dir() function in Python

closure magic function in Python

Last Updated : 11 Apr, 2023

Almost everything in Python is an object, similarly function is an object too and all the function objects have a __closure__ attribute. __closure__ is a dunder/magic function i.e. methods having two underscores as prefix and suffix in the method name

A closure is a function object that remembers values in enclosing scopes even if they are not present in memory. The __closure__ attribute of a closure function returns a tuple of cell objects. This cell object also has an attribute called cell_contents, which returns the contents of the cell.

Syntax:

closure_function.__closure__

Example:

Python

# this is a nested function
def gfg(raise_power_to): 
  
    def power(number): 
       return number ** raise_power_to 
    return power
 
raise_power_to_3 = gfg(3)
print(raise_power_to_3.__closure__)
 
print(raise_power_to_3.__closure__[0].cell_contents)

Output:

(<cell at 0x7f34ba2725e0: int object at 0x7f34bde02720>,)

3

In the above example, the nested function power has __closure__ attribute associated with it and it returns a tuple of cell objects. The cell_contents attribute returns the value 3 as it was closed inside the cell object.

dir() function in Python

A

ashisholism

Improve

Article Tags :

Practice Tags :

python

Similar Reads

Wand path_close() function in Python

path_close() is another function included in wand for paths. The main aim of this function is to join the last destination point to the first point in the path. It simply adds a path element to the current path which closes the current subpath by drawing a straight line from the current point to the

Currying Function in Python

Currying is a functional programming technique where a function with multiple arguments is transformed into a sequence of functions, each taking a single argument. Mathematical IllustrationIn currying, a function that takes multiple inputs is broken down into a series of single-argument functions, e

dir() function in Python

The dir() function is a built-in Python tool used to list the attributes (like methods, variables, etc.) of an object. It helps inspect modules, classes, functions, and even user-defined objects during development and debugging. Syntaxdir([object]) Parameters: object (optional): Any Python object (l

First Class functions in Python

First-class function is a concept where functions are treated as first-class citizens. By treating functions as first-class citizens, Python allows you to write more abstract, reusable, and modular code. This means that functions in such languages are treated like any other variable. They can be pas

Python Main Function

Main function is like the entry point of a program. However, Python interpreter runs the code right from the first line. The execution of the code starts from the starting line and goes line by line. It does not matter where the main function is present or it is present or not. Since there is no mai

id() function in Python

In Python, id() function is a built-in function that returns the unique identifier of an object. The identifier is an integer, which represents the memory address of the object. The id() function is commonly used to check if two variables or objects refer to the same memory location. Python id() Fun

Function aliasing in Python

In Python, we can give another name of the function. For the existing function, we can give another name, which is nothing but function aliasing. Function aliasing in Python In function aliasing, we create a new variable and assign the function reference to one existing function to the variable. We

Partial Functions in Python

Partial functions allow us to fix a certain number of arguments of a function and generate a new function. In this article, we will try to understand the concept of Partial Functions with different examples in Python. What are Partial functions and the use of partial functions in Python?Partial func

Python min() Function

Python min() function returns the smallest value from a set of values or the smallest item in an iterable passed as its parameter. It's useful when you need to quickly determine the minimum value from a group of numbers or objects. For example: [GFGTABS] Python a = [23,25,65,21,98] print(min(a)) b =

Python compile() Function

Python is a high-level, general-purpose, and very popular programming language. In this article, we will learn about the Python compile() function. Python compile() Function SyntaxPython compile() function takes source code as input and returns a code object that is ready to be executed and which ca