Haversine formula to find distance between two points on a sphere

The Haversine formula calculates the shortest distance between two points on a sphere using their latitudes and longitudes measured along the surface. It is important for use in navigation. The haversine can be expressed in trigonometric function as: 
haversine(\theta)=sin^2\Big(\frac{\theta}{2}\Big)     
The haversine of the central angle (which is d/r) is calculated by the following formula:
\largehaversine\Big(\frac{d}{r}\Big)=haversine(\Phi_2-\Phi_1)+ cos(\Phi_1)cos(\Phi_2)haversine(\lambda_2-\lambda_1)     
where r is the radius of the earth(6371 km), d is the distance between two points, \phi_1, \phi_2     is the latitude of the two points, and \lambda_1, \lambda_2     is the longitude of the two points respectively.
Solving d by applying the inverse haversine or by using the inverse sine function, we get: 
 d = r hav^{-1}(h) = 2r sin^{-1}(\sqrt{h})

or

d = 2r sin^{-1}\bigg(\sqrt{sin^2\Big(\frac{\Phi_2-\Phi_1}{2}\Big)+cos(\Phi_1)cos(\Phi_2)sin^2\Big(\frac{\lambda_2-\lambda_1}{2}\Big)}\ \bigg)     
The distance between Big Ben in London (51.5007° N, 0.1246° W) and The Statue of Liberty in 
New York (40.6892° N, 74.0445° W) is 5574.8 km. This is not the exact measurement because the 
formula assumes that the Earth is a perfect sphere when in fact it is an oblate spheroid.
Below is the implementation of the above formulae:  

// C++ program for the haversine formula
// C++ program for the
// haversine formula
#include <iostream>
#include <cmath>
using namespace std;

static double haversine(double lat1, double lon1,
                        double lat2, double lon2)
    {
        // distance between latitudes
        // and longitudes
        double dLat = (lat2 - lat1) *
                      M_PI / 180.0;
        double dLon = (lon2 - lon1) * 
                      M_PI / 180.0;

        // convert to radians
        lat1 = (lat1) * M_PI / 180.0;
        lat2 = (lat2) * M_PI / 180.0;

        // apply formulae
        double a = pow(sin(dLat / 2), 2) + 
                   pow(sin(dLon / 2), 2) * 
                   cos(lat1) * cos(lat2);
        double rad = 6371;
        double c = 2 * asin(sqrt(a));
        return rad * c;
    }

// Driver code
int main()
{
    double lat1 = 51.5007;
    double lon1 = 0.1246;
    double lat2 = 40.6892;
    double lon2 = 74.0445;
    
    cout << haversine(lat1, lon1,
                      lat2, lon2) << " K.M.";
    return 0;
}

// This code is contributed
// by Mahadev.

// Java program for the haversine formula
public class Haversine {

    static double haversine(double lat1, double lon1,
                            double lat2, double lon2)
    {
        // distance between latitudes and longitudes
        double dLat = Math.toRadians(lat2 - lat1);
        double dLon = Math.toRadians(lon2 - lon1);

        // convert to radians
        lat1 = Math.toRadians(lat1);
        lat2 = Math.toRadians(lat2);

        // apply formulae
        double a = Math.pow(Math.sin(dLat / 2), 2) + 
                   Math.pow(Math.sin(dLon / 2), 2) * 
                   Math.cos(lat1) * 
                   Math.cos(lat2);
        double rad = 6371;
        double c = 2 * Math.asin(Math.sqrt(a));
        return rad * c;
    }

    // Driver Code
    public static void main(String[] args)
    {
        double lat1 = 51.5007;
        double lon1 = 0.1246;
        double lat2 = 40.6892;
        double lon2 = 74.0445;
        System.out.println(haversine(lat1, lon1, lat2, lon2) + " K.M.");
    }
}

# Python 3 program for the 
# haversine formula
import math

# Python 3 program for the
# haversine formula
def haversine(lat1, lon1, lat2, lon2):
    
    # distance between latitudes
    # and longitudes
    dLat = (lat2 - lat1) * math.pi / 180.0
    dLon = (lon2 - lon1) * math.pi / 180.0

    # convert to radians
    lat1 = (lat1) * math.pi / 180.0
    lat2 = (lat2) * math.pi / 180.0

    # apply formulae
    a = (pow(math.sin(dLat / 2), 2) + 
         pow(math.sin(dLon / 2), 2) * 
             math.cos(lat1) * math.cos(lat2));
    rad = 6371
    c = 2 * math.asin(math.sqrt(a))
    return rad * c

# Driver code
if __name__ == "__main__":
    lat1 = 51.5007
    lon1 = 0.1246
    lat2 = 40.6892
    lon2 = 74.0445
    
    print(haversine(lat1, lon1,lat2, lon2), "K.M.")

# This code is contributed 
# by ChitraNayal

// C# program for the haversine formula
using System;
class GFG
{

static double haversine(double lat1, double lon1,
                        double lat2, double lon2)
{
    // distance between latitudes and longitudes
    double dLat = (Math.PI / 180) * (lat2 - lat1);
    double dLon = (Math.PI / 180) * (lon2 - lon1);

    // convert to radians
    lat1 = (Math.PI / 180) * (lat1);
    lat2 = (Math.PI / 180) * (lat2);

    // apply formulae
    double a = Math.Pow(Math.Sin(dLat / 2), 2) + 
               Math.Pow(Math.Sin(dLon / 2), 2) * 
               Math.Cos(lat1) * Math.Cos(lat2);
    double rad = 6371;
    double c = 2 * Math.Asin(Math.Sqrt(a));
    return rad * c;
}

// Driver Code
public static void Main()
{
    double lat1 = 51.5007;
    double lon1 = 0.1246;
    double lat2 = 40.6892;
    double lon2 = 74.0445;
    Console.WriteLine(haversine(lat1, lon1, 
                                lat2, lon2) + " K.M.");
}
}

// This code is contributed 
// by Akanksha Rai(Abby_akku)

<?php
// PHP program for the
// haversine formula

function haversine($lat1, $lon1,
                   $lat2, $lon2)
{
    // distance between latitudes
    // and longitudes
    $dLat = ($lat2 - $lat1) *
                M_PI / 180.0;
    $dLon = ($lon2 - $lon1) * 
                M_PI / 180.0;

    // convert to radians
    $lat1 = ($lat1) * M_PI / 180.0;
    $lat2 = ($lat2) * M_PI / 180.0;

    // apply formulae
    $a = pow(sin($dLat / 2), 2) + 
         pow(sin($dLon / 2), 2) * 
             cos($lat1) * cos($lat2);
    $rad = 6371;
    $c = 2 * asin(sqrt($a));
    return $rad * $c;
}

// Driver code
$lat1 = 51.5007;
$lon1 = 0.1246;
$lat2 = 40.6892;
$lon2 = 74.0445;

echo haversine($lat1, $lon1,
               $lat2, $lon2) . 
                      " K.M.";
                
// This code is contributed
// by Akanksha Rai(Abby_akku)
?>

<script>

// Javascript program for the haversine formula
    
    function haversine(lat1, lon1, lat2, lon2)
    {
        // distance between latitudes
        // and longitudes
        let dLat = (lat2 - lat1) * Math.PI / 180.0;
        let dLon = (lon2 - lon1) * Math.PI / 180.0;
          
        // convert to radiansa
        lat1 = (lat1) * Math.PI / 180.0;
        lat2 = (lat2) * Math.PI / 180.0;
        
        // apply formulae
        let a = Math.pow(Math.sin(dLat / 2), 2) + 
                   Math.pow(Math.sin(dLon / 2), 2) * 
                   Math.cos(lat1) * 
                   Math.cos(lat2);
        let rad = 6371;
        let c = 2 * Math.asin(Math.sqrt(a));
        return rad * c;
        
    }
     // Driver Code
     let lat1 = 51.5007;
     let lon1 = 0.1246;
     let lat2 = 40.6892;
     let lon2 = 74.0445;
     document.write(haversine(lat1, lon1, lat2, lon2) + " K.M.");


// This code is contributed by avanitrachhadiya2155
</script>

5574.840456848555 K.M.

Time Complexity: O(logn) as inbuilt sqrt function is used
Auxiliary Space: O(1)