How to Understand and Develop Humans: Based on Psychology and Management Perspectives for Better Human Resources and Organizational Performance

Foreword

We wrote this book focusing on 8 things that are very vital in managing human resources. We explain these vital things thoroughly and flow like a novel but full of meaning and understanding of human resource management and psychology. Psychology and human resource management are two sciences that can complement each other because in managing human resources, in addition to paying attention to human productivity within the company, it is also necessary to understand the mental and physical conditions of humans working in the company. So that psychology science is very useful in managing human resources within the company. These 8 vitals include:

Understanding of Human Base on Psychology perspective

Industrial and Organizational Psychology

Job Analysis and Evaluation

Effective Employee Selection Techniques

Employee Awards and Motivation

Employee Performance Evaluation

Employee Training and Development

Stress Management

We hope that what we have explained in this book can be useful and provide a thorough understanding so that it can help readers understand and manage human resources in business.

Best Regard

Dr Eny Lestari Widarni 1 & Alejandra García-Ochoa Mora 2

1 Dr. Eny Lestari Widarni is an expert and practitioner in the field of human resources, especially human capital. Dr. Eny Lestari Widarni has more than 20 years of experience in managing and developing human resources in Indonesia.

2 Alejandra García-Ochoa Mora is a professional in Psychology, specialised in clinical psychology by Autonomous University of Madrid and University of Salamanca (Spain). She is expert in cognitive-behaviour therapy and contextual therapy and also specialist in learning disabilities. Thus, Alejandra has a bunch of knowledge about human behaviour and human develop. She has ten years of experience in her field and nowadays works as a psychotherapist online in her on business called Alejandra Ochoa-Psicóloga.

Table Of Content

How to Understand and Develop Humans 1

Foreword 2

Table Of Content 3

Chapter 1. Understanding of Human Base on Psychology perspective 1

1.1. Understanding Of MBTI Psychological Tests 13

1.2. Understanding Of DiSC Psychological Tests 26

Chapter 2. Industrial and Organizational Psychology 32

2.1. History and development of industrial and organizational psychology 38

Chapter 3. Job Analysis and Evaluation 42

Chapter 4. Effective Employee Selection Techniques 52

Chapter 5. Employee Awards and Motivation 70

5. Don't Be Afraid and Doubt 82

Chapter 6. Employee Performance Evaluation 86

Chapter 7. Employee Training and Development 104

Chapter 8. Stress Management 117

References 130

Chapter 1. Understanding of Human Base on Psychology perspective

Human and Nature, Photo by Monika Kocman (Slovenia)

Every human being is born with different types of personalities. Personality will describe how a person thinks, acts, interacts, and so on. We also need to recognize how our personality is so that the character and potential that exists within us can be optimized. In addition to knowing our own personality, we also need to know the personalities of others around us. This is so that we can understand how we should behave and react to them. Humans grow and develop every day and experience many phases of life from childhood to adulthood. In the process, we often experience various changes, both from the physical form, mindset, to personality. As we know, personality describes who we really are. Then, can this personality change with age?

Humans grow and develop every day and experience many phases of life from childhood to adulthood. In the process, we often experience various changes, both from the physical form, mindset, to personality. As we know, personality describes who we really are. Then, can this personality change with age?

Personality is a developmental phenomenon, in other words, personality can develop over time. But these changes occur over a long period of time. But personality will still change even if slowly. Although some individuals experience only minor changes in their old lives, in general, the principle of maturity will still occur for everyone. Over time the personality does change progressively and consistently. It all depends on how we respond to these changes as something good or not. Humans are very unique. Each individual has a different character from one another. On the one hand, these differences reflect the diversity that makes each individual has unique characteristics. But on the other hand, differences in human characters are quite difficult in the context of social relations, because it will be difficult to understand each other.

A person's character or character is difficult to change because it is a basic trait inherent in each individual. The definition of character or character itself is the inner nature of humans that affects all thoughts, behavior, character, and character. Character shows an individual's behavior that is relatively permanent when interacting with his environment based on knowledge of morals. In their social life, humans are often judged by their character and personality. Two different things but often understood the same. Human character is generally attached to moral norms, while personality has nothing to do with morals. Personality is an essential trait that is reflected in human attitudes that distinguish it from other humans. Although different, character and personality are both the result of interactions between humans and life experiences and the surrounding environment. The character can be formed, while the personality can be changed. Both have a relationship in their influence on human behavior.

Humans have different and unique characters. This type of personality will determine how a person behaves every day. Human character or personality can be learned, and humans sometimes have similar characters with one another. Everyone certainly has a different character or personality. It is almost impossible for humans to have the exact same personality type as each other, even twins usually have different personalities. This personality then determines the nature and behavior of a person. It's good for us to know the character of each other and that of others. The purpose of the personality type or self character is to optimize self-change for the better and positive. Meanwhile, knowing a person's personality can help understand the interlocutor in social interactions with the people around him.

Knowing about personality types or reading a person's character will make it easier for you to recognize and interact with them. For example, the characters of gen X and gen Y are different so it takes a special ability to recognize their character, so you can build a better relationship with them. Many experts classify human personality into several types. One of them is Hippocrates (Ganiban, 2020). Hippocrates a Greek physician who lived circa 460 370 BC incorporated the four temperaments into his medical theory as part of the ancient medical concept of humorism. According to him, these elements greatly affect the human personality. Hippocrates, who is one of the psychological figures who hold the view that the universe contains several elements, namely dry elements, language, hot and cold elements. Hippocrates revealed that there are 4 types of personality that may be owned by every human being. The four personality types are sanguine, phlegmatic, choleric, and melancholic.

The first type of human personality is sanguine. This first type of personality has the element of heat from nature. They have very good traits, which are optimistic, have a great sense of humor, and are also very active. People with a sanguine personality include people who are easy to socialize with and easy to get along with anyone. They have good leadership traits thanks to their dominant personality traits. But just like humans in general, people with this dominant personality have shortcomings, such as giving the impression of being messy, getting bored quickly, looking indifferent so they don't really care about other people. Even so, most sanguine people have high creativity so it's only natural that they have an artistic soul that they can hone very well. Suitable for a career as an artist, as well as an artist or standing on the entertainment stage thanks to their fun demeanor. Despite having a hot personality, people with a sanguine personality type are known to be very lively, aka optimistic, light, cheerful, cheerful, and active. People with this personality type are very adventurous and have a very high tolerance. They are easy to get along with and easily melt a tense atmosphere into a more pleasant one. They are also very confident and trustworthy. They really like entertainment. Therefore, when they are bored, they will look for other variations of entertainment. Unfortunately, sometimes this trait affects their work performance because they quickly get bored and immediately seek a more pleasant distraction. Personality people are known to be very creative and suitable to be artists. They are considered to be successful if they choose a career in the entertainment industry. They are a good fit for jobs in the creative industries because of their natural abilities.

The sanguine personality is known as the type of personality that is able to position itself well and adapt quickly. Humans with this type or type of personality have several positive sides as follows:

Clever in persuasion and want to be famous in the environment.

Open and happy to talk.

Easy to adapt to a new environment.

Friendly, friendly, and able to break a rigid atmosphere.

Easy to make friends.

Responsive and humorous.

Always trying to please others.

Have a high sense of empathy for people in need.

Of these various characteristics, sanguine people tend to be more sociable and spontaneous. For them, enjoying joy is more beneficial than thinking about unimportant things. Therefore, sanguine people do not really see the past and future as a burden. They prefer to enjoy life and spend it with joy. They are even able to channel happiness by making the people around them happy and laughing too. Not only positive traits, but humans with a sanguine personality also have a negative side that becomes their weakness. Some of the negative sides of this personality are as follows:

Has unstable emotions and tends to be moody.

Less productive because they are too busy with fun.

Emotions that tend to be moody affect work, where the results can be optimal if they are in a work environment that they think is fun. On the other hand, when they work in an environment that is not pleasant for them, their work results are less than optimal.

Exaggerating too much when faced with a problem.

They like to talk, so they tend to have low discipline.

People with a Sanguine personality are optimistic and always enthusiastic individuals. They have a sociable and friendly nature with others, like to speak in public, like attention, are creative, and tend to dominate in groups. No wonder so many people love to be around him. They are also said to be personalities who have an adventurous spirit. But this type does not like to deal with things that are complicated, serious, selfish, and easy to forget. Lack of commitment to common interests. Sanguine, always prioritizing feelings over thoughts is a typical character of the Sanguine type. Always passionate and warm to everyone he met made him loved by many people due to his hospitality. People with sanguine personality types tend to be lively, optimistic, lighthearted, and carefree. This type also likes adventure and has a high tolerance for risk. In addition, sanguine types are usually weak in tolerating boredom and will seek variety and entertainment. Naturally, this trait can sometimes negatively affect relationships and other things. Because of this fun-seeking personality, many people with a sanguine personality tend to struggle with addiction (craving something constantly). Sanguine people are also known to be very creative and can make great artists and entertainers and will be successful if they choose a career in the entertainment industry. Sanguine's natural ability is very suitable when choosing a job related to marketing, travel, fashion, cooking/culinary, or sports.

The second type of human personality is phlegmatic. People with phlegmatic personalities are said to love peace and are neutral in every situation and do not like to take sides with one side. They will always try to avoid conflict with anyone. In addition, people with this personality also enjoy helping others. A phlegmatic can also be a good listener, has a sense of humor, easy to get along with, has lots of friends, and doesn't like complicated things. This type is more likely to be mediocre and less interested in new things. Someone with a phlegmatic personality seems to be unquestionably loyal. The phlegmatic personality is relaxed, friendly, enthusiastic, organized, and full of calm. This calm nature is because they bring the cold element from nature. The phlegmatic personality also has an intimate personality so that he has very good relationships with others and likes friendship, family love, and neighbors. People with this trait are also very patient and gentle so they are suitable for participating in social activities. The phlegmatic personality tends to avoid conflict and always tries to mediate with others. They like to seek interpersonal harmony and close relationships with other people. This is what makes them a loyal type of partner and can be a loving parent. People with phlegmatic personalities also like to keep in touch with old friends, distant family, and even neighbors. People with phlegmatic personalities who don't like violence and always love peace are the hallmarks of a phlegmatic. A phlegmatic is also someone who often spreads happiness through his witty humor to make other people happy too.

The phlegmatic personality type is almost similar to melancholy. However, phlegmatics are more open in the sense that they are willing to blend in with the crowd. While melancholy tend to seem closed off and feel more comfortable in solitude. Phlegmatic humans are people with personalities who like peace. They do not like and tend to avoid conflict. Therefore, they are still willing to carry out orders even though they actually don't like it. When faced with a problem, they try to find a peaceful solution that can reduce the possibility of conflict. Even more extreme, they don't mind if they have to suffer pain or suffer losses as long as the problems they face can be resolved immediately. Here are some positive sides that are the advantages of phlegmatic people:

Not very talkative but wise.

Their peace-loving nature makes them good intermediaries.

Enjoy doing the same thing over and over without feeling bored.

Has high concern and empathy for the people around him.

Able to work well even under pressure.

Good at hiding emotions.

Meanwhile, the negative traits inherent in people with phlegmatic personalities which are also their weaknesses are as follows:

His dislike of conflict actually creates a tendency to avoid problems.

Happy to postpone and hang problems that exist in the hope that the problem can be resolved by itself.

Not willing to confront other people directly, so reluctant to involve themselves in something.

Lack of assertiveness as a leader.

A person with a phlegmatic personality is usually a peace-loving person. This type usually seeks interpersonal harmony and close relationships that make phlegmatic people loyal partners and loving parents. Phlegmatic people like to keep in touch with old friends, distant family members, and neighbors. In terms of personality, the phlegmatic type tends to avoid conflict and always tries to mediate with others to restore peace and harmony. Phlegmatics are also very fond of charity and helping