Difference between SQL and NoSQL
Last Updated :
24 Jan, 2025
Choosing between SQL (Structured Query Language) and NoSQL (Not Only SQL) databases is a critical decision for developers, data engineers, and organizations looking to handle large datasets effectively. Both database types have their strengths and weaknesses, and understanding the key differences can help us make an informed decision based on our project's needs.
In this article, we will explain the key differences between SQL and NoSQL databases, including their structure, scalability, and use cases. We will also explore which database is more suitable for various types of applications and provide insights into when to choose SQL over NoSQL and vice versa.
Differences Between SQL and NoSQL
| Aspect | SQL (Relational) | NoSQL (Non-relational) |
|---|
| Data Structure | Tables with rows and columns | Document-based, key-value, column-family, or graph-based |
| Schema | Fixed schema (predefined structure) | Flexible schema (dynamic and adaptable) |
| Scalability | Vertically scalable (upgrading hardware) | Horizontally scalable (adding more servers) |
| Data Integrity | ACID-compliant (strong consistency) | BASE-compliant (more available, less consistent) |
| Query Language | SQL (Structured Query Language) | Varies (e.g., MongoDB uses its own query language) |
| Performance | Efficient for complex queries and transactions | Better for large-scale data and fast read/write operations |
| Use Case | Best for transactional systems (banking, ERP, etc.) | Ideal for big data, real-time web apps, and data lakes |
| Examples | MySQL, PostgreSQL, Oracle, MS SQL Server | MongoDB, Cassandra, CouchDB, Neo4j |
1. Type
SQL databases are primarily called Relational Databases (RDBMS); whereas NoSQL databases are primarily called non-relational or distributed databases.
2. Language
SQL databases define and manipulate data-based structured query language (SQL). Seeing from a side this language is extremely powerful. SQL is one of the most versatile and widely-used options available which makes it a safe choice, especially for great complex queries. But from another side, it can be restrictive.
SQL requires you to use predefined schemas to determine the structure of your data before you work with it. Also, all of our data must follow the same structure. This can require significant up-front preparation which means that a change in the structure would be both difficult and disruptive to your whole system.
3. Scalability
In almost all situations SQL databases are vertically scalable. This means that you can increase the load on a single server by increasing things like RAM, CPU, or SSD. But on the other hand, NoSQL databases are horizontally scalable. This means that you handle more traffic by sharing, or adding more servers in your NoSQL database.
It is similar to adding more floors to the same building versus adding more buildings to the neighborhood. Thus NoSQL can ultimately become larger and more powerful, making these databases the preferred choice for large or ever-changing data sets.
4. Structure
SQL databases are table-based on the other hand NoSQL databases are either key-value pairs, document-based, graph databases, or wide-column stores. This makes relational SQL databases a better option for applications that require multi-row transactions such as an accounting system or for legacy systems that were built for a relational structure.
Here is a simple example of how a structured data with rows and columns vs a non-structured data without definition might look like. A product table in SQL db might accept data looking like this:
SQL
{
"id": "101",
"category":"food"
"name":"Apples",
"qty":"150"
}
Whereas a unstructured NOSQL DB might save the products in many variations without constraints to change the underlying table structure
NoSQL
Products=[
{
"id":"101:
"category":"food",,
"name":"California Apples",
"qty":"150"
},
{
"id":"102,
"category":"electronics"
"name":"Apple MacBook Air",
"qty":"10",
"specifications":{
"storage":"256GB SSD",
"cpu":"8 Core",
"camera": "1080p FaceTime HD camera"
}
}
]
5. Property followed
SQL databases follow ACID properties (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and Durability) whereas the NoSQL database follows the Brewers CAP theorem (Consistency, Availability, and Partition tolerance).
6. Support
Great support is available for all SQL databases from their vendors. Also, a lot of independent consultants are there who can help you with SQL databases for very large-scale deployments but for some NoSQL databases you still have to rely on community support and only limited outside experts are available for setting up and deploying your large-scale NoSQL deploy.
What is SQL?
SQL databases, also known as Relational Database Management Systems (RDBMS), use structured tables to store data. They rely on a predefined schema that determines the organization of data within tables, making them suitable for applications that require a fixed, consistent structure.
- Structured Data: Data is organized in tables with rows and columns, making it easy to relate different types of information.
- ACID Compliance: SQL databases follow the ACID properties (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability) to ensure reliable transactions and data integrity.
- Examples: Popular SQL databases include MySQL, PostgreSQL, Oracle, and MS SQL Server.
What is NoSQL?
NoSQL databases, on the other hand, are designed to handle unstructured or semi-structured data. Unlike SQL databases, NoSQL offers dynamic schemas that allow for more flexible data storage, making them ideal for handling massive volumes of data from various sources.
- Flexible Schema: NoSQL databases allow the storage of data without a predefined structure, making them more adaptable to changing data requirements.
- CAP Theorem: NoSQL databases are designed based on the CAP theorem (Consistency, Availability, Partition Tolerance), which prioritizes availability and partition tolerance over strict consistency.
- Examples: Well-known NoSQL databases include MongoDB, Cassandra, CouchDB, and HBase.
SQL vs NoSQL: Which is Faster?
- SQL Databases: Generally, SQL databases perform well for complex queries, structured data, and systems requiring data consistency and integrity. However, as the volume of data grows, they may struggle with scalability and may require significant infrastructure upgrades.
- NoSQL Databases: NoSQL databases excel in scenarios that demand high performance and scalability. Because of their horizontal scalability (accommodating more servers), they handle large amounts of data and high-velocity workloads better. For instance, MongoDB or Cassandra is a common choice when dealing with big data or applications with high traffic.
When to Choose SQL?
SQL databases are well-suited for use cases where:
- Data consistency and transactional integrity are critical (e.g., banking systems, customer relationship management).
- The application needs a well-defined schema and structured data.
- Complex queries and relational data are involved.
- Applications requiring multi-row transactions (such as inventory management) benefit from SQL’s robust features.
When to Choose NoSQL?
NoSQL databases are a better choice when:
- You need to handle large, unstructured data sets, like social media data or logs.
- The application requires horizontal scalability to accommodate high traffic and big data.
- There is a need for real-time data processing and flexible data models (e.g., a content management system).
- You are dealing with applications requiring frequent changes in data structures.
Conclusion
Both SQL and NoSQL databases offer unique advantages, depending on the application’s requirements. SQL databases are great for structured, relational data where consistency and complex queries are a priority. On the other hand, NoSQL databases are better suited for flexible, large-scale, unstructured data handling and fast, scalable performance. SQL is ideal for data with well-defined relationships and consistency requirements.
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