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New South Wales is a wine region in which the warm climate allows cultivation of varieties such as Cabernet Sauvignon and Shiraz. This region specialises in the production of Semyon. This va- riety is known worldwide and highly rated by wine specialists. Hunter Valley is Australia’s oldest wine region, and the first vineyards were planted here in 1825. White wines are mostly produced, with Shiraz as prevailing variety. In addition to these subregions, it is worth mentioning the Mag- gie area, where Chardonnay, Cabernet Sauvignon and Shiraz are grown. — Figure 32 New South Wales is a wine region in which the warm climate allows cultivation of varieties such as Cabernet Sauvignon and Shiraz. This region specialises in the production of Semyon. This va- riety is known worldwide and highly rated by wine specialists. Hunter Valley is Australia’s oldest wine region, and the first vineyards were planted here in 1825. White wines are mostly produced, with Shiraz as prevailing variety. In addition to these subregions, it is worth mentioning the Mag- gie area, where Chardonnay, Cabernet Sauvignon and Shiraz are grown.

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World examples of the importance of wine events, fairs and museums as part of the wine tourisr offer, the way they are valorized, their role in the overall promotion of wine tourism and etc., ca be an important roadmap for tourism development in the Republic of North Macedonia and Foundation for development of regional and national strategies. The statistics related to the wir ery processed in the Study will give an idea of its development in the world, but will also help de termine the place of the Republic of North Macedonia on the world wine map. In the continuatio: of the Study, an analysis of international experiences related to wine tourism and world-famou wine regions is made, in order to make a comparison that will show the country’s capacities Fo development of wine tourism, possibilities for taking Future steps and activities in the interest o development of the same.

/arious research methods and instruments have been used in the design of the study, such as: inalysis of the content of European and global studies related to wine tourism and wine pro- Juction; analysis of the legislation related to tourism, catering and wine production; analysis of tatistical reports related to catering and tourism; qualitative research (workshops with winery epresentatives); conducting unstructured interviews with representatives of local self-govern- nent, wineries, Ministries, Wine Association; creative thinking; field research of existing wineries ind wine regions by photographing and visiting potential wine centres locations; visiting wine nuseums and wine events; desk analysis of relevant literature, bibliography and internet sources; artographic analysis and mapping of wineries and regions; design, distribution and analysis of slectronic questionnaire to wineries offering wine tasting etc. Chart 1. Steps in the study development

There are no universal definitions of wine tourism in the literature, and this term has been trea ed by many authors and organisations, hence defining it in various respects. Wine tourism | also referred to by some authors as wine tourism. Wine tourism is a set of interactive processe: phenomena and relationships that arise from the interest of visitors to the production and/c consumption of wine as a style, lifestyle, culture, and tradition of a particular wine region. Man definitions of wine tourism refer to the experiences and motives of tourists. According to then wine tourism is a visit to wine regions, vineyards, tastings, wineries, wine Festivals and exhibition that are organised For relaxation purposes. There are mainly three main carriers of wine tourisn the wine maker, the consumer tourist and the travel agency promoting the destination. Othe research, however, points to the Fact that vine cultivation and wine production technology are d rectly linked to cultural heritage, with wine tourism having similar characteristics to cultural tou ism, since tourists who participate in wine tourism and gastronomy and are direct participants i cultural tourism. By developing wine tourism, the tourism in the destination is being developed, especially in rural areas, by increasing wine sales, building a positive image of the destination, and increasing the number of tourists. The development of wine tourism also depends on the state’s tourism policy and strategies and development programmes, destination marketing, tourism organisations and the private sector. The benefits of wine tourism development have several stakeholders in the tourism market, such as:

‘able 2. Number of tourists and wine tourism in selected countries for 2014

Successful examples of wine tourism development may be found all over the world. In additio to countries that are traditional wine producers, such as France, Spain, Italy, countries such as A gentina, Australia, Chile, New Zealand, and South Africa are investing heavily in wine tourism d velopment. In South Africa, tourists visiting Cape Town have two main activities to do: visit Tabl Mountain National Park by Funicular and visit some of the regional wine routes. The Napa Valle a popular wine region in California, USA, is a region where only plums were produced in the pas and today it has grown into one of the most important and most visited wine regions in the worl Most tourists enjoy Napa’s picturesque wine routes, numerous wineries, and restaurants. In add tion to wine tasting and winery tours, Napa offers other wine-related tourist experiences: walk in vineyards, traditional mountain lunch, rest and relaxation in spa resorts, wine-reward golfin: cycling, Flying with balloons, attending cultural events, eco-tourism, voluntary wine auctions, et Some wineries have added bird parks, picnic areas and barbeques, sightseeing of local historic heritage, and more to enhance the stay of tourists.

Wine tasting as an essential element in the wine tourism offer has its own characteristics related to the following: wine tasting, tasting room, tasting performance and additional activities.

Supplementary activities. The tasting is part of the overall tourist programme. The Following thematically relate to it: acquainting with the winery's offer and assortment; acquainting with the techniques and the technological process of the wine production; viewing vineyards and gain- ing information on them — surveillance, vine collection, etc.; wine shop and sale, etc. Sometimes, these supplementary activities are complemented with animation or Folklore programmes to en- tertain the guests. The sightseeing of the winery is especially interesting For the tourists, if it is about wineries with long history. During a visit of a winery in Bordeaux, the winery owner, the Baron Philippine de Rothschild, told the visitors: “The wine production is a very simple business, only the first 200 years are difficult to manage”. Tasting performance. The tasting table is set for this occasion before the guests arrive. After occupying the seats by the guests, the tasting is led by a specialist (oenologist, technologist, som- melier, etc.). He/she first introduces tourists to the rules of tasting. He/she makes a brief expla- nation of the wines to be tasted. Some programmes envisage that a guest from among the wine tasting group is selected to take the role of a host. In cases where the group of tourists is very knowledgeable about wine, then professional tasting is approached. Tasting depends on the pro- File of the tourist group - whether they are modest wine consumers or lovers of wine culture and wine is a hobby for them. The oenologist should be prepared in a suitable scenario, depending on the clients in wine tourism. Thematic and food tastings are also organised, different dishes are served, and wine and food combinations are commented on. Tastes on “Health and Wine” may also be oraanised.

These fair events are of international importance, and besides, we may mention wine fairs organ ised in Plovdiv and Belgrade. Fairs are events of a limited duration held to provide a place For the promotion and sale of goods or services. They are places where supply and demand meet, anc we have met them since ancient times. The infrastructure built For the Fairs is of Foremost impor tance for the development of this activity, and the major Fairs centres are located in developec countries in Europe, USA, and Asia. The main participants in the fairs are the Fair organisations exhibitors, and visitors. The fairs are an opportunity for wineries to present their offer to the wid er global audience.

Bordeaux Wine and Trade Museum. The Bordeaux Historia Vini Association stands behind the initiative to open the Bordeaux Museum of Wine and Trade in 2008, located in the city of Bor- deaux. Accommodated in three cellars, the museum is a collection of unique historical objects, many testimonies of the past and present. The museum has several panels and informational doc- uments explaining Bordeaux's wine trade, from the evolution of the medieval wine traders from Bordeaux winery privilege, to the present day with the work of the wineries and the exports. The Museum covers several main topics: The decision to organise such a wine museum in Aleksandrovac was supported by a variety of rea- sons, such as: the millennium tradition of winemaking, the location and significance of the Zupa region in the national wine production, the Zupa vineyards covering some 3,000 hectares making it the largest vineyard area in Serbia, a rich assortment of vineyards that come from excellent wines and wines of geographical origin, generations of Zupa locals who have been associated with vine growing and wine production for centuries, the existence of traditions of Zupa wines, which is known for most contemporary wine production, several dozens of small wineries producing and retaining wine in Aleksandrovac and the surrounding villages. The first vineyards here were established in 1891 (among the first in the Kingdom of Serbia), on a 40-hectare estate, and thena Vine-Gruit Growing Seminary School was established in 1921, which maintained the long tradition of vine growing and wine production in this region.

The wine routes in California and South Africa were Formed much later as parts or as tourist ar- rangements, and wine tourism as a concept was recognised as a union of the wine business anc the tourist offer. In Europe, although wine routes were created for visitors, a small number of them were open to wine tourists, that is, only a few organised tours and wine tastings of thei products and would sell those on site. In the late 1990s, international wine and tourism confer. ences were organised by the wine industry and academia to draw attention to wine tourism. Wine and tourism have always been interrelated, but it is only in the last twenty years that there is 2 correlation in the Function of the tourism industry, for which wine is an essential element of des: tination’s attraction.

Image 2. The official website of the Alsace (France) wine route, with activities intended For the visitors States, besides the private sector, are also making promotional campaigns to create and promote such routes. In Italy, the 1999 legislation defines wine routes as itineraries created in geographi- cal areas where quality wine is produced. In France, many of the wine routes are along the rivers and their use is combined with ship - river transport. In addition to the developed wine region of the old world, as well as the countries of the new world, wine roads are heavily advertised by countries such as Greece, Bulgaria, and Serbia. mage 1 provides a scheme of wine route components of Alsace in France. This wine route ha Jeveloped its own website, advertising all activities related to the route and made available t ourists, as presented in Image 2. It is a wide range of offers intended for tourists, such as ac “ommodation, Food, wineries, tastings, supplementary activities, events, museums, and alike. Thi. Nine route disposes of activities and instructions For the route visits, intended For diverse group: »F visitors, such as bicycling tourists, adults, Families with children, etc.

IF we take a look at the chart 2 below, we may notice that the ten countries with largest surfaces under wine worldwide are Spain, China, France, Italy, Turkey, USA, Argentina, Portugal, Romania, and Chile. These 10 countries cover surface under vine of 5,233 (000 ha) of the total global sur- Face, which reaches 9,916 (000 ha), or 52,7%.

Chart 3 provides data on the leading ten countries worldwide as per wine consumption in litres per capita. The order of the largest wine consuming countries in litres per capita is as Follows: Croatia (44,3 l), Switzerland (43,7 l), Portugal (42,8 |), France (41,3 |), Moldova (34,4 1), Italy (34,2 1), Austria (29 l), United Kingdom (27,9 l), Greece (25,9 l) and New Zealand (23,4 l). The average wine consumption per capita worldwide reaches 4,4 litres during the year.

Chart 4. Countries with largest wine consumption in litres per capita For 2016

Chart 5 below presents data on the ten countries worldwide per imports of wine in million litres. The order of largest countries per wine imports in million litres worldwide is as Follows: United Kingdom, Germany, USA, France, Russia, China, Switzerland, Italy, Portugal, and Australia. These ten countries in 2016 made imports of 7,497 million litres of wine and the total global wine im- ports reach 14,136 million litres, that is, they participate with 53%.

Chart 6. Countries with greatest wine imports in million litres For 2016 Chart 6 presents data on countries worldwide as per percentage of wine production. The order of countries as per percentage share in wine production globally is the Following: Italy 18%, France 17,2%, Spain 14,3%, USA 11,3%, Argentina 4,6%, Australia 4,5%, Chile 4,2%, South Africa 4,1%, China 3,8% and Germany 3,3%. These ten countries in made percentage wine production of 85,3%, and the remaining countries participate with 14,7% in the global production.

Chart 7 presents data on world countries as per the percentage of wine consumption. The order of the countries per percentage share in the wine consumption globally, is as Follows: USA 13,7%, France 11,1%, Italy 8,6%, Germany 7,7%, China 6,3%, United Kingdom 5,5%, Russia 4,3%, Argenti- na 3,5 %, Spain 2,8% and Australia 2,2%. These ten countries in 2016 reached 65,7% of the global wine consumption, and the remaining countries participate with 34,3% in the consumption.

Chart 8 presents data on world countries by percentage of wine consumption. The ranking of countries by percentage share of wine consumption worldwide are as follows: USA 13.7%, France 11.1%, Italy 8.6%, Germany 7.7%, China 6.3%, UK 5.5%, Russia 4.3%, Argentina 3.5%, Spain 2.8%, and Australia 2.2%. Chart 8. Countries with highest share in the global wine consumption in 2016

[There are many regions and areas in the world where wine production is developed. In Europe such areas exist in countries with developed wine industries such as France, Italy, Spain, Germany and Portugal. These countries are also called “Old World” wine-producing countries, because o heir rich wine-related history. The “New World” countries known for their wine production are the United States of America, South Africa, Australia, Argentina, and Chile. The textbook gives « orief overview of the wine regions and world regions, as well as the most important wine produc ng countries of the Old and New World.

Alsace. The region is located in northeast France on the west bank of the upper stream of Rhir River and borders Germany and Switzerland. It has been producing wine since Roman times. Tt region has about 15,000 hectares of vineyards. The Following grape varieties are grown: Rieslin Pinot Blanc, Gevortraminer, Tokai Pinot Gris, Silvaner. The annual production is 165 million bo tles, 90% of which is white wine. Alsace is a classic French region that uses the name of the graf variety on its wine label. According to quality control, Alsace wines should be bottled in high tul bottles. The label usually has the grape variety used and if the name of the vine is included, the 100% of the grapes should be of the vine itself. In French, cuvée stands for barrel, and from the: the “cuvée” is the quantity of a barrel with certain barrel characteristics or reservée - meanir that the wine is of higher quality. In 1962, wines were included in the INAO Register of Geograp ical Origin. In 1975, the highest category For distinguishing high-quality wine vines, AOS, was i troduced. The basic varieties of grapes grown here are Riesling, Gevortraminer, Pinot Gris, Pins Blanc, Muscat. These varieties usually make dry wines, and there are some sweet varieties. Ft and rich wines with mature, exotic, and fruity character are produced. The Alsace Gevortramins is an ideal example of an exotic, spicy Fruit wine with cashews. Pinot Blanc is the lightest wine this group, and Pinot Gris and Muscat are somewhere in the middle.

Tuscany. The region lies west of the Apennines, extending west to the Mediterranean Sea. The cultural centre of the region is the city of Florence, the heart of the Italian Renaissance. For de- cades, Tuscany’s wine production has been characterised by the Chianti area, but the contempo- rary picture is more complex. The most popular and appreciated variety here is the Sangiovese.

Puglia. It is located in the most southern part of the country. It was thought that quality wine: could not be produced here because of the extremely hot and dry climate. The wines producec here (mostly red) are heavy, dark in colour, high spirit content and low acidity. They are primaril used for the production of vermouth. New technologies have been introduced lately, vineyard: are being restructured, instead of old heavy and high spirit wines, lighter and fresh wines witt good acidity are being produced.

Spain has a rich history of wine production. It is thought that viticulture was transferred here by the ancient Phoenicians 3000 years ago. The first vines were planted around 1100 BCE in the area of Cadiz, a city in Spain located in the Andalusian region. Today there are 12 million decars of vineyards planted and the country ranks third in Europe For producing high quality wine, Following France and Italy. Spain has a range of varieties, most Famous being Tempranillo, Garnacha, Alba- rino, Muscatel and Pedro Jimenez. The wines are classified into several categories. Some labels on the bottle’s label also indicate the minimum period of maturing the wine. The use of labelling terms on the label is not a guarantee, but it is usually a good sign of good quality. In the last decades, Spain’s wine-growing regions have increased. The most famous wine in Spain is Sherry From the Jere region, but there are other regions that compete successfully. Spain is the leading country in the world in the Field of organic production of vine and wine. La Rioja. This region is located 160 km southwest of the Pyrenees. The mountain affects the re- gion with a steep Fertile valley to the west, and to the southeast after the Ebro River stream, the area is Flatter. In the mountainous northwest known as Rioja Alta, the varieties Tempriano and Garnacha are grown. Rioja is one of the most famous wine regions in the country mainly due to the production of red wines. They consist of three varieties of grapes. The basic one is Tempranio, Followed by the varieties Garnacha, Grecanico and Mazuelo.

Dao. The terraced vineyards that form the landscape of this area are located high in the moun- tainous regions. In the plainer western areas, the vineyards are characterised by a warm climate, which helps the grapes to mature quickly. The red wines are represented by the Turriga national variety and come with a ripe Fruit style, floral notes, and a perfumed aroma. The best represen- tatives of white wines are the aromas of nuts, which is a characteristic of the Encruzado variety. Characteristic of the wines of this region is their softness.

Rheingau. Rheingau is the smallest wine region in the country, located on the north bank of Rhe- ine River. Wine is produced in the southern parts of the region. The best wines produced here are of Riesling variety, they are characterised with Floral Flavour. OF the red varieties, good wines are produced of Spatburgunder, with flavour of blueberries, blackberries, light to medium body and soft tannins. Pfalz. This region is located south of Rheinhessen to the border with France and the French Alsace region. Here the producers make very high-quality white wines. The region has many sunny days during the grape growing season, reflecting the Full and mature taste and aroma of the wines. The best wines here are produced from Riesling, as well as from Silvaner and Muller Thurgau varieties.

_a Rioja. Is a region in Argentina known for its plantations of the Torrontes variety.

Chile’s wine-producing regions are located in the central part of the country. The warm climate is excellent For growing red grape varieties such as Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot and Carmenere, which is a local Merlot-like grape variety. They are ordinary but attractive wines. Large quantities of Chardonnay and Sauvignon Blanc are also exported. The main wine regions of Chile are Maipo Valley, Rapel Valley, Aconcagua Valley, Colchagua Valley and Casablanca Valley. Aconcagua is a region where red wines are produced, mostly Cabernet Sauvignon. In Chile, viticulture has been developing since 1548, when Father Francisco de Carbantes brought them from Peru and planted the first vine of the Pais variety. Don Silvestre Ochagavia is rec- ognised as the father of viticulture and wine production, who hired a specialist From France and planted the First French vineyards in the Maipu Valley in 1851. Chile is one of the First countries to begin the modernisation of viticulture and wine production in the 1980s. During the 1990s, Chile’s wine production is already well-known worldwide, which greatly increases domestic wine consumption. Chile is one of the countries with the largest wine exports in the world, with 54% of total exports going to European Union countries, Followed by the United States and Canada.

The rich tradition of vine growing and wine production in the Republic of North Macedonia start: ed back in ancient times, testified by the numerous artefacts Found in this area. Golden amphorae and craters (vessels for wine transportation and consumption) were found at the necropolis site in Trebeniste near Ohrid. The bronze statue Menada, found in Tetovo, dates From the 6th century BCE. The menades were companions of the wine god Dionysus and during the celebrations in his honour, they would serve the guests. The tradition of antiquity continued in the Roman period, when Macedonia was one of the most important wine regions, and that tradition continued until the Slavs arrived, and continued until the fourteenth century. During the Ottoman Empire (1350-1918), wine production in Macedonia declined and was maintained in numerous Orthodox monasteries. Phylloxera (a small insect that attacks the root and leaf of the vine) strongly affected Macedonia between 1890 and 1920, when many vineyards were excavated, and in some areas wine production and grape growing were Fully terminated.

These wineries strive to concentrate on bottled wine production and high-quality wines through strict control of variety selection, vineyard management and harvesting, transportation and deliv- ery practices. In addition, they invest in sophisticated Finishing and refining equipment, bottling, and marketing technologies and are competitive in both, domestic and Foreign markets. Some of these wineries are focused on wine tourism development and have built a material and technical base For tourist acceptance and service, wine tasting, vineyard viewing, Familiarising with the wine production process, wine sales, and additional services, such as conference facilities, sightseeing and organised tours and activities in the region and the like.

The Eastern wine region comprises the following winelands:

Gevgelija-Valandovo winelands - It covers the area with vineyards in the southern part of the Republic of North Macedonia, along Vardar River and the surroundings of Dojran Lake. It includes the vineyards of the municipalities of Gevgelija and Valandovo. These winelands are heavily influ- enced by the Mediterranean climate, and in the winter period along the Vardar Valley, the conti- nental climate is present. The annual amount of rainfall is 54-75 |/m2, and in the summer period additional irrigation is required. Most of the vineyards are cultivated on mild slopes or along the plains of Vardar River, with different exposures suitable For growing vines. Some of the planta- tions are located at 50 metres above sea level. Study on WINE Tourism in the Republic of North Macedonia

Skopje winelands - It occupies the northernmost part of Povardarie, surrounded by high moun- tains. This Macedonian wine region is influenced by the Mediterranean and continental climate. The Mediterranean climate is present only along the Vardar River valley, while the influence of the continental climate is more expressed in the north and northeast. Summers are very hot, and winters are moderately cold, rarely very cold. The soil configuration is wavy and hilly, with mild slopes. Altitude ranges between 250 and 600 metres. The vine plantations are usually raised on sirosemes, cinnamon and mulch soils, which are very suitable For successful vine cultivation. The most common red wine varieties in this region are: Vranec, Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon, Pinot Noir. OF the white varieties, the Following are prevalent: Chardonnay, Belan, Muscat, Riesling, Se- vignon Blanc, Temjanika, Zilavka, and others.

The wine legal aspects cover a very wide range of activities, such as the establishment of wineries, production, trade, taxation, and many others. The preservation of wines and their transportation are also linked to specific rules, due to the possibility of wine spoiling and reduction of its quality. Various countries in the world have introduced their own legislation related to wine production. At the European Union level there are regulations that control and regulate vine growing and wine production, such as the varieties of vines used in wine production, methods of production, level of alcohol, the use of sulphur dioxide, etc.

Table 4. Wineries offering wine tasting in the wine regions

It may be seen from the Table that Tikvesh winelands, in terms of wineries in the country that of- Fer wine tourism through wine tasting is well ahead of other winelands with 14 wineries available to tourists. Following the Tikvesh winelands, Skopje winelands is ranked second, with 5 wineries offering wine tasting as a basic form of wine tourism. Veles and Ovce Pole winelands have two wineries each, and Kumanovo, Valandovo, Prilep, Bitola and Ohrid winelands have one winery each that may accept tourists. The country’s wineries, in addition to tasting, accommodation, restau- rants and conference opportunities, offer vineyard walks, acquaintance with the production pro- cess and technologies of wine production and storage, various tours and organised excursions to visit sites or activities in the region.

Natural prospects. More significant natural prospects in the Eastern Wine Region are the follow- ing: Table 5. Wineries offering wine tasting in the Eastern Wine Region In the Easter Wine Region, the following wineries are operational: Kokino, Trickovik, Premium, Ve- kovnik, Nipro, Zemsil Rik Sileks, and others. In the Forthcoming period, these wineries are planning to create conditions for wine tourism development, by organising tasting, walks around the win- eries, acquainting with the wine production process, etc., which would make them attractive For the tourists. At the moment, only Kokino winery, located in Kumanovo, is offering wine tasting. This winery also disposes of accommodation Facilities, restaurant, and conference room.

» Visit to the thermal springs and spas: Katlanovska Spa, Bansko Spa and Negorski Spa.

» Visit to some of the most significant monasteries in this region: St. Panteleimon Mon- astery in Nerezi; St. Andrej Monastery in Matka; Markov Monastery or St. Dimitrija Mon- astery in the village of Sushica; St. Nikola Monastery in the village of Shishevo; St. Nikita Monastery in the village of Gornjane; St. Ilija Gorni Monastery near to the village of Ban- jani; St. Gjorgji Monastery, more known as Polog Monastery near to Kavadarci; St. Nikola Cave Church (known as Marko's Church), located near the Kavadarci village of Dradnja; Vodocha Monastery, with the monastery church dedicated to St. Leontie; St. Mother of God Eleusa (Merciful) Church in the village of Veljusa and many others.

Table 7. Wineries offering tasting in the Western Wine Region In addition to wineries, of importance for the wine tourism development are also the natural and cultural prospects of the region. » Opportunity for walks and hiking through the three national parks in the Republic of North Macedonia. Pelister National Park is the first proclaimed as protected natural heri- tage in the Republic of Macedonia in 1948. The Mavrovo National Park, with its extraordi- nary Floristic abundance, was proclaimed a national park in 1949. While Galicica National Park was proclaimed a national park in 1958 and within the NP Galicica there is also a nat- ural rarity, the Golem Grad Island in Prespa Lake, which covers an area of 1 km2. All three national parks have immense national, European, and global significance;

As one of the most famous wine festivities in Macedonia, we would mention the Tikvesh Vintage (orig. Tikveshki grozdober). The Tikvesh vintage is a continuation of a long and rich tradition that has been held in this area for centuries, when “Dionysius Days” were held in honour of the God of wine Dionysus and the vine. These festivities lasted For several days and were attended by the entire population (both free citizens and slaves). The people in these areas lovingly cultivated and nurtured this culture, as evidenced by the numerous tombstones, mosaics and reliefs of the numerous archaeological sites in Tikvesh. In the Middle Ages, viticulture continued to be nurtured in these areas, with its main centres being church and monastery estates, where the most beauti- Ful wine was produced. With the arrival of the Ottomans, its production stagnated, as the Qur’an bans the use of alcoholic drinks.

St. Trifun. An opportunity for an unusual and unique experience is to mark the day dedicated to Saint Trifun, the patron saint of grapevine and wine. St. Trifun is celebrated in every village and town in the Tikvesh region where the grapevine is grown. It usually begins with a morning liturgy in Orthodox temples, where the ritual pruning of the grapevine is performed, with people taking a piece of the consecrated vine, which they believe will provide good luck and a good harvest for that year. On this day, all wineries are open to guests and passers-by. The most famous events of this kind are the following events: “St. Trifun” in Kavadarci, Wine Week “St. Trifun” in Negotino and the event “St. Trifun” in Demir Kapija.

Tikvesh Wine Regatta is an event organised as of 2012 by the Association For Fostering and De- velopment of Wine Culture, Wine Tourism and Grape Products “Vinotek” From Kavadarci. Boats and kayaks pass part of the Macedonian wine route, on which rafters would bring wine to Thes- saloniki. In the two-day regatta, there are some 60 participants from around the country and abroad, admirers of nature and high-quality wine. The regatta unites wine, recreation, and cul- ture, as wineries, monasteries and archaeological sites are visited. For the greatest adventurers, an interesting game is organised. Participants get maps and look for the hidden treasure in the vineyards, and the treasure is of course a wine, which is a reward For the one who Finds it. Regatta includes visiting Gradsko, Kavadarci, Negotino and Demir Kapija and includes one overnight stay. It is taking place along Vardar River and Tikvesh Lake. Vranec Day is an event organised by the Association Producers and Exporters of Wine and oth- er Beverages made of grapevine, “Wines from Macedonia”. The event aims at making popular Vranec variety and organise tasting of wines produced by this variety. Also, through this event, the importance of local varieties is highlighted, and the consumers’ awareness is raised around the world, referring to wines originating from the Republic of North Macedonia.

There is a high number of museums in the wine regions around the Republic of North Macedonia, in which artefacts may be found, related to wine culture. As most significant ones, we would sin- gle out the museums located in the Central Wine Region.

Kavadarci Museum. The Museum Gallery of Kavadarci is a non-profit organisation in the field of culture that exists since 1973. Its main task and activity is to collect, research, arrange, expertly and scientifically process, study, protect, preserve, publish, and present museum objects in all areas of museum activity. The Museum Gallery is an institution open to the public, and it plays ed- ucational role to attract wider audience from all society classes. It also aims to develop interactive communication with visitors to popularise movable and immovable cultural heritage. The Muse- um Gallery is a general museum and it has several departments: the Archaeological, Ethnological, Historical, Art History and Gallery departments, where dozens of exhibitions take place annually.

The Tikvesh wine route covers the Tikvesh region with the cities of Kavadarci, Negotino and Demir Kapija. The Tikvesh wine route is a tourist attraction Filled with events and experiences. This prod- uct is not only delicious wine and endless plantations, but also a mix of culture, nature, and tradi- tion, typical of the Tikvesh region. Visitors may visit the vineyards, taste diverse types of wine in many wineries, try traditional Macedonian specialties, get acquainted with the cultural and histor- ical heritage and enjoy the natural beauty. All complemented by top-notch catering services and professional guides and sommeliers that provide a top-notch experience for guests. One-day and multi-day tours, cooking lessons, tastings and the like are organized for the needs of the visitors.

Macedonian wines may be found in all well-supplied shops and stores. Tikvesh winery has its own shops in Skopje and Kavadarci.

The field research conducted For the needs of the Study, which needs to determine the potential locations For construction of Future wine centres in Favour of the wine tourism, the Following cen- tres are deployed in the Republic of North Macedonia:

Regarding tourist road signs intended for wine tourism and wineries, there are current- ly road signs marking Tikvesh and Stobi wineries (set up on the E75 international high- way), as well as signs for Tikvesh wine route (located in the vicinity of Kavadarci), as well as separate tourist signs located near wineries on different routes across the country. According to the Law on Road Traffic Safety, the Ministry of Transport and Communications in co- operation with the Ministry of Interior has prepared a Rulebook on Traffic Signs, Equipment and Signalling. According to this Rulebook, tourist signs and other signalling are intended to inform traffic participants of cultural, historical, natural and tourist landmarks and other Facilities and contents in the settlements.

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