here, we may face exceptions when we draw matches because infinitely there will we many points on both planes. To handle such conditions we should consider only some points, to get some accurate points we can vary the distance barrier.

Python

# reading the frame  
_, frame = cap.read() 
  
# converting the frame into grayscale 
grayframe = cv2.cvtColor(frame, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY) 
  
# find the keypoints and descriptors with SIFT 
kp_grayframe, desc_grayframe = sift.detectAndCompute(grayframe, None) 
  
# finding nearest match with KNN algorithm 
matches= flann.knnMatch(desc_image, desc_grayframe, k=2) 
  
# initialize list to keep track of only good points 
good_points=[] 
  
for m, n in matches: 
    #append the points according 
    #to distance of descriptors 
    if(m.distance < 0.6*n.distance): 
        good_points.append(m) 

Homography : To detect the homography of the object we have to obtain the matrix and use function findHomography() to obtain the homograph of the object.

Python

# maintaining list of index of descriptors 
# in query descriptors 
query_pts = np.float32([kp_image[m.queryIdx] 
                 .pt for m in good_points]).reshape(-1, 1, 2) 
  
# maintaining list of index of descriptors 
# in train descriptors 
train_pts = np.float32([kp_grayframe[m.trainIdx] 
                 .pt for m in good_points]).reshape(-1, 1, 2) 
  
# finding  perspective transformation 
# between two planes 
matrix, mask = cv2.findHomography(query_pts, train_pts, cv2.RANSAC, 5.0) 
  
# ravel function returns  
# contiguous flattened array 
matches_mask = mask.ravel().tolist() 

Everything is done till now, but when we try to change or move the object in another direction then the computer cannot able to find its homograph to deal with this we have to use perspective transform. For example, humans can see near objects larger than far objects, here perspective is changing. This is called Perspective transform.

Python

# initializing height and width of the image 
h, w = img.shape 
  
# saving all points in pts 
pts = np.float32([[0, 0], [0, h], [w, h], [w, 0]]) 
            .reshape(-1, 1, 2) 
  
# applying perspective algorithm 
dst = cv2.perspectiveTransform(pts, matrix) 

At the end, lets see the output

Python

# using drawing function for the frame 
homography = cv2.polylines(frame, [np.int32(dst)], True, (255, 0, 0), 3) 
  
# showing the final output  
# with homography 
cv2.imshow("Homography", homography) 