Minimum changes required to make two arrays identical

Last Updated : 02 Sep, 2022

Given two arrays, A and B with n elements each. The task is to make these two arrays identical i:e, for each 1\leq i \leq N , we want to make A_{i} = B_{i} . In a single operation, you can choose two integers x and y, and replace all the occurrences of x in both the arrays with y. Notice that regardless of the number of occurrences replaced, it will still be counted as a single operation. You have to output the minimum number of operations required.

Examples:

Input : 1 2 2
        1 2 5
Output: 1
Here, (x, y) = (5, 2) hence ans = 1.

Input : 2 1 1 3 5
        1 2 2 4 5
Output: 2
Here, (x, y) = (1, 2) and (3, 4) thus ans = 2.
Other pairs are also possible.

This problem can be solved with the help of Disjoint Set Union.
We will check all elements of both arrays i:e for each 1\leq i \leq N . If the elements belong to the same id then we skip it. Otherwise, we do a Union operation on both elements. Finally, the answer will be the sum of the sizes of all the different disjoint sets formed i:e ans = \sum_{i=1}^{N} (sz[i]-1) . We subtract 1 because, initially, we take the size of each set to be 1.

Implementation:

C++

// C++ program to find minimum changes 
// required to make two arrays identical
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;

#define N 100010

/*  'id': stores parent of a node.
    'sz': stores size of a DSU tree. */
int id[N], sz[N];

// Function to assign root
int Root(int idx)
{
    int i = idx;
    while (i != id[i])
        id[i] = id[id[i]], i = id[i];

    return i;
}

// Function to find Union
void Union(int a, int b)
{
    int i = Root(a), j = Root(b);

    if (i != j) {
        if (sz[i] >= sz[j]) {
            id[j] = i, sz[i] += sz[j];
            sz[j] = 0;
        }
        else {
            id[i] = j, sz[j] += sz[i];
            sz[i] = 0;
        }
    }
}

// function to find minimum changes required
// to make both array equal.
int minChange(int n, int a[], int b[])
{

    // Sets as single elements
    for (int i = 0; i < N; i++)
        id[i] = i, sz[i] = 1;

    // Combine items if they belong to different
    // sets.
    for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i)

        // true if both elements have different root
        if (Root(a[i]) != Root(b[i]))
            Union(a[i], b[i]); // make root equal

    // Find sum sizes of all sets formed.
    int ans = 0;
    for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i)
        if (id[i] == i)
            ans += (sz[i] - 1);

    return ans;
}

// Driver program
int main()
{

    int a[] = { 2, 1, 1, 3, 5 }, b[] = { 1, 2, 2, 4, 5 };
    int n = sizeof(a) / sizeof(a[0]);
    cout << minChange(n, a, b);
    return 0;
}

Java

// Java program to find minimum changes 
// required to make two arrays identical

class GFG{
static int N=100010;

/* 'id': stores parent of a node.
    'sz': stores size of a DSU tree. */
static int[] id=new int[100010];
static int[] sz=new int[100010];

// Function to assign root
static int Root(int idx)
{
    int i = idx;
    while (i != id[i])
        {
            id[i] = id[id[i]];
            i = id[i];
        }

    return i;
}

// Function to find Union
static void Union(int a, int b)
{
    int i = Root(a);
    int j = Root(b);

    if (i != j) {
        if (sz[i] >= sz[j]) {
            id[j] = i;
            sz[i] += sz[j];
            sz[j] = 0;
        }
        else {
            id[i] = j;
            sz[j] += sz[i];
            sz[i] = 0;
        }
    }
}

// function to find minimum changes required
// to make both array equal.
static int minChange(int n, int a[], int b[])
{

    // Sets as single elements
    for (int i = 0; i < N; i++)
        {
            id[i] = i;
            sz[i] = 1;
        }

    // Combine items if they belong to different
    // sets.
    for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i)

        // true if both elements have different root
        if (Root(a[i]) != Root(b[i]))
            Union(a[i], b[i]); // make root equal

    // Find sum sizes of all sets formed.
    int ans = 0;
    for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i)
        if (id[i] == i)
            ans += (sz[i] - 1);

    return ans;
}

// Driver program
public static void main(String[] args)
{

    int a[] = { 2, 1, 1, 3, 5 }, b[] = { 1, 2, 2, 4, 5 };
    int n = a.length;
    System.out.println(minChange(n, a, b));
}
}
// This code is contributed by mits

Python3

# Python 3 program to find minimum changes
# required to make two arrays identical

N = 100010

# 'id':stores parent of a node
# 'sz':stores size of a DSU tree
ID = [0 for i in range(N)]
sz = [0 for i in range(N)]

# function to assign root
def Root(idx):
    i = idx
    while i != ID[i]:
        ID[i], i = ID[ID[i]], ID[i]
    return i

# Function to find Union
def Union(a, b):
    i, j = Root(a), Root(b)
    
    if i != j:
        if sz[i] >= sz[j]:
            ID[j] = i
            sz[i] += sz[j]
            sz[j] = 0
        else:
            ID[i] = j
            sz[j] += sz[i]
            sz[i] = 0

# function to find minimum changes
# required to make both array equal
def minChange(n, a, b):
    
    # sets as single elements
    for i in range(N):
        ID[i] = i
        sz[i] = 1
        
    # Combine items if they belong 
    # to different sets
    for i in range(n):
        
        # true if both elements have
        # different root
        if Root(a[i]) != Root(b[i]):
            Union(a[i], b[i])
    
    # find sum sizes of all sets formed
    ans = 0
    for i in range(n):
        if ID[i] == i:
            ans += (sz[i] - 1)
    
    return ans
    
# Driver Code
a = [2, 1, 1, 3, 5]
b = [1, 2, 2, 4, 5]
n = len(a)

print(minChange(n, a, b))

# This code is contributed 
# by Mohit kumar 29 (IIIT gwalior)

// C# program to find minimum changes 
// required to make two arrays identical
using System;

class GFG{
static int N=100010;

/* 'id': stores parent of a node.
    'sz': stores size of a DSU tree. */
static int []id=new int[100010];
static int []sz=new int[100010];

// Function to assign root
static int Root(int idx)
{
    int i = idx;
    while (i != id[i])
        {
            id[i] = id[id[i]];
            i = id[i];
        }

    return i;
}

// Function to find Union
static void Union(int a, int b)
{
    int i = Root(a);
    int j = Root(b);

    if (i != j) {
        if (sz[i] >= sz[j]) {
            id[j] = i;
            sz[i] += sz[j];
            sz[j] = 0;
        }
        else {
            id[i] = j;
            sz[j] += sz[i];
            sz[i] = 0;
        }
    }
}

// function to find minimum changes required
// to make both array equal.
static int minChange(int n, int []a, int []b)
{

    // Sets as single elements
    for (int i = 0; i < N; i++)
        {
            id[i] = i;
            sz[i] = 1;
        }

    // Combine items if they belong to different
    // sets.
    for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i)

        // true if both elements have different root
        if (Root(a[i]) != Root(b[i]))
            Union(a[i], b[i]); // make root equal

    // Find sum sizes of all sets formed.
    int ans = 0;
    for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i)
        if (id[i] == i)
            ans += (sz[i] - 1);

    return ans;
}

// Driver program
public static void Main()
{

    int []a = { 2, 1, 1, 3, 5 };
    int []b = { 1, 2, 2, 4, 5 };
    int n = a.Length;
    Console.WriteLine(minChange(n, a, b));
}
}
// This code is contributed by anuj_67..

PHP

<?php 
// PHP program to find minimum changes 
// required to make two arrays identical
$N = 100010;

/* 'id': stores parent of a node.
    'sz': stores size of a DSU tree. */
$id = array_fill(0, $N, NULL);
$sz = array_fill(0, $N, NULL);

// Function to assign root
function Root($idx)
{
    global $id;
    $i = $idx;
    while ($i != $id[$i])
    {
        $id[$i] = $id[$id[$i]];
        $i = $id[$i];
    }

    return $i;
}

// Function to find Union
function Union($a, $b)
{
    global $sz, $id;
    $i = Root($a);
    $j = Root($b);

    if ($i != $j) 
    {
        if ($sz[$i] >= $sz[$j]) 
        {
            $id[$j] = $i;
            $sz[$i] += $sz[$j];
            $sz[$j] = 0;
        }
        else 
        {
            $id[$i] = $j;
            $sz[$j] += $sz[$i];
            $sz[$i] = 0;
        }
    }
}

// function to find minimum changes 
// required to make both array equal.
function minChange($n, &$a, &$b)
{
    global $id, $sz, $N;

    // Sets as single elements
    for ($i = 0; $i < $N; $i++)
    {
        $id[$i] = $i;
        $sz[$i] = 1;
    }

    // Combine items if they belong to 
    // different sets.
    for ($i = 0; $i < $n; ++$i)

        // true if both elements have 
        // different roots
        if (Root($a[$i]) != Root($b[$i]))
            Union($a[$i], $b[$i]); // make root equal

    // Find sum sizes of all sets formed.
    $ans = 0;
    for ($i = 0; $i < $n; ++$i)
        if ($id[$i] == $i)
            $ans += ($sz[$i] - 1);

    return $ans;
}

// Driver Code
$a = array(2, 1, 1, 3, 5);
$b = array(1, 2, 2, 4, 5);
$n = sizeof($a);
echo minChange($n, $a, $b);

// This code is contributed by ita_c
?>

JavaScript

<script>
// Javascript program to find minimum changes 
// required to make two arrays identical
    
    let  N=100010;
    /* 'id': stores parent of a node.
    'sz': stores size of a DSU tree. */
    let id=new Array(100010);
    let sz=new Array(100010);
    
    // Function to assign root
    function Root(idx)
    {
        let i = idx;
        while (i != id[i])
        {
            id[i] = id[id[i]];
            i = id[i];
        }
  
        return i;
    }
    
    // Function to find Union
    function Union(a,b)
    {
        let i = Root(a);
        let j = Root(b);
  
        if (i != j) {
            if (sz[i] >= sz[j]) {
                id[j] = i;
                sz[i] += sz[j];
                sz[j] = 0;
            }
            else {
                id[i] = j;
                sz[j] += sz[i];
                sz[i] = 0;
            }
        }
    }
    
    // function to find minimum changes required
    // to make both array equal.
    function minChange(n,a,b)
    {
        // Sets as single elements
        for (let i = 0; i < N; i++)
        {
            id[i] = i;
            sz[i] = 1;
        }
  
    // Combine items if they belong to different
    // sets.
        for (let i = 0; i < n; ++i)
  
        // true if both elements have different root
        if (Root(a[i]) != Root(b[i]))
            Union(a[i], b[i]); // make root equal
  
    // Find sum sizes of all sets formed.
        let ans = 0;
        for (let i = 0; i < n; ++i)
            if (id[i] == i)
                ans += (sz[i] - 1);
  
        return ans;
    }
    
    // Driver program
    let a=[2, 1, 1, 3, 5 ];
    let b=[ 1, 2, 2, 4, 5 ];
    let n = a.length;
    document.write(minChange(n, a, b));


// This code is contributed by rag2127
</script>

Output

Time Complexity: O(N + n) where N is the maximum possible value of an array item and n is the number of elements in the array.

Minimum changes required to make all element in an array equal

Sanjit_Prasad

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Minimum changes required to make two arrays identical

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