American Indianology 101: A profile of Today's American Indian population, tribes and reservations.

Introduction

Information is Power

The primary Mission of this eBook is to help educate the public about American Indians by providing information about today’s American Indian population, tribes and reservations.

The secondary Mission is to help those millions of American Indians who have lost their tribal connection, to reconnect through genealogy research.

In 1990, I published the map of Native American Reservations and in 1994 the 1st edition of the American Indian Facts of Life handbook. The American Indian community has changed dramatically in the last 25 years, and I felt it was time to update and review the demographic landscape to see if my thoughts and projections were still valid. This 6th edition will be published as an eBook and iBook that will be available on Amazon, Apple and our website: http://www.nativeaol.com

I am an enrolled member of the Saginaw Chippewa Tribe of Indians. The Isabella Indian Reservation was home to my family for generations. My Mother left the reservation with 4 small children when I was a young boy trying to seek a better life.

I write from my personal experience as an Urban Indian and my ten-year enrollment process. And also, the ongoing twenty-year effort to get my 2 children enrolled. If some tribal enrollment changes are not made, I will be the last Chippewa in my family, forever! My experience is typical of the vast majority of today’s American Indian population.

A Matter of Semantics

Over the years, I have been asked hundreds of times what do you prefer to be called: Indian, or American Indian or Native American? (There is also a second tier host of other names: First Americans, Native People, etc.) My response was always the same: I’m a Chippewa Indian.

Racial identity was not an issue with Indian people because they are inherently self-identified with their respective tribes of geography, customs, and family. From the arrival of Columbus to World War II, the Indian public persona and identity have always been controlled and defined by others.

A rather thorny issue in Indian Country: What is the politically correct collective racial identity for Indian people? Shouldn’t the Indian people have the right to self-identity?

   The people were Indians from 1492 until World War II.

   After considerable distinction in World War II, they became American Indians.

   During the politically turbulent 1960s, they became Native Americans.

If Indian people could agree on what to call themselves collectively, it would make a strong statement for a self-declared national identity and enhance the chances for the successful development of cohesive national organizations to address social, political and economic issues. A collective name would help eliminate one basic issue of confusion for everyone.

Indian people are experiencing the same semantic evolution as other ethnic groups. Black people have become African-Americans. Mexicans and Chicanos have become Hispanic and Latino. Chinese, Koreans, Vietnamese, etc. have become American Asians.

The difference between Indians and the other ethnic groups is that Indians were pre-Columbus, pre-America and pre-United States. Indians were the indigenous inhabitant's thousands of years before it was America. Defining Indians by an American frame of reference seems incongruous at best.

However, Indian was never contested for all the obvious reasons and became the accepted designation by the world, America and the Indians themselves.

Indian was a misnomer that was accepted as a matter of course for over 500 years. Columbus thought he had landed in the East Indies and called the native inhabitants Indians. (The name Indian theoretically, historically and logically belongs to the people of India and the East Indies.)

As the population of people from India in the United States increases, there is additional confusion because they call themselves Indian Americans. A looming issue is a further confusion and conflict on the Internet. When I do a search for Indian or American Indian, a significant number of the listings are related to people from India, their organizations, and businesses.

Native American has gained acceptance in the academic community and seems to be preferred by younger generations.

The term Native American came into usage in the 1960s to denote the groups served by the Bureau of Indian Affairs: Native Americans and Alaska Indians (Indians, Eskimos, and Aleuts of Alaska). The Eskimos and Aleuts in Alaska are two culturally distinct groups and are sensitive about being included under the Indian designation. They prefer Alaska Indian. Later the term also included Indian Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders in Federal Programs.

Around 1990, as I became more involved with Indian organizations and activities, I was able to make the transition from Indian to American Indian. It wasn’t that much of a stretch, and I made the change without much difficulty. Becoming a Native American is much more of a challenge because it sounds antiseptic, plastic and contrived. It implies that the Indian people’s existence began with the discovery of America.

There is also the issue of being identified as an Indian by the US Government (which is definitive with regard to blood quantum and tribal affiliation), and being Indian, which is a mindset and a state of being. Personally, I was born Indian and I believe that I will always subconsciously think of myself as Indian.

To further muddy the waters, Census 2010 includes a Latin American Indian Tribe category as one of the ten largest tribes. Recently, newspaper articles are referring to Mexican Indians and Asian Indians.

Indian is subconsciously institutionalized by Indian tribes and organizations, the United States government including the Bureau of Indian Affairs, the Indian Health Service, Indian Education, etc., and the public in general. We will fight this battle another day because there are more important issues that need attention and resolution than to be politically correct at this time.

For our purposes, we will use Indian, American Indian and Native American interchangeably depending on the timeframe and leave the politically correct semantics to the academic community and future generations.

Global Perspective

Far better is it to dare mighty things, to win glorious triumphs, even though checkered by failure... than to rank with those poor spirits who neither enjoy nor suffer much, because they live in a gray twilight that knows not victory nor defeat.

Theodore Roosevelt

As we begin a new millennium, we can only wonder what the American Indian experience will be in 50 years or 100 years from now. The world is moving at Internet speed, and concern with Indian issues will diminish in direct proportion to the speed of change. Congress simply does not have the time, information or inclination to deal with Indian issues.

Star Trek and NASA space shuttles have let us peek into the foreseeable future as scientists systematically explore the galaxy. Moon explorations are becoming routine. NASA space programs are already busy designing space stations. The United States has robotic vehicles exploring Mars. The Hubble and Kepler telescopes are delivering stunning images of galaxies that existed only in the imagination of a human genius.

As we speak, the James Webb telescope will be online in 2018 that is 3 times as large and will be 100 times as powerful as the Hubble and Kepler telescopes. Going from Hubble to the James Webb Telescope is like going from a biplane to the jet engine.

Are other planets inhabitable? Is there intelligent life on these planets? What effect will these answers have on our religious beliefs? It is presumptuous and arrogant for us to assume that we are the only intelligent life in a universe, as Carl Sagan succinctly reminded us, has billions and billions of galaxies, stars, and planets.

Space explorations are the launching pads for a quantum leap in global perception and evolution. We’ve seen the space photos of Earth that look like a giant blue and white marble suspended in space. The Moon has changed from a globe of romantic mystique to dusty volcanoes and static human voices. The stars have changed from twinkling points of light to planets ringed by colorful planes of dust and matter.

Computers, the Internet, and cost-effective wireless telecommunications have transformed our world into a global community and a global market. Competitive participation is mandatory in the global market for national economic survival. Business is conducted internationally almost as quickly as domestic transactions. The internet with cell phones, email, and social media gives us access to instant communication with anyone in the world for the price of our local phone service.

Technology, especially the Internet, is the power behind the electronic bullet train of change. The existing socioeconomic gap between Native Americans and the rest of the society widens in direct proportion to the speed of change. However, there is an incubating Indian Renaissance that could narrow that gap. For the first time in history, Native American people have a window of opportunity opened by visibility and resources to create and present their own narrative.

Public libraries, university libraries and museums contain thousands of resources that chronicle every aspect of the fascinating epic as two different cultures engaged in a violent and savage struggle for survival. For Indian people, the struggle continues.

Truth and Knowledge

The only thing that I know for sure, is that I know nothing.

Author Unknown

The more you know, the more you realize there is to know. Our spectrum of knowledge is exploding exponentially as the Kepler, Hubble telescopes and NASA explore the vast mysteries of the galaxy and microscopes probe the infinitesimal secrets of the DNA helix and genetics. The light of knowledge morphs the truth as we have known it.

The human knowledge curve was a relatively flat line for centuries. A hundred years ago, the curve began with a steady but relatively flat incline; during the last 30 years the curve has become nearly vertical, and we have compiled more knowledge than all of recorded history! What will the knowledge curve look like in the next 10 or 20 years? In the next 100 years? We’ll probably need a new frame of reference.

There are very few absolutes in this life. The truth yesterday is not necessarily the truth today, and the truth today may not be the truth tomorrow. The truth is neither black nor white but ever changing shades of gray, depending on the body of knowledge at the time.

The truth is a blend of knowledge and perception that is generally a believable premise or opinion by someone that we consider a knowledgeable expert witness, even though disinformation or misinformation may flaw that perception. Truth and knowledge are strange companions because one often makes a liar of the other.

Degrees of Truth:

Scientific truth – encompasses the laws of nature, physics, and mathematics. The development of technology is accelerating scientific discovery at an astounding rate.

Manipulated truth – clever lawyers, politicians and public relations people can manipulate facts to create their particular spin and impose their perceptions. If you don’t think the truth can be manipulated then listen to opposing trial lawyers or a political debate.

Traditional truth – the things we were taught and believed as children often based on family superstitions, myths, and rumor. Memories of scary stories told around the campfire in the woods still affect my thinking.

Deliberate illusion – We live in a world of illusion. Movies, DVDs, and television are constructed illusions connected by scenes