Distributed Systems Tutorial Last Updated : 21 Apr, 2025 Comments Improve Suggest changes Like Article Like Report A distributed system is a system of multiple nodes that are physically separated but linked together using the network. Each of these nodes includes a small amount of the distributed operating system software. Every node in this system communicates and shares resources with each other and handles processes in a team. Distributed systems are a growing trend as more and more applications migrate to the cloud. They allow improved performance, scalability, and fault tolerance compared to a traditional centralized system. This Distributed System tutorial will cover all the basic to advanced topics of distributed systems like communication, remote procedure calls, Distributed File Systems, Distributed shared memory, etc. to provide you with a thorough overview of distributed systems. In this Distributed System tutorial, we will go through the fundamentals, the difficulties in developing and putting distributed systems into practice, as well as the methods and tools employed to overcome these difficulties. You will discover more about distributed systems and their functioning at the tutorial's conclusion. Distributed System TutorialWhat are Distributed Systems?A distributed system includes multiple physically different nodes linked together using the network. All the nodes in this system communicate with each other and control processes in a team. Nodes include a small portion of the distributed operating system software. It connects multiple computers through a single channel. It uses many central processors to serve multiple real-time applications and users. Types of Distributed SystemsThere are two types of arrangement of distributed systems: Client/server systems: In client-server systems, the client requests a resource or file and the server fetches that resource. Users and servers usually communicate through a computer network, so they are a part of distributed systems. A client is in contact with just one server.Peer-to-peer systems: The peer-to-peer techniques contain nodes that are equal participants in data sharing. The nodes communicate with each other as needed to share resources. This is done with the help of a network. All the tasks are equally separated between all the nodes.Middleware: Middleware can be thought of as an application that sits between two separate applications and provides service to both. It works as a base for different interoperability applications running on different operating systems. Data can be transferred to other between others by using this service.Three-tier: Three-tier system uses a separate layer and server for each function of a program. In this data of the client is stored in the middle tier rather than sorted into the client system or on their server through which development can be done easily. It includes an Application Layer, Data Layer, and Presentation Layer. This is mostly used in web or online applications.N-tier: N-tier is also called a multitier distributed system. The N-tier system can contain any number of functions in the network. N-tier systems contain similar structures to three-tier architecture. When interoperability sends the request to another application to perform a task or to provide a service. N-tier is commonly used in web applications and data systems.Distributed System - Table of Content Introduction to Distributed System Communication in Distributed Systems Remote Procedure Calls in Distributed System Synchronization in Distributed System Source Management and Process Management Distributed File System and Distributed shared memory Distributed Scheduling and Deadlock Security in Distributed System Distributed Multimedia and Database System Distributed Algorithm Distributed Transactions Introduction to Distributed SystemWhat Is a Distributed SystemFeatures of distributed systemGoals of Distributed systemEvolution of Distributed Computing Systems Types of Transparency in a Distributed SystemWhat is Scalable System in Distributed System?Distributed Computing System Models Role of Middleware in a distributed systemDifference between Hardware and MiddlewareWhat is Groupware in Distributed System?What is a Distributed Operating System? Parallel computing vs Distributed computingLoosely coupled and tightly coupled systemDesign Issues of Distributed SystemIntroduction to Distributed Computing Environment (DCE)Limitations of Distributed systemVarious Failures in a distributed systemTypes of Operating SystemsTypes of Distributed SystemsComparison – Centralized, Decentralized, and Distributed SystemsThree-tier client-server architecture in a distributed systemCommunication in Distributed SystemsIntroduction of Message PassingFeatures of a Good Message-Passing System Issues in IPC by Message Passing Synchronization in Distributed SystemMessage Buffering Multidatagram messages in a distributed systemGroup CommunicationRemote Procedure Calls in Distributed SystemWhat is RPC Mechanism in Distributed Systems?Transparency of RPCRPC Implementation Mechanism in Distributed SystemStub Generation in Distributed System Marshalling in Distributed SystemServer Management in a Distributed SystemParameter-Passing SemanticsCall Semantics issues in RPC Communication Protocols for RPCsClient-Server ModelLightweight RPC in a distributed systemRMI vs DCOMRPC vs RMI Synchronization in Distributed SystemSynchronizationClock Synchronization Logical clockLamport's algorithmVector clocksEvent Ordering Distributed Mutual Exclusion and its classificationPerformance metrics for mutual exclusion algorithmCristian's algorithmBerkeley algorithmDifference between Token based and Non-Token based Algorithms in Distributed SystemsRicart algorithmToken-based algorithm (Suzuki Kasumi's broadcast algorithm)Source Management and Process ManagementIntroduction of Source ManagementFeatures of Global Scheduling Algorithm in Distributed SystemWhat is Task Assignment Approach in Distributed System?Load-Balancing Approach Load-Sharing ApproachDifference Between Load Balancing and Load Sharing in Distributed SystemsScheduling and Load Balancing in Distributed SystemIntroduction of process management in the distribution systemProcess Migration Distributed File System and Distributed shared memoryDFS Characteristics of File systemSun network file system architectureAndrew file systemFile Service Architecture in Distributed SystemFile Models in Distributed SystemFile-Accessing Models File-Sharing Semantics File-Caching Schemes What is Replication in Distributed System Fault Tolerance Atomic commit protocolDesign Principles of DFSWhat is Distributed shared memory and its advantagesThe architecture of Distributed shared memoryDifference between Uniform Memory Access (UMA) and Non-uniform Memory Access (NUMA)Design and implementation issue of distributed shared memory.False sharing in a distributed system Algorithm for implementing DSMConsistency models in distributed systemsThrashing in Distributed shared memoryDistributed Scheduling and DeadlockWhat are scheduling and load balancing in a distributed systemLoad balancing algorithmIssues related to Load balancing in DSComponents of load distributionPhantom deadlockDeadlock in a Distributed systemDeadlock Detection in Distributed SystemsA necessary condition for deadlock in a distributed systemDeadlock handling strategies in a distributed systemBanker's algorithm in a distributed systemDeadlock prevention policies: ordered request and collective requestA WFG-based distributed algorithm for deadlock detectionChandy-Misra-Haas's distributed deadlock detection algorithmHierarchical deadlock detectionSecurity in Distributed System What is security?Types of CyberattacksCryptographyAuthentication Implementation of Access Matrix in Distributed OSDigital Signatures and CertificatesDesign Principles of Security in a distributed systemDistributed Multimedia and Database SystemWhat is Distributed DBMS? Advantages and disadvantages of DDBMSFunctions of DDBMSTypes of DBMSComparison of Homogeneous and Heterogeneous databasesWhat are distributed multimedia system and its characteristics Multimedia database and application area of multimediaDistributed AlgorithmDestination based routingDeadlock-free packet switchingWave and traversal algorithmElection algorithm (Bully algorithm, Ring algorithm)Comparison between Ring and Bully algorithmCORBA (Object model, CORBA services)Difference between CORBA and DCOMCOM vs DCOMLifecycle of COMDistributed Component Object Model (DCOM) Distributed TransactionsWhat is a Distributed Transaction?Nested transactions and Flat transactionsConcurrency Control in Distributed TransactionsTransaction Recovery Introduction to Replication The mechanism for building a Distributed file systemTwo-phase commit protocol in the distributed systemAdvantages of Distributed SystemsSome advantages of Distributed Systems are as follows : Every node in the distributed system is connected to each other because they can share data with others easily.The addition of more nodes in the distributed system is easy.If one node gets failed, it does not lead to the failure of the entire distributed system. Other nodes run fine.Resources like printers can be communicated with multiple nodes.Disadvantages of Distributed SystemsSome disadvantages of Distributed Systems are as follows : In distributed systems, it is challenging to provide adequate security because both the nodes and the connections must be protected.In comparison to a single-user system, the database related to distributed systems is more complicated and difficult to manage.While traveling from one node to another node, some data may be lost in the network.ConclusionTo summarize, distributed systems are a powerful and increasingly popular technique to develop large-scale applications that demand great scalability, fault tolerance, and performance. A distributed system's design and implementation, however, can be a difficult process that calls for careful consideration of a number of elements, including network communication resource sharing and fault tolerance techniques. This tutorial has covered the fundamentals of distributed computing, distributed algorithms, distributed transactions, and the difficulties of creating and putting into practice distributed systems in this tutorial. It has given you a strong basis on which to design your own distributed system and continue exploring the world of distributed systems. Comment More infoAdvertise with us Next Article What is a Distributed System? kartik Follow Improve Article Tags : Computer Networks Tutorials Similar Reads Distributed Systems Tutorial A distributed system is a system of multiple nodes that are physically separated but linked together using the network. Each of these nodes includes a small amount of the distributed operating system software. Every node in this system communicates and shares resources with each other and handles pr 8 min read Introduction to Distributed SystemWhat is a Distributed System?A distributed system is a collection of independent computers that appear to the users of the system as a single coherent system. These computers or nodes work together, communicate over a network, and coordinate their activities to achieve a common goal by sharing resources, data, and tasks.Table o 7 min read Features of Distributed Operating SystemA Distributed Operating System manages a network of independent computers as a unified system, providing transparency, fault tolerance, and efficient resource management. It integrates multiple machines to appear as a single coherent entity, handling complex communication, coordination, and scalabil 9 min read Evolution of Distributed Computing SystemsIn this article, we will see the history of distributed computing systems from the mainframe era to the current day to the best of my knowledge. It is important to understand the history of anything in order to track how far we progressed. The distributed computing system is all about evolution from 8 min read Types of Transparency in Distributed SystemIn distributed systems, transparency plays a pivotal role in abstracting complexities and enhancing user experience by hiding system intricacies. This article explores various types of transparency—ranging from location and access to failure and security—essential for seamless operation and efficien 6 min read What is Scalable System in Distributed System?In distributed systems, a scalable system refers to the ability of a networked architecture to handle increasing amounts of work or expand to accommodate growth without compromising performance or reliability. Scalability ensures that as demand grows—whether in terms of user load, data volume, or tr 10 min read Middleware in Distributed SystemIn distributed systems, middleware is a software component that provides services between two or more applications and can be used by them. Middleware can be thought of as an application that sits between two separate applications and provides service to both. In this article, we will see a role of 7 min read Difference between Hardware and MiddlewareHardware and Middleware are both parts of a Computer. Hardware is the combination of physical components in a computer system that perform various tasks such as input, output, processing, and many more. Middleware is the part of software that is the communication medium between application and opera 4 min read What is Groupware in Distributed System?Groupware in distributed systems refers to software designed to support collaborative activities among geographically dispersed users, enhancing communication, coordination, and productivity across diverse and distributed environments.Groupware in Distributed SystemImportant Topics for Groupware in 6 min read Difference between Parallel Computing and Distributed ComputingIntroductionParallel Computing and Distributed Computing are two important models of computing that have important roles in today’s high-performance computing. Both are designed to perform a large number of calculations breaking down the processes into several parallel tasks; however, they differ in 5 min read Difference between Loosely Coupled and Tightly Coupled Multiprocessor SystemWhen it comes to multiprocessor system architecture, there is a very fine line between loosely coupled and tightly coupled systems, and this is why that difference is very important when choosing an architecture for a specific system. A multiprocessor system is a system in which there are two or mor 5 min read Design Issues of Distributed SystemDistributed systems are used in many real-world applications today, ranging from social media platforms to cloud storage services. They provide the ability to scale up resources as needed, ensure data is available even when a computer fails, and allow users to access services from anywhere. However, 8 min read Introduction to Distributed Computing Environment (DCE)The Benefits of Distributed Systems have been widely recognized. They are due to their ability to Scale, Reliability, Performance, Flexibility, Transparency, Resource-sharing, Geo-distribution, etc. In order to use the advantages of Distributed Systems, appropriate support and environment are needed 3 min read Limitations of Distributed SystemsDistributed systems are essential for modern computing, providing scalability and resource sharing. However, they face limitations such as complexity in management, performance bottlenecks, consistency issues, and security vulnerabilities. Understanding these challenges is crucial for designing robu 8 min read Various Failures in Distributed SystemDSM implements distributed systems shared memory model in an exceedingly distributed system, that hasn’t any physically shared memory. The shared model provides a virtual address space shared between any numbers of nodes. The DSM system hides the remote communication mechanism from the appliance aut 3 min read Types of Operating SystemsOperating Systems can be categorized according to different criteria like whether an operating system is for mobile devices (examples Android and iOS) or desktop (examples Windows and Linux). Here, we are going to classify based on functionalities an operating system provides.8 Main Operating System 11 min read Types of Distributed SystemPre-requisites: Distributed System A Distributed System is a Network of Machines that can exchange information with each other through Message-passing. It can be very useful as it helps in resource sharing. It enables computers to coordinate their activities and to share the resources of the system 8 min read Centralized vs. Decentralized vs. Distributed SystemsUnderstanding the architecture of systems is crucial for designing efficient and effective solutions. Centralized, decentralized, and distributed systems each offer unique advantages and challenges. Centralized systems rely on a single point of control, providing simplicity but risking a single poin 8 min read Three-Tier Client Server Architecture in Distributed SystemThe Three-Tier Client-Server Architecture divides systems into presentation, application, and data layers, increasing scalability, maintainability, and efficiency. By separating the concerns, this model optimizes resource management and allows for independent scaling and updates, making it a popular 7 min read Communication in Distributed SystemsFeatures of Good Message Passing in Distributed SystemMessage passing is the interaction of exchanging messages between at least two processors. The cycle which is sending the message to one more process is known as the sender and the process which is getting the message is known as the receiver. In a message-passing system, we can send the message by 3 min read Issues in IPC By Message Passing in Distributed SystemThe sender sends a message that contains data and it is made in such a way that the receiver can understand it. The inter-process communication in distributed systems is performed using Message Passing. It permits the exchange of messages between the processes using primitives for sending and receiv 5 min read What is Message Buffering?Remote Procedure Call (RPC) is a communication technology that is used by one program to make a request to another program for utilizing its service on a network without even knowing the network's details. The inter-process communication in distributed systems is performed using Message Passing. It 6 min read Multidatagram Messages in Distributed SystemIn this article, we will go through the concept of Multidatagram messages in Distributed Systems in detail. In distributed systems, communication is carried out between processes by passing messages from one process to another. A message-passing system gives a collection of message-based IPC protoco 3 min read Group Communication in Distributed SystemsIn distributed systems, efficient group communication is crucial for coordinating activities among multiple entities. This article explores the challenges and solutions involved in facilitating reliable and ordered message delivery among members of a group spread across different nodes or networks.G 8 min read Remote Procedure Calls in Distributed SystemWhat is Remote Procedural Call (RPC) Mechanism in Distributed System?A remote Procedure Call (RPC) is a protocol in distributed systems that allows a client to execute functions on a remote server as if they were local. RPC simplifies network communication by abstracting the complexities, making it easier to develop and integrate distributed applications efficiently. 9 min read Distributed System - Transparency of RPCRPC is an effective mechanism for building client-server systems that are distributed. RPC enhances the power and ease of programming of the client/server computing concept. A transparent RPC is one in which programmers can not tell the difference between local and remote procedure calls. The most d 3 min read Stub Generation in Distributed SystemA stub is a piece of code that translates parameters sent between the client and server during a remote procedure call in distributed computing. An RPC's main purpose is to allow a local computer (client) to call procedures on another computer remotely (server) because the client and server utilize 3 min read Marshalling in Distributed SystemA Distributed system consists of numerous components located on different machines that communicate and coordinate operations to seem like a single system to the end-user.External Data Representation:Data structures are used to represent the information held in running applications. The information 9 min read Server Management in Distributed SystemEffective server management in distributed systems is crucial for ensuring performance, reliability, and scalability. This article explores strategies and best practices for managing servers across diverse environments, focusing on configuration, monitoring, and maintenance to optimize the operation 12 min read Distributed System - Parameter Passing Semantics in RPCA Distributed System is a Network of Machines that can exchange information with each other through Message-passing. It can be very useful as it helps in resource sharing. In this article, we will go through the various Parameter Passing Semantics in RPC in distributed Systems in detail. Parameter P 4 min read Distributed System - Call Semantics in RPCThis article will go through the Call Semantics, its types, and the issues in RPC in distributed systems in detail. RPC has the same semantics as a local procedure call, the calling process calls the procedure, gives inputs to it, and then waits while it executes. When the procedure is finished, it 3 min read Communication Protocols For RPCsThis article will go through the concept of Communication protocols for Remote Procedure Calls (RPCs) in Distributed Systems in detail. Communication Protocols for Remote Procedure Calls:The following are the communication protocols that are used: Request ProtocolRequest/Reply ProtocolThe Request/Re 5 min read Client-Server ModelThe Client-Server Model is a distributed application architecture that divides tasks or workloads between servers (providers of resources or services) and clients (requesters of those services). In this model, a client sends a request to a server for data, which is typically processed on the server 6 min read Lightweight Remote Procedure Call in Distributed SystemLightweight Remote Procedure Call is a communication facility designed and optimized for cross-domain communications in microkernel operating systems. For achieving better performance than conventional RPC systems, LRPC uses the following four techniques: simple control transfer, simple data transfe 5 min read Difference Between RMI and DCOMIn this article, we will see differences between Remote Method Invocation(RMI) and Distributed Component Object Model(DCOM). Before getting into the differences, let us first understand what each of them actually means. RMI applications offer two separate programs, a server, and a client. There are 2 min read Difference between RPC and RMIRPC stands for Remote Procedure Call which supports procedural programming. It's almost like an IPC mechanism wherever the software permits the processes to manage shared information Associated with an environment wherever completely different processes area unit death penalty on separate systems an 2 min read Synchronization in Distributed SystemSynchronization in Distributed SystemsSynchronization in distributed systems is crucial for ensuring consistency, coordination, and cooperation among distributed components. It addresses the challenges of maintaining data consistency, managing concurrent processes, and achieving coherent system behavior across different nodes in a netwo 11 min read Logical Clock in Distributed SystemIn distributed systems, ensuring synchronized events across multiple nodes is crucial for consistency and reliability. Enter logical clocks, a fundamental concept that orchestrates event ordering without relying on physical time. By assigning logical timestamps to events, these clocks enable systems 10 min read Lamport's Algorithm for Mutual Exclusion in Distributed SystemPrerequisite: Mutual exclusion in distributed systems Lamport's Distributed Mutual Exclusion Algorithm is a permission based algorithm proposed by Lamport as an illustration of his synchronization scheme for distributed systems. In permission based timestamp is used to order critical section request 5 min read Vector Clocks in Distributed SystemsVector clocks are a basic idea in distributed systems to track the partial ordering of events and preserve causality across various nodes. Vector clocks, in contrast to conventional timestamps, offer a means of establishing the sequence of events even when there is no world clock, which makes them e 10 min read Event Ordering in Distributed SystemIn this article, we will look at how we can analyze the ordering of events in a distributed system. As we know a distributed system is a collection of processes that are separated in space and which can communicate with each other only by exchanging messages this could be processed on separate compu 4 min read Mutual exclusion in distributed systemMutual exclusion is a concurrency control property which is introduced to prevent race conditions. It is the requirement that a process can not enter its critical section while another concurrent process is currently present or executing in its critical section i.e only one process is allowed to exe 5 min read Performance Metrics For Mutual Exclusion AlgorithmMutual exclusion is a program object that refers to the requirement of satisfying that no two concurrent processes are in a critical section at the same time. It is presented to intercept the race condition. If a current process is accessing the critical section then it prevents entering another con 4 min read Cristian's AlgorithmCristian's Algorithm is a clock synchronization algorithm is used to synchronize time with a time server by client processes. This algorithm works well with low-latency networks where Round Trip Time is short as compared to accuracy while redundancy-prone distributed systems/applications do not go h 8 min read Berkeley's AlgorithmBerkeley's Algorithm is a clock synchronization technique used in distributed systems. The algorithm assumes that each machine node in the network either doesn't have an accurate time source or doesn't possess a UTC server.Algorithm 1) An individual node is chosen as the master node from a pool node 6 min read Difference between Token based and Non-Token based Algorithms in Distributed SystemA distributed system is a system in which components are situated in distinct places, these distinct places refer to networked computers which can easily communicate and coordinate their tasks by just exchanging asynchronous messages with each other. These components can communicate with each other 3 min read Ricart–Agrawala Algorithm in Mutual Exclusion in Distributed SystemPrerequisite: Mutual exclusion in distributed systems Ricart–Agrawala algorithm is an algorithm for mutual exclusion in a distributed system proposed by Glenn Ricart and Ashok Agrawala. This algorithm is an extension and optimization of Lamport's Distributed Mutual Exclusion Algorithm. Like Lamport' 3 min read Suzuki–Kasami Algorithm for Mutual Exclusion in Distributed SystemPrerequisite: Mutual exclusion in distributed systems Suzuki–Kasami algorithm is a token-based algorithm for achieving mutual exclusion in distributed systems.This is modification of Ricart–Agrawala algorithm, a permission based (Non-token based) algorithm which uses REQUEST and REPLY messages to en 3 min read Source Management and Process ManagementFeatures of Global Scheduling Algorithm in Distributed SystemIn this article, we will learn about the features of a good scheduling algorithm in a distributed system. Fault Tolerance:A good global scheduling algorithm should not be stopped when system nodes are crashed or temporarily crashed. Algorithm configuration should also be even if the nodes are separa 3 min read What is Task Assignment Approach in Distributed System?A Distributed System is a Network of Machines that can exchange information with each other through Message-passing. It can be very useful as it helps in resource sharing. In this article, we will see the concept of the Task Assignment Approach in Distributed systems. Resource Management:One of the 6 min read Load Balancing Approach in Distributed SystemA load balancer is a device that acts as a reverse proxy and distributes network or application traffic across a number of servers. Load adjusting is the approach to conveying load units (i.e., occupations/assignments) across the organization which is associated with the distributed system. Load adj 3 min read Load-Sharing Approach in Distributed SystemLoad sharing basically denotes the process of forwarding a router to share the forwarding of traffic, in case of multiple paths if available in the routing table. In case there are equal paths then the forwarding process will follow the load-sharing algorithm. In load sharing systems, all nodes shar 6 min read Difference Between Load Balancing and Load Sharing in Distributed SystemA distributed system is a computing environment in which different components are dispersed among several computers (or other computing devices) connected to a network. This article clarifies the distinctions between load balancing and load sharing in distributed systems, highlighting their respecti 4 min read Process Migration in Distributed SystemProcess migration in distributed systems involves relocating a process from one node to another within a network. This technique optimizes resource use, balances load, and improves fault tolerance, enhancing overall system performance and reliability.Process Migration in Distributed SystemImportant 9 min read Distributed File System and Distributed shared memoryWhat is DFS (Distributed File System)? A Distributed File System (DFS) is a file system that is distributed on multiple file servers or multiple locations. It allows programs to access or store isolated files as they do with the local ones, allowing programmers to access files from any network or computer. In this article, we will discus 8 min read Andrew File SystemThe Andrew File System (AFS) is a distributed file system that allows multiple computers to share files and data seamlessly. It was developed by Morris ET AL. in 1986 at Carnegie Mellon University in collaboration with IBM. AFS was designed to make it easier for people working on different computers 5 min read File Service Architecture in Distributed SystemFile service architecture in distributed systems manages and provides access to files across multiple servers or locations. It ensures efficient storage, retrieval, and sharing of files while maintaining consistency, availability, and reliability. By using techniques like replication, caching, and l 12 min read File Models in Distributed SystemFile Models in Distributed Systems" explores how data organization and access methods impact efficiency across networked nodes. This article examines structured and unstructured models, their performance implications, and the importance of scalability and security in modern distributed architectures 6 min read File Accessing Models in Distributed SystemIn Distributed File Systems (DFS), multiple machines are used to provide the file system’s facility. Different file system utilize different conceptual models of a file. The two most usually involved standards for file modeling are structure and modifiability. File models in view of these standards 4 min read File Caching in Distributed File SystemsFile caching enhances I/O performance because previously read files are kept in the main memory. Because the files are available locally, the network transfer is zeroed when requests for these files are repeated. Performance improvement of the file system is based on the locality of the file access 12 min read What is Replication in Distributed System?Replication in distributed systems involves creating duplicate copies of data or services across multiple nodes. This redundancy enhances system reliability, availability, and performance by ensuring continuous access to resources despite failures or increased demand.Replication in Distributed Syste 9 min read Atomic Commit Protocol in Distributed SystemIn distributed systems, transactional consistency is guaranteed by the Atomic Commit Protocol. It coordinates two phases—voting and decision—to ensure that a transaction is either fully committed or completely canceled on several nodes. Distributed TransactionsDistributed transaction refers to a tra 4 min read Design Principles of Distributed File SystemA distributed file system is a computer system that allows users to store and access data from multiple computers in a network. It is a way to share information between different computers and is used in data centers, corporate networks, and cloud computing. Despite their importance, the design of d 6 min read What is Distributed Shared Memory and its Advantages?Distributed shared memory can be achieved via both software and hardware. Hardware examples include cache coherence circuits and network interface controllers. In contrast, software DSM systems implemented at the library or language level are not transparent and developers usually have to program th 4 min read Architecture of Distributed Shared Memory(DSM)Distributed Shared Memory (DSM) implements the distributed systems shared memory model in a distributed system, that hasn’t any physically shared memory. Shared model provides a virtual address area shared between any or all nodes. To beat the high forged of communication in distributed system. DSM 3 min read Difference between Uniform Memory Access (UMA) and Non-uniform Memory Access (NUMA)In computer architecture, and especially in Multiprocessors systems, memory access models play a critical role that determines performance, scalability, and generally, efficiency of the system. The two shared-memory models most frequently used are UMA and NUMA. This paper deals with these shared-mem 5 min read Algorithm for implementing Distributed Shared MemoryDistributed shared memory(DSM) system is a resource management component of distributed operating system that implements shared memory model in distributed system which have no physically shared memory. The shared memory model provides a virtual address space which is shared by all nodes in a distri 3 min read Consistency Model in Distributed SystemIt might be difficult to guarantee that all data copies in a distributed system stay consistent over several nodes. The guidelines for when and how data updates are displayed throughout the system are established by consistency models. Various approaches, including strict consistency or eventual con 6 min read Distributed System - Thrashing in Distributed Shared MemoryIn this article, we are going to understand Thrashing in a distributed system. But before that let us understand what a distributed system is and why thrashing occurs. In naive terms, a distributed system is a network of computers or devices which are at different places and linked together. Each on 4 min read Distributed Scheduling and DeadlockScheduling and Load Balancing in Distributed SystemIn this article, we will go through the concept of scheduling and load balancing in distributed systems in detail. Scheduling in Distributed Systems:The techniques that are used for scheduling the processes in distributed systems are as follows: Task Assignment Approach: In the Task Assignment Appro 7 min read Issues Related to Load Balancing in Distributed SystemThis article explores critical challenges and considerations in load balancing within distributed systems. Addressing factors like workload variability, network constraints, scalability needs, and algorithmic complexities are essential for optimizing performance and resource utilization across distr 6 min read Components of Load Distributing Algorithm - Distributed SystemsIn distributed systems, efficient load distribution is crucial for maintaining performance, reliability, and scalability. Load-distributing algorithms play a vital role in ensuring that workloads are evenly spread across available resources, preventing bottlenecks, and optimizing resource utilizatio 6 min read Distributed System - Types of Distributed DeadlockA Deadlock is a situation where a set of processes are blocked because each process is holding a resource and waiting for another resource occupied by some other process. When this situation arises, it is known as Deadlock. DeadlockA Distributed System is a Network of Machines that can exchange info 4 min read Deadlock Detection in Distributed SystemsPrerequisite - Deadlock Introduction, deadlock detection In the centralized approach of deadlock detection, two techniques are used namely: Completely centralized algorithm and Ho Ramamurthy algorithm (One phase and Two-phase). Completely Centralized Algorithm - In a network of n sites, one site is 2 min read Conditions for Deadlock in Distributed SystemThis article will go through the concept of conditions for deadlock in distributed systems. Deadlock refers to the state when two processes compete for the same resource and end up locking the resource by one of the processes and the other one is prevented from acquiring that resource. Consider the 7 min read Deadlock Handling Strategies in Distributed SystemDeadlocks in distributed systems can severely disrupt operations by halting processes that are waiting for resources held by each other. Effective handling strategies—detection, prevention, avoidance, and recovery—are essential for maintaining system performance and reliability. This article explore 11 min read Deadlock Prevention Policies in Distributed SystemA Deadlock is a situation where a set of processes are blocked because each process is holding a resource and waiting for a resource that is held by some other process. There are four necessary conditions for a Deadlock to happen which are: Mutual Exclusion: There is at least one resource that is no 4 min read Chandy-Misra-Haas's Distributed Deadlock Detection AlgorithmChandy-Misra-Haas's distributed deadlock detection algorithm is an edge chasing algorithm to detect deadlock in distributed systems. In edge chasing algorithm, a special message called probe is used in deadlock detection. A probe is a triplet (i, j, k) which denotes that process Pi has initiated the 4 min read Security in Distributed SystemSecurity in Distributed SystemSecuring distributed systems is crucial for ensuring data integrity, confidentiality, and availability across interconnected networks. Key measures include implementing strong authentication mechanisms, like multi-factor authentication (MFA), and robust authorization controls such as role-based acce 9 min read Types of Cyber AttacksCyber Security is a procedure and strategy associated with ensuring the safety of sensitive information, PC frameworks, systems, and programming applications from digital assaults. Cyber assaults is general phrasing that covers an enormous number of themes, however, some of the common types of assau 10 min read Cryptography and its TypesCryptography is a technique of securing information and communications using codes to ensure confidentiality, integrity and authentication. Thus, preventing unauthorized access to information. The prefix "crypt" means "hidden" and the suffix "graphy" means "writing". In Cryptography, the techniques 8 min read Implementation of Access Matrix in Distributed OSAs earlier discussed access matrix is likely to be very sparse and takes up a large chunk of memory. Therefore direct implementation of access matrix for access control is storage inefficient. The inefficiency can be removed by decomposing the access matrix into rows or columns.Rows can be collapsed 5 min read Digital Signatures and CertificatesDigital signatures and certificates are two key technologies that play an important role in ensuring the security and authenticity of online activities. They are essential for activities such as online banking, secure email communication, software distribution, and electronic document signing. By pr 11 min read Design Principles of Security in Distributed SystemDesign Principles of Security in Distributed Systems explores essential strategies to safeguard data integrity, confidentiality, and availability across interconnected nodes. This article addresses the complexities and critical considerations for implementing robust security measures in distributed 11 min read Distributed Multimedia and Database SystemDistributed Database SystemA distributed database is basically a database that is not limited to one system, it is spread over different sites, i.e, on multiple computers or over a network of computers. A distributed database system is located on various sites that don't share physical components. This may be required when a 5 min read Functions of Distributed Database SystemDistributed database systems play an important role in modern data management by distributing data across multiple nodes. This article explores their functions, including data distribution, replication, query processing, and security, highlighting how these systems optimize performance, ensure avail 10 min read Multimedia DatabaseA Multimedia database is a collection of interrelated multimedia data that includes text, graphics (sketches, drawings), images, animations, video, audio etc and have vast amounts of multisource multimedia data. The framework that manages different types of multimedia data which can be stored, deliv 5 min read Like