Generate Hadamard matrix of given order

Hadamard matrix is a square matrix with the unique property that any two of its rows are orthogonal. In geometric terms that means that the two rows denote two perpendicular vectors and in combinatorial terms, it means that the two rows have matching elements in exactly half places and the other half elements are mismatching.

Some important properties of a Hadamard matrix are:

• The first order Hadamard matrix is {{1}}. 
• A Hadamard matrix contains only +1 and -1 as its elements.
• Any 2^m order Hadamard matrix can be constructed using 2^m-1 order Hadamard matrices in the following way. This facilitates the easy generation of the matrix if we know the lower-order matrices.

H_2m
{ {H_2m-1 ,  H_2m-1}
  {H_2m-1, -H_2m-1}}

Given a non-negative integer M, the task is to generate a Hadamard matrix of order 2^M.

Examples: 

Input: M = 2
Output:
1 1 1 1
1 -1 1 -1
1 1 -1 -1
1 -1 -1 1

Input: M = 3
Output:

Approach: This is a simple implementation based problem. The idea is to use the above relation and iterate from order 1 to 2^M to generate a Hadamard matrix of order  2^M.

Follow the steps mentioned below to implement the idea.

• Calculate 2^M (say N)and store it. 
• Declare a matrix of order N. 
• Now initializing the 0^th column 0^th row element of the matrix as 1.
• Subsequently, run a loop that copies the top left quarter in the other quarters with a correct sign following the property of the Hadamard matrix as shown earlier in this article. The size of the matrix grows in each iteration and eventually reaches the order N. 
• Finally, display the matrix on the console.

Below is the implementation of the above approach.

// C++ code to implement the approach

#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;

void generate(int M)
{
    // Computing n = 2^M
    // using pow() method of Math class
    int n = pow(2, M);

    // Initializing a matrix of order n
    vector<vector<int> > hadamard(n, vector<int>(n));
  
    // Initializing the 0th column and
    // 0th row element as 1
    hadamard[0][0] = 1;
    for (int k = 1; k < n; k += k) {

        // Loop to copy elements to
        // other quarters of the matrix
        for (int i = 0; i < k; i++) {
            for (int j = 0; j < k; j++) {
                hadamard[i + k][j] = hadamard[i][j];
                hadamard[i][j + k] = hadamard[i][j];
                hadamard[i + k][j + k] = -hadamard[i][j];
            }
        }
    }
    // Displaying the final hadamard matrix
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
            cout << hadamard[i][j] << " ";
        }
        cout << endl;
    }
}

// Driver code
int main()
{
    int M = 2;

    // Function call
    generate(M);
    return 0;
}

// This code is contributed by Ishan Khandelwal

// Java code to implement the approach

import java.util.*;

class GFG {

    public static void generate(int M)
    {
        // Computing n = 2^M
        // using pow() method of Math class
        int n = (int)Math.pow(2, M);

        // Initializing a matrix of order n
        int[][] hadamard = new int[n][n];

        // Initializing the 0th column and
        // 0th row element as 1
        hadamard[0][0] = 1;
        for (int k = 1; k < n; k += k) {

            // Loop to copy elements to
            // other quarters of the matrix
            for (int i = 0; i < k; i++) {
                for (int j = 0; j < k; j++) {
                    hadamard[i + k][j]
                        = hadamard[i][j];
                    hadamard[i][j + k]
                        = hadamard[i][j];
                    hadamard[i + k][j + k]
                        = -hadamard[i][j];
                }
            }
        }

        // Displaying the final hadamard matrix
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
                System.out.print(hadamard[i][j] + " ");
            }
            System.out.println();
        }
    }

    // Driver code
    public static void main(String[] args)
    {
        int M = 2;

        // Function call
        generate(M);
    }
}

# Python3 code to implement the approach
def generate(M):

    # Computing n = 2^M
    n = 2 ** M 

    # Initializing a matrix of order n
    hadamard = [ [0] * n for _ in range(n)]
    
    # Initializing the 0th column and
    # 0th row element as 1
    hadamard[0][0] = 1
    
    k = 1
    while (k  < n):

        # Loop to copy elements to
        # other quarters of the matrix
        for i in range(k): 
            for j in range(k):
                hadamard[i + k][j] = hadamard[i][j];
                hadamard[i][j + k] = hadamard[i][j];
                hadamard[i + k][j + k] = -hadamard[i][j];
        k *= 2

    # Displaying the final hadamard matrix
    for i in range(n):
        for j in range(n):
            print(hadamard[i][j], end = " ")
        print()

# Driver code
M = 2;

# Function call
generate(M);

# This code is contributed by phasing17

// C# code to implement the approach
using System;

public class GFG{

    public static void generate(int M)
    {
        // Computing n = 2^M
        // using pow() method of Math class
        int n = (int)Math.Pow(2, M);

        // Initializing a matrix of order n
          int[,] hadamard = new int[n, n];

        // Initializing the 0th column and
        // 0th row element as 1
        hadamard[0,0] = 1;
        for (int k = 1; k < n; k += k) {

            // Loop to copy elements to
            // other quarters of the matrix
            for (int i = 0; i < k; i++) {
                for (int j = 0; j < k; j++) {
                    hadamard[i + k,j]
                        = hadamard[i,j];
                    hadamard[i,j + k]
                        = hadamard[i,j];
                    hadamard[i + k,j + k]
                        = -hadamard[i,j];
                }
            }
        }

        // Displaying the final hadamard matrix
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
                Console.Write(hadamard[i,j] + " ");
            }
            Console.WriteLine();
        }
    }

    // Driver code
    static public void Main (){

        int M = 2;

        // Function call
        generate(M);
    }
}

// This code is contributed by hrithikgarg03188.

<script>
// Javascript code to implement the approach
function generate(M) 
{

    // Computing n = 2^M
    // using pow() method of Math class
    let n = Math.pow(2, M);

    // Initializing a matrix of order n
    let hadamard = new Array(n).fill(0).map(() => new Array(n));

    // Initializing the 0th column and
    // 0th row element as 1
    hadamard[0][0] = 1;
    for (let k = 1; k < n; k += k) {

        // Loop to copy elements to
        // other quarters of the matrix
        for (let i = 0; i < k; i++) {
            for (let j = 0; j < k; j++) {
                hadamard[i + k][j]
                    = hadamard[i][j];
                hadamard[i][j + k]
                    = hadamard[i][j];
                hadamard[i + k][j + k]
                    = -hadamard[i][j];
            }
        }
    }

    // Displaying the final hadamard matrix
    for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        for (let j = 0; j < n; j++) {
            document.write(hadamard[i][j] + " ");
        }
        document.write("<br>");
    }
}

// Driver code

let M = 2;

// Function call
generate(M);

// This code is contributed by gfgking.
</script>

1 1 1 1 
1 -1 1 -1 
1 1 -1 -1 
1 -1 -1 1 

Time Complexity: O(2^M)
Auxiliary Space: O(2^M)

srimandutta

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Article Tags :

• Mathematical
• Matrix
• DSA

Practice Tags :

• Mathematical
• Matrix