Domain and Range of Trigonometric Functions
Last Updated :
27 Feb, 2025
Trigonometric Functions relate the angles and sides of a right triangle. Trigonometric functions, such as sine (sin), cosine (cos), tangent (tan), cotangent (cot), secant (sec), and cosecant (cosec), are mathematical functions that relate angles to the ratios of the sides of a right triangle. These functions are defined for all real numbers and have specific domains and ranges.
What is Domain and Range?
Domain of a function is the set of input values (angles, in this case) for which the function is defined and produces a valid output. Trigonometric functions, such as sine, cosine, and tangent, have a domain that includes all real numbers. However, their range varies.
Range of a function is the set of all possible output values. To calculate trigonometric values, you use the ratios.
Read More: Domain and Range
Domain and Range of Trigonometric Functions
As we know domain and range of a function tell us, what values we can take and what is the range of the functions. The domain and range of the trigonometric functions are discussed below:
Domain and Range of Sine Function {Sin(θ)}
The sine function sin(θ) has a domain of all real numbers (−∞, ∞) and a range between -1 and 1 inclusive: -1 ≤ sin(θ) ≤ 1.
Domain and Range of Cosine Function {Cos (θ)}
The cosine function cos(θ) also has a domain of all real numbers and a range between -1 and 1: -1 ≤ cos(θ) ≤ 1.
Domain and Range of Tangent Function {Tan (θ)}
The tangent function, tan(θ) has a domain of all real numbers except the values where the cosine is 0. So, its domain is (-∞, ∞) excluding the values where cos(θ) = 0 which are odd multiples of π/2. Its range is all real numbers covering the entire real number line.
Domain and Range of Cotangent Function {Cot (θ)}
The cotangent function cot(θ) shares its domain with the tangent function excluding the points where tan(θ) = 0 (i.e., multiples of π). Its range like tan(θ) covers the entire real number line.
Domain and Range of Secant Function {Sec (θ)}
The secant function, sec(θ) has a domain of all real numbers except the values where cos(θ) = 0. Its range is also (-∞, ∞) excluding values where cos(θ) = 0.
Domain and Range of Cosecant Function {Cosec (θ)}
The cosecant function, cosec(θ) shares its domain with the sine function, excluding the values where sin(θ) = 0 (i.e., multiples of π). Its range is (-∞, ∞) excluding values where sin(θ) = 0.
Here's a summary table for the domain and range of trig functions:
Trigonometric Function | Domain | Range |
|---|
sin(θ) | All real numbers, (-∞, ∞) | [-1, 1] |
|---|
cos(θ) | All real numbers, (-∞, ∞) | [-1, 1] |
|---|
tan(θ) | x ≠ π/2 + nπ (where n is any integer) | R |
|---|
cot(θ) | x ≠ nπ (where n is any integer) | R |
|---|
sec(θ) | R excluding values where cos(x) = 0 | R - [-1, 1] |
|---|
cosec(θ) | x ≠ nπ (where n is any integer) | R - [-1, 1] |
|---|
Domain and Range of Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Inverse trigonometric functions are fundamental tools in calculus in the integration of trigonometric expressions. The behavior of inverse trigonometric functions helps in understanding the periodicity and symmetry inherent in trigonometric relationships.
The domain and range of the inverse of the trig functions added in the table are,
Inverse Trigonometric Function | Domain | Range |
|---|
sin-1x | [-1, 1] | [-π/2, π/2] |
cos-1x | [-1, 1] | [0, π ] |
tan-1x | R | (-π/2, π/2) |
cot-1x | R | (0, π) |
sec-1x | R - (-1, 1) | [0, π] - {π/2} |
cosec-1x | R - (-1, 1) | [-π/2, π/2] - {0} |
Next Article: Graph of Trigonometric Functions
Solved Examples on Domain and Range of Trigonometric Functions
Example 1: Find the domain and range of y = sin(x) for all real numbers.
Solution:
The domain and range of y will be as follows:
Example 2: Determine the domain and range of y = 2cos(3x) for all real values of x.
Solution:
The domain and range of y will be as follows:
Example 3: Determine the value of y = cot(2x) for x = 8π
Solution:
The value of y at x= 8π
y(8π) = cot(2× 8π) = 1
Example 4: Find the domain and range of y = −2tan(x) + 1 for all real values of x.
Solution:
The domain and range of y will be as follows:
Example 5: Determine the value of y = cos( 2x) for x= 2π
Solution:
The value of y at x= 2π
y(2π) = cos(4π) = 2
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