Mastering Coding and Cybersecurity: The Ultimate Guide - 5 Books in 1 Learn the Essentials of Python, Java, and C++ Programming Alongside Cybersecurity Measures to Safeguard Your Data

Coding For Beginners

Introduction

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ChapterB b1:B bCommonB bTermsB bandB bTheirB bDefinition

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ThisB bisB blikeB bCodecademy,B bexceptB bit'sB baB bcollegeB blevelB bcourseB bandB btheB bprogramB byouB blearnB bhereB bcanB bbeB bappliedB btoB bmostB bjobs.B bTheB bsiteB balsoB bhasB bmanyB bvideosB bshowingB byouB bhowB btheB bmodulesB bworkB bandB bhowB btoB buseB bthem.B bBooksB bandB bYouTubeB b–B bTheseB bareB btwoB bgreatB bwaysB btoB blearn,B bandB bthey'reB ballB bfree!B bYouB bcanB blearnB bPythonB bthroughB bmanyB bbooksB borB bonlineB bcourses.B bYouB bcanB balsoB bsearchB bYouTubeB bvideosB bonB bPythonB btoB bseeB bhowB bpeopleB bhaveB busedB bitB binB btheirB bprojects.

ChapterB b3:B bWhyB bDoB bWeB bNeedB baB bProgrammingB bLanguage?

TheB bmostB bcommonB buseB bforB baB bcomputerB bisB btoB bstoreB bandB bretrieveB bdata.B bComputersB bcanB breadB binformationB bstoredB bonB btheB bmemoryB bchipsB bandB bturnB bitB bintoB btext,B bvideo,B borB banyB botherB bformatB bthatB bweB bcanB bview.B bHowever,B btheyB bcannotB bunderstandB borB bprocessB btheB binformationB bitself—it'sB bjustB baB bbunchB bofB belectronicB bimpulses.B bSoB bwhatB bdoesB bthatB bmean?B bItB bmeansB bthatB bitB bneedsB bus,B bhumans,B btoB btellB bitB bwhatB btoB bdoB bforB btheB bcomputerB btoB bdoB banythingB batB ball.

Now,B bthisB bisB bwhereB bprogrammingB blanguagesB bcomeB binB bhandyB bbecauseB btheyB benableB bus,B bhumans,B btoB btellB bcomputersB bhowB btoB bprocessB btheB bdataB bweB bstoreB bonB bthem.B bYes,B bthisB bdoesB brequireB busB btoB bknowB bhowB btoB bwriteB baB bprogramB bthatB btellsB btheB bcomputerB bwhatB btoB bdo.B bHowever,B bwritingB baB bprogramB bbyB bhandB bisn'tB banB boptionB bifB bweB bwantB btheB bcomputerB btoB bdoB banything!B bComputersB bcanB bonlyB boperateB binB beightB bdifferentB bmodes;B btheyB bcanB bonlyB bunderstandB bEnglishB borB bbinaryB bcode.

So,B bweB bneedB baB bwayB bforB bcomputersB btoB bunderstandB bandB bprocessB bhumanB blanguagesB bofB ballB bkinds.B bProgrammingB blanguagesB bhaveB bbeenB bdevelopedB bsoB bthatB banyoneB bwithB bminimalB btrainingB bcanB bwriteB bprogramsB b—B beverythingB bfromB bsimpleB bwebpagesB bandB bwordB bprocessorsB btoB bcomplexB bgamesB blikeB bQuakeB bIIIB bArenaB bandB bWorldB bofB bWarcraft.B bItB bisB btheB bsameB btypeB bofB blanguageB busedB binB beverythingB bfromB bchatB broomsB bandB bmusicB bplayersB bonB bourB bcomputersB btoB bmobileB bphonesB bandB bdigitalB bcameras.B bIfB byouB bwantB btoB bmoveB bbeyondB bjustB bwritingB bsmallB bprogramsB bforB byourB buse,B byouB bwillB bneedB btoB blearnB bhowB btoB bprogramB btoB bcreateB btheB bsoftwareB bthatB bmakesB ballB bthisB bpossible.

HowB btoB bexplainB bCodingB btoB baB bkid?

ProgrammingB bisB bmakingB bchoicesB baboutB bwhatB bdataB btheB bcomputerB bshouldB bprocessB btoB bachieveB btheB bdesiredB bresult.B bThereB bareB bmanyB bkindsB bofB bprogrammingB blanguages,B bsomeB bmoreB bcomplicatedB bthanB bothers,B bbutB ballB bhaveB bsomethingB binB bcommon.B bTheyB ballB brequireB busB btoB bchooseB baB bsetB bofB binstructionsB bthatB btellB btheB bcomputerB bexactlyB bhowB bweB bwantB bitB btoB boperate.B bSoundsB bsimple—itB bis!

Let'sB blookB batB banB bexample:B bYouB bhaveB bjustB bboughtB banB biPodB bandB bwantB bitB btoB bplayB bmusicB bfromB byourB bcomputerB bviaB biTunes.B bYouB bhaveB baB bcoupleB bofB bsongsB bstoredB bon

yourB bcomputer'sB bhardB bdrive,B bbutB byouB bwantB bitB btoB btakeB bthoseB bsongsB bandB bplayB bthemB boverB btheB biPod.B bHowB bdoB byouB btellB biTunesB btoB bdoB bthis?B bJustB bplugB binB btheB biPodB bandB bselectB bitB bfromB biTunes'B bmenu,B bright?B bWell,B bthatB bworks—butB bmaybeB byouB bwantB btoB bthinkB baboutB bwhatB bisB bevenB bhappeningB bhere.B bIfB btheB bonlyB bthingB bweB bknowB bisB bthatB bweB bneedB biTunesB btoB btransferB bsongsB bintoB bourB biPod,B bthenB bwhyB baren'tB bweB bjustB bhookingB bupB bourB bcomputerB bdirectlyB bviaB bUSBB binstead?

IfB bweB bstartB bthinkingB blikeB baB bprogrammerB bhere,B bweB bcanB bseeB bsomeB bchoicesB bweB bneedB btoB bmake.B bFirstB bofB ball,B bweB bhaveB btoB bdecideB bwhichB bsongsB bweB bwantB btoB btransferB bover.B bSecond,B bweB bneedB btoB btellB biTunesB bthatB bthoseB bareB btheB bsongsB bthatB bweB bwantB bitB btoB btransferB bover.B bAndB bthird,B biTunesB bneedsB btoB bknowB bhowB bweB bwantB bitB btoB btransferB bthem—iPodB borB bcomputer?

HowB bdoB byouB bdoB bthis?B bWell,B biTunesB bisB baB brelativelyB bsimpleB bprogramB bthatB btheB buserB bcanB beasilyB bcontrolB bwithB bjustB baB bfewB bclicksB bofB baB bmouse.B bHowever,B bunderneathB bthisB beasy-to-useB binterfaceB bisB baB bsomewhatB bmoreB bcomplexB bsetB bofB binstructionsB bthatB btellB biTunesB bexactlyB bhowB btoB bwork.B bThisB bisB bwhatB bprogrammingB blanguagesB bdoB bforB bcomputers—theyB bletB busB btypeB boutB bthoseB binstructionsB bandB bthenB btranslateB bthemB bintoB btheB bcommandsB btheB bcomputerB bcanB bunderstandB bandB bprocess.

What'sB bCodingB bLike?

ProgrammingB bisB bnotB btheB bsameB basB bjustB btypingB binB blotsB bofB brandomB bnumbersB bandB bletters.B bInstead,B bitB bcanB bbeB baB bbitB blikeB bsolvingB baB bpuzzle.B bYouB bareB btryingB btoB bfigureB boutB bhowB btoB btellB btheB bcomputerB bwhatB byouB bwantB bitB btoB bdo,B bwithoutB brelyingB bonB bknowingB bhowB ballB bofB bthatB bstuffB bworksB b—B bjustB blikeB bsolvingB baB bpuzzle!

SoB bwhatB bareB bsomeB bexamplesB bofB bcodingB bproblemsB bthatB byouB bmightB bcomeB bacross?B bWell,B bcomputersB buseB bdifferentB btypesB bofB bdataB bthatB btheyB bneedB btoB bprocessB baccordingB btoB btheirB bprogrammingB blanguage.B bForB bexample,B bsomeB bcomputersB bwillB bhaveB bstraightforwardB bgraphicalB buserB binterfacesB b(GUIs)B bwhereB btheB bwholeB bpurposeB bisB btoB bdrawB bpicturesB borB breadB baloudB binformationB bfromB bfilesB bonB byourB bhardB bdisk.B bTheseB bcomputersB bwillB bnotB bunderstandB bcommandsB bthatB byouB btypeB bintoB baB btextB beditorB borB bevenB banB bemailB bapplication.B bOtherB bcomputersB bareB bmoreB blikeB byourB btypicalB boldB btypewriter—theyB bdoB bhaveB baB buserB binterface,B bbutB bit'sB bdeficientB blevelB bandB bdoesn'tB bunderstandB banythingB botherB bthanB btext.B bYouB bcanB baskB btheseB bcomputersB btoB btypeB boutB binformation,B bbutB btheyB bwillB bonlyB bunderstandB btheB btextB byouB btypedB bin.

SoB binB btheB bcaseB bofB bourB biPodB bexample,B bifB byouB btriedB btoB buseB baB bGUI-basedB bcomputerB btoB btransferB byourB bsongs,B bitB bwouldn'tB bbeB bableB btoB btellB bwhichB bsongsB byouB bwantedB btoB bmove.B bAndB bifB byouB btriedB btoB bsayB banB bolderB bcomputerB bbasedB bonB btextB bcommandsB bwhatB btypeB bofB bfileB bisB bstoredB bonB byourB bhardB bdrive,B bitB bwouldB bnotB bfigureB boutB bhowB byouB bwantB bitB btoB boperate.B bTheB bcriticalB bpointB bhereB bisB bthatB bcodeB bcanB bonlyB bgoB btoB bunderstandB bandB bworkB bonB btheB bnecessaryB bdata.

So,B bwhyB bdoB byouB buseB baB bcomputer?B bWell,B basB bIB bsaidB bbefore,B bcomputersB bcanB bdoB bmanyB bthingsB bthatB bweB bareB bnotB bcapableB bofB bdoingB bourselves.B bInB bsomeB bways,B bprogrammingB bisB blikeB bplayingB bchessB bandB bdesigningB byourB bpiecesB bandB bthinkingB baheadB bbyB btheB bendB bofB btheB bgame—itB bisB bquiteB baB bfantasticB bexperience.

What'sB bitB blikeB btoB bcode?B bYouB bareB bwritingB bnewB bcodeB beveryB bday!B bLikeB bmostB bthingsB binB blife,B bthough,B bthereB bisB baB blearningB bcurve.

TheB bmoreB byouB bcode,B btheB beasierB bitB bbecomes.

YouB bwillB bstartB btoB bgetB baB bsenseB bofB bwhatB bisB bpossibleB bandB bwhatB bworksB bbestB bbyB btryingB bdifferentB bthingsB bout.B bSoB bwhileB byouB bmayB bsometimesB bhaveB baB blittleB btroubleB bunderstandingB bexactlyB bhowB bthingsB bareB bworking,B byouB bwillB bfindB bthatB byouB bbeginB btoB bunderstandB bhowB bcomputersB bworkB bmuchB bbetterB boverB btime.B bIfB bthisB bsoundsB blikeB bfunB btoB byou,B bthenB bcodingB bcouldB bbeB btheB bcareerB bforB byou!

ChapterB b4:B bPopularB bProgrammingB bLanguages

TheB bpopularB bprogrammingB blanguagesB bthatB bareB binB buseB btheB bmostB btoday.B bTheyB bincludeB bJava,B bPython,B bPHP,B bC/C++,B bandB bRuby.B bThisB bbookB bcomparesB btheseB blanguagesB bandB bgivesB binsightB bintoB btheB btopB bfeaturesB bofB beachB bone.B bAB bconclusionB bisB bgivenB batB btheB bendB bofB bthisB bbookB btoB bhelpB breadersB bdecideB bwhichB blanguageB btheyB bwantB btoB blearn.B bTheB bauthorB balsoB bsuggestsB bcoursesB bthatB bcanB bbeB busedB btoB blearnB btheseB bprogrammingB blanguagesB bonlineB bwithoutB bhavingB btoB bbuyB banyB btextbooksB borB botherB bmaterialsB btoB blearnB bitB bfromB bscratch.

ThisB bprovidesB bmanyB bvaluableB bsourcesB bforB bpeopleB binterestedB binB blearningB bnewB bskillsB bandB bgettingB bsomeB bhelpfulB binformationB baboutB bpopularB bprogrammingB blanguages.B bTheB bbookB bisB bveryB blengthy,B bbutB bitB bprovidesB byouB bwithB baB bpracticalB bguideB btoB bdecideB bwhichB bprogrammingB blanguagesB byouB bmightB bwantB btoB blearnB bfirst.B bManyB bbenefitsB bcanB bbeB bprovidedB bbyB bknowingB bhowB btoB bprogram,B bsuchB basB btheB bflexibilityB bofB bgettingB baB bjobB binB bprogramming.B bYouB bcanB balsoB bearnB bmoreB bmoneyB bsinceB byouB bwillB bhaveB bcontrolB boverB byourB bcareerB bandB bhowB bmuchB byouB bgetB bpaidB bforB bit.

ThisB bpartB bofB btheB bbookB bcomparesB bJava,B bPython,B bPHP,B bandB bRubyB binB btermsB bofB bpopularity,B bwebsitesB bcreatedB busingB bthatB blanguage,B bandB btheirB babilityB btoB bdevelopB bmobileB bapplicationsB bonB bGoogleB bAndroidB borB bAppleB biOS.B bAnB bexceptionallyB blongB blistB bofB bwebsitesB bdesignedB busingB btheseB bprogrammingB blanguagesB ballowsB byouB btoB bbrowseB bthroughB btoB bfindB bmanyB bhelpfulB bsites.

ThisB bpartB bofB btheB bbookB bprovidesB baB bcomparisonB bbetweenB bCB bandB bC++.B bItB bisB bbasedB bonB btheB bquotesB bfromB bprogrammersB bwhoB bpreferB beitherB boneB blanguageB boverB btheB bother.B bItB balsoB bdescribesB bstrategiesB busedB bbyB bcompaniesB bandB binstitutionsB btoB bimproveB btheirB bbusinessB bapplicationB busingB boneB borB bbothB bprogrammingB blanguages.

InB bthisB bpartB bofB btheB bbook,B byouB bwillB bfindB boutB bhowB bPythonB bcanB bbeB busedB bforB bvariousB bpurposes.B bFirst,B byouB bwillB blearnB bin-depthB baboutB bhowB bPythonB bcanB bbeB busedB bforB bwebB bdevelopmentB bandB bwhichB bwebsiteB bplatformsB bareB bsupported.B bTheB bauthorB balsoB bprovidesB byouB bwithB baB bfewB bdifferentB bwaysB btoB bgetB bPython,B bsuchB basB bdownloadingB bfromB btheB bPythonB bwebsiteB bitself.

ThisB bpartB bofB btheB bbookB bsamplesB b5B bofB btheB bbestB bprogrammingB btextbooksB bandB bprovidesB bitsB breadersB bwithB bdetailsB baboutB beachB bofB bthem.B bYouB bwillB bfindB babstractsB bofB beachB btextbookB bwhichB bisB bextremelyB bhelpfulB bifB byou'reB bhavingB btroubleB bdecidingB bwhichB bbookB btoB bbuyB bfirst.B bItB balsoB bgivesB byouB bhelpfulB btipsB bonB bfindingB bmoreB bbooksB bfromB baB blocalB blibraryB borB bthroughB bonlineB bwebsites,B bsuchB basB bAmazonB borB beBay.

ThisB bpartB bofB btheB bbookB bprovidesB banB bin-depthB bcomparisonB bbetweenB bPHPB bandB bRubyB bonB bRails.B bYouB bwillB bfindB bquotesB bfromB bprogrammersB bandB bbossesB bofB bfamousB bcompaniesB baskedB baboutB btheirB bexperienceB bwithB btheseB bprogrammingB blanguages.

ThisB bpartB bofB btheB bbookB bfeaturesB baB btestB bofB bsomeB bpopularB bprogrammingB blanguagesB baboutB btheirB bperformance.B bYouB bwillB bfindB bseveralB bdifferentB btestsB bonB bPython,B bRuby,B bJavaB bandB bC#.B bTheB bauthorB bprovidesB baB bhelpfulB bsetB bofB binstructionsB bthatB byouB bcanB bfollowB btoB bperformB btheB btestB byourselfB bifB byouB bhaveB bquestionsB baboutB bit.

ThisB bpartB bofB btheB bbookB bcomparesB bJavaB bandB bAndroidB btoB beachB bother.B bItB bisB bbasedB bonB btheB bquotesB bfromB bprogrammersB bwhoB bpreferB beitherB boneB blanguageB boverB btheB bother.B bTheB bbookB balsoB bdescribesB bstrategiesB busedB bbyB bcompaniesB bandB binstitutionsB btoB bimproveB btheirB bbusinessB bapplicationB busingB boneB borB bbothB bofB btheseB bprogrammingB blanguages.

ChapterB b5:B bUnderstandingB btheB bStructureB bofB baB bProgram

ThisB bpartB bofB btheB bbookB baimsB btoB bgetB byouB bquicklyB bstartedB bonB btheB bbasicsB bofB bcoding,B bteachingB byouB btheB bfirstB bstep:B bunderstandingB btheB bstructureB bofB baB bprogram.

TheB bProgramB bStructure

InB bourB bexample,B bweB bhaveB baB bprogramB bthatB bsimplyB bprintsB bhelloB bandB bgoodbye.B bTheB bsyntaxB btellsB busB bthatB bweB bcreateB btwoB bdifferentB bfunctionsB bwithB btheirB bdataB bandB blogicB bforB beach.B bItB bisB boftenB breferredB btoB basB bproceduralB bprogrammingB bbecauseB bitB bhasB bseparateB bproceduresB bwhichB bcanB bbeB bexecutedB batB banyB btimeB binB banyB border.

IntroductionB btoB bProgrammingB bVariables

AsB bmentionedB babove,B beveryB bprogrammingB blanguageB bhasB bitsB bownB bsetB bofB brulesB bandB bquirks,B bbutB btheyB ballB bshareB boneB bthingB binB bcommon:B bvariables.

VariableB bDataB bTypes

TheB bdataB btypesB bdefineB bhowB bvaluesB bareB bstoredB bwithinB baB bvariable.B bInB bourB bexampleB babove,B btheB bvariablesB busedB bareB bintegerB bandB bstring.B bEachB brepresentsB bspecificB bvaluesB borB bbitB bsequencesB bofB bbits.B bTheB bintB brepresentsB bintegers,B bwhileB btheB bstringB brepresentsB btext.B bInB badditionB btoB btheB bdataB btype,B beachB bvariableB bcontainsB baB bvalueB bofB bitsB bownB bandB bcanB bbeB bchangedB bbyB btheB bprogrammerB bwhenB brunB bthroughB btheB bcomputer'sB bcompiler.B bAsB banB bexample:

1B b.B b23B b+B b4B b.56B b=B b27.56

WhenB byouB baddB b23B bandB b4.5,B byouB bgetB b27.6,B bbutB binsteadB bofB bstoringB bitB basB b27,B bweB bstoreB bitB binB baB bvariable.B bItB bwouldB bbeB blikeB bhavingB b1B bdollarB bonB bhandB bandB bsaying,B bIB bhaveB boneB bdollar,B bexceptB byou'llB bsayB bB1B binsteadB bofB boneB bdollar.B bPleaseB bnoteB bthatB beveryB bprogrammingB blanguageB bhasB bitsB bjargonB bforB bvariablesB bsuchB basB bintB borB bstringB borB bfloatB bandB bsoB bon.

WeB bwillB bgoB bintoB bmoreB bdetailB bwhenB bweB blearnB bhowB btoB bmanipulateB bvariablesB binB bourB bfollowingB btutorial.

UnderstandingB btheB bStructureB bofB baB bProgram:B bSubroutineB bFunction

OurB bexampleB baboveB bisB bknownB basB bproceduralB bprogrammingB bbecauseB bitB bhasB bseparateB bproceduresB bwhichB bcanB bbeB bexecutedB batB banyB btimeB binB banyB border.B bInB bthisB bexample,B bweB bhaveB btheB bprimaryB bfunction,B bwhichB bisB bexecutedB bfirst.B bThisB bisB btheB bbeginningB bofB bourB bprogram,B bandB binB bprogrammingB bjargon,B bit'sB bknownB basB btheB bprimaryB bprocedure.B bTheB bprogramB bcanB bcallB buponB baB bseriesB bofB bsubroutinesB b(functions)B bthatB bwillB bthenB bbeB bexecutedB batB banyB btime.B bEachB bprocessB bhasB bitsB bvaluesB bandB blogicB bthatB bcanB bbeB busedB bbyB bitB borB bwithB botherB bfunctions.

CommandsB b&B bLogic

WeB buseB bcommandsB btoB bdirectB btheB binterpreterB b(computer)B bonB bhowB btoB bexecuteB bourB bprogram.B bCommandsB bareB btheB bexactB binstructionsB byou'reB btellingB byourB bprogramB btoB bmanage.B bSomeB bcommonB bcommandsB busedB binB bprogrammingB bareB bprint,B binput,B bif,B belseB bandB bwhile.

InB badditionB btoB binstructions,B blogicB bisB balsoB bused.B bSenseB btellsB btheB bcomputerB btoB bexecuteB baB bspecificB bcommandB bbasedB bonB bcertainB bconditions.B bForB bexample,B btheB bifB bknowledgeB ballowsB busB btoB bcheckB bcertainB bconditionsB bandB binstructB btheB binterpreterB b(computer)B btoB bperformB boneB borB bmoreB bactions.

UnderstandingB btheB bStructureB bofB baB bProgram:B bDataB bAssessor

InB bourB bexample,B bweB bhaveB baB bmainB bfunctionB bthatB bcanB bcallB buponB baB bseriesB bofB bsubroutines.B bTheseB bareB bcalledB bdataB bassessorsB basB btheyB banswerB btheB bquestion,B bwhatB bisB bthisB bvariable?B bAB bdataB bassessorB bisB blikeB banB bentryB bpointB btoB byourB bprogramB bthatB bhelpsB byouB brespondB bthisB bvariable.B bForB beachB bvariableB binB byourB bprogram,B bthereB bneedsB btoB bbeB boneB bandB bonlyB boneB bdataB baccessorB bforB bthatB bvariable.B bIfB byouB bcreateB btwoB borB bmoreB bvariablesB bwithB btheirB bownB bseparateB bdataB baccessors,B byourB bprogramB bwillB bnotB brunB bcorrectly.

ProgrammingB bQuirksB bandB bTips

ThereB bareB baB bfewB bquirksB btoB bkeepB binB bmindB basB byouB bstartB bprogramming.B bForB bexample,B bifB byouB bwantB btoB bcreateB baB bprogramB bthatB basksB btheB buserB bforB btheirB bname,

don'tB bputB btheB buser'sB bnameB binB bquotes.B bThisB bisB bbecauseB beveryB bsingleB bvariableB bhasB btoB bstartB bwithB baB bletterB borB banB bunderscoreB b(B b_B b).B bSoB bAliceB bwillB bnotB bworkB basB bitB bwillB bbeB binterpretedB basB bAlice,B bwhichB bisB bnotB baB bvalidB bvariable.B bIfB byouB bneedB btoB baskB btheB buserB bforB btheirB bname,B byouB bshouldB buseB busername.B bTheB bunderscoreB bcharacterB b(_)B bisB busedB btoB bseparateB bdifferentB bvariablesB bfromB boneB banother,B bsoB btheyB bareB bnotB bmixedB bup.B bThereB bisB balsoB bsomethingB bcalledB bscope.B bThisB bisB baB bfundamentalB bconceptB bthatB byouB bprobablyB balreadyB bknow.B bTheB bscopeB ballowsB bourB bprogramB btoB bknowB bwhatB bvariablesB bareB bdefinedB binB btheB bprogramB bandB bwhereB btheyB bareB bdefined.B bTheirB bpositionB bdeterminesB bthis,B bsoB btheB bfirstB bvariableB bonB banyB blineB bofB bcodeB bisB bcalledB btheB blocalB bscopeB bandB bcanB bbeB baccessedB bwithoutB bneedingB btoB bwriteB boutB btheB bnameB bofB bthatB bvariable.B bButB bifB byouB bstartB btoB bprintB boutB bvariablesB boutsideB bofB byourB bsubroutines,B byouB bwillB bneedB btoB bwriteB boutB btheirB bnames.

ProgrammingB bTerminology

Classes,B bObjects,B bVariables,B bandB bFunctions.

TheB bobject-orientedB bprogrammingB bmethodologyB bcreatesB baB bmoreB bstructuredB bandB borderlyB bwayB btoB bstoreB bdataB bwithinB byourB bcomputerB bprograms.B bObject-B borientedB bprogrammingB bisB bbasedB bonB bwhatB bweB blearnB binB bhighB bschoolB bandB bcollege,B bbutB bisB busedB bdifferentlyB binB btheB brealB bworld.B bThisB bmethodologyB bcreatesB bclassesB bofB bobjectsB bthatB bareB bdesignedB btoB bbeB bsimilarB btoB btheB brealB bworldB bobjects.

AB bclassB bisB baB bwayB bofB borganizingB byourB bprogramB bintoB bdifferentB bgroupsB bwithB bsimilarB bvalues,B bsimilarB bmethodsB borB bactionsB b(functions),B bandB bsimilarB bproperties.B bClassB bisB bderivedB bfromB baB bsetB bofB bvaluesB bthatB bareB bknownB basB battributes.B bTheB battributesB bcanB bbeB banythingB bfromB bnumbersB btoB bstringsB borB bbuilt-inB bvariablesB bsuchB basB blocation,B bsize,B bspeed,B btime,B betc...B bInB bourB bprogramB babove,B bweB bhaveB boneB bclassB bcalledB bmain,B bwhichB bhasB boneB battributeB bcalledB bEXE.B bThatB bis,B btheB bEXEB bvariableB bisB bdefinedB binB btheB bprogram.

ByB bcreatingB baB bclass,B bweB bcanB bmakeB bobjectsB bthatB binheritB bthisB bclass.B bForB bexample,B binB bourB bprogram,B bweB bcreatedB baB bclassB bcalledB bMain,B bwhichB binheritsB bfromB btheB bMainB bclass.B bWeB bcanB bthenB bcreateB banB bobjectB bcalledB bmainB busingB bthisB bclassB b(itB bwillB bbeB bcalledB bmain).

AB bvariableB bisB blikeB banyB botherB bvariableB binB byourB bprogram,B bexceptB bitB bcanB bbeB busedB bbyB bmanyB bclasses/objectsB bandB bhasB bitsB bscope.B bUnlikeB bvariablesB bthatB bareB bdefinedB bwithinB boneB bsubroutine,B bvariablesB bdefinedB boutsideB bofB bsubroutinesB bareB bcalledB bglobalB bvariables.B bVariablesB bdefinedB binB btheB bsameB bclassB ballB bhaveB btheB bsameB bscope,B bwhichB bmeansB btheyB bcanB bbeB baccessedB batB banyB btimeB bwithinB bthatB bclass.

VariableB bscopeB bisB bdeterminedB bbyB bwhereB btheB bvariableB bisB bdefinedB b(theB blocalB bscopeB borB bglobalB bscope),B bbutB bonceB baB bvariableB b(localB borB bglobal)B bisB bdefined,B bitB balwaysB bhasB baB bscope.

ChapterB b6:B bDifferentB bTypesB bofB bPrograms

Let'sB blookB batB btheB bdifferentB btypesB bofB bprogramsB bandB bseeB bwhichB bonesB bmightB bbeB bbestB bforB beachB bexperienceB blevel.

WhereB bShouldB bYouB bLearnB btoB bCode?B bManyB bpeopleB bdon'tB brealizeB baboutB bcodingB bbecauseB bitB bcanB bbeB blearnedB binB bmanyB bdifferentB bways.

IfB byou'reB bnewB btoB bprogramming,B banB bexcellentB bplaceB btoB bstartB bwouldB bbeB bwithB baB blanguageB blikeB bPythonB borB bJava.B bTheseB blanguagesB bareB beasierB bforB bbeginnersB bbecauseB btheyB bdoB bnotB brequireB bpriorB bknowledgeB bofB banyB botherB bprogrammingB blanguageB btoB bgetB bstartedB bwithB bthem.B bOnceB byou'veB bmasteredB btheseB btwoB blanguages,B byou'llB bprobablyB bwantB btoB btryB byourB bhandB batB bC++B borB bPHPB b(orB bsomethingB belseB bentirely).

IfB byouB bhaveB balreadyB blearnedB boneB borB bmoreB bprogrammingB blanguages,B bbutB bareB blookingB bforB bsomethingB bnewB btoB btry,B bthenB byou'llB bprobablyB bwantB btoB btryB baB bnewB blanguageB bthatB btakesB bdifferentB bapproachesB bfromB btheB bonesB bthatB byouB balreadyB bknow.B bThisB bmeansB bthatB bC++B bandB bJavaB bmightB bbeB baB bgoodB bplaceB btoB bstart.B bTheseB blanguagesB bareB bsimilarB benoughB btoB bothersB bthatB byouB bcanB bmakeB btheB btransitionB bfromB bthemB brelativelyB beasyB b(onceB byouB bknowB banotherB blanguage).

IfB byou'reB balreadyB banB bexperiencedB bcoder,B bthenB bthere'sB bnoB bneedB btoB breplaceB byourB bcurrentB bdevelopmentB benvironmentB bwithB bsomethingB bnew.B bHowever,B bitB bcanB bstillB bhelpB bifB byouB bswitchB boverB bJsB bjustB blongB benoughB btoB bgetB bfamiliarB bwithB baB bdifferentB bapproach.B bOnceB bthisB bhappens,B bitB bwillB bbeB beasierB bforB byouB btoB blearnB botherB blanguagesB binB btheB bfuture.

KnowledgeB bofB btheB bInternet:B bIfB byou'reB bnewB btoB bprogramming,B byou'llB bwantB btoB bmakeB bsureB bthatB byouB bunderstandB bhowB btheB binternetB bworksB bbeforeB byouB bbeginB byourB bnewB badventure.B bAlthoughB bitB bmightB bsoundB boverwhelmingB batB bfirst,B btheB binternetB bisn'tB bthatB bhardB btoB bunderstand.

ItB bmightB bnotB bbeB bnecessaryB bforB byouB btoB blearnB bHTMLB bandB bCSSB bbeforeB byouB bstartB blearningB bwebB bdevelopmentB b(they'reB bprettyB bsimpleB blanguages,B bafterB ball),B bbutB bitB bwillB bhelpB bifB byouB bdo.

LearnB bAboutB btheB bInternet:

Don'tB bWaitB bToB bLearnB bToB bCode:B bTheB bbestB btimeB btoB blearnB bisB bnow.B bItB bdoesn'tB bmatterB bifB byou'reB b100B byearsB boldB borB btenB byearsB bold,B borB bevenB bsomewhereB bin-B bbetween.B bThereB bareB bnoB blimitsB bonB bwhoB bcanB blearnB bhowB bthingsB bwork.B bIfB byouB bknowB bhowB btoB bread,B byouB bcanB blearnB bhowB bthingsB bwork.B bIfB byouB bareB breadyB btoB bstartB blearningB bprogrammingB blanguages,B borB bifB byouB bhaveB balreadyB bstarted,B bthenB bit'sB btimeB bforB byouB btoB bgetB byourselfB boneB bofB btheB baboveB bbooksB bandB bbeginB byourB bjourneyB bintoB btheB bworldB bofB bcoding.

ThisB bdoesn'tB bmeanB bthatB beverythingB bwillB bbeB beasyB bgoingB bfromB bhereB bonB bin.

ThereB bareB balwaysB bnewB bchallengesB bahead,B bbutB bifB blearningB btoB bcodeB binterestsB byou,B bthenB btheB bjourneyB bwillB bbeB bworthB bit.B bTheB bbestB bwayB bforB bthingsB btoB bbecomeB bmoreB baccessibleB bisB bforB bmoreB bpeopleB btoB blearnB bhowB bthingsB bwork.B bTheB bmoreB bpeopleB bthatB bknowB bhowB btoB bcode,B btheB beasierB bitB bwillB bbeB bforB byouB btoB blearn.B bSo,B bwhatB bareB byouB bwaitingB bfor?

ChapterB b7:B bHowB bIsB baB bProgramB bBuilt?

ThereB bareB bseveralB bdifferentB bapproachesB btoB bbuildingB baB bprogram,B bbutB binB bthisB bbeginner'sB bguide,B bweB bwillB bfocusB bonB boneB bstrategy:B btop-downB bdesign.

Top-downB bdesignB bisB baB bmethodB bofB bprogrammingB bwhereB btheB bhighest-levelB bmodulesB bareB bdesignedB bfirstB bandB