Wireless networking technology that enables devices to connect to a local network and the Internet using radio waves instead of cables is known as Wi-Fi.
- Uses radio waves instead of physical cables for data transmission.
- Based on IEEE 802.11 standards.
- Enables wireless local area networks (WLAN) using access points.
- Supports devices like laptops, smartphones, and tablets.
- Operates at the Physical and Data Link layers of the OSI model.
Access Point (AP)
Acts as a wireless LAN base station that connects wireless devices to a wired network, typically the Internet, using an Access Point (AP).
- Acts as a central transmitter and receiver for wireless devices
- Allows multiple devices to connect simultaneously
- Bridges wireless users to a wired LAN
- Plays a crucial role in WLAN communication
Wi-Fi Architecture
The IEEE 802.11 architecture defines two main types of services:
1. Basic Service Set (BSS)
Known for fundamental building block of a wireless LAN.
Types of BSS:
1.1 Infrastructure BSS
- Includes one access point
- Wireless devices communicate through the AP
- Can exchange data with other BSSs
2.2 Independent BSS (IBSS) / Ad-hoc Network
- No access point is present
- Devices communicate directly with each other
- Cannot communicate with other BSSs
- Suitable for small, temporary networks
2. Extended Service Set (ESS)
Formed by connecting two or more Basic Service Sets (BSSs) through a distribution system like Ethernet, this arrangement is known as an Extended Service Set (ESS).
- Multiple BSSs are interconnected
- Each BSS has its own access point
- Allows seamless roaming between BSSs
- Used in large networks like campuses and offices
Types of Stations in ESS
- Mobile Stations: Wireless devices within a BSS
- Stationary Stations: Access points connected to the wired LAN
Features of Wi-Fi
- Wireless Connectivity: Allows devices to connect without physical cables, providing mobility and flexibility.
- High Speed: Supports fast data transfer rates suitable for streaming, browsing, and file sharing.
- Easy Setup: Simple to install and configure; most modern devices have built-in Wi-Fi support.
- Multiple Device Support: Enables multiple users and devices to connect simultaneously to the same network.
- Security: Uses encryption methods such as WPA and WPA2 to protect data from unauthorized access.
- Range: Coverage depends on router power, environmental conditions, and physical obstacles.
- Compatibility: Works with a wide range of devices including smartphones, laptops, tablets, and smart home devices.
- Interference: Performance may be affected by other wireless devices and physical barriers.
- Reliability: Network speed and stability can decrease due to congestion or weak signal strength.