linguistic community

de Jesus Cabral que estão comigo nesta aventura. Minhas Senhoras e meus Senhores, Ao organizarmos (FLUP, APEF e Embaixada de França) estes primeiros Estados-Gerais do Francês em Portugal, não nos move um qualquer sentimento saudosista, nem qualquer atitude do tipo «French Pride» para marcar o orgulho de ser francófono num mundo diferente, nem tampouco uma vontade de acertar contas com o presente global, multicultural e plurilingue. Move-nos, outrossim, a necessidade lúcida de um balanço e de uma reflexão de índole científica, institucional e objectiva sobre a presença real da língua francesa em Portugal em várias vertentes. Este é o momento, em família, de conviver, reatar laços e planear estratégias de futuro. Mas este é também o momento de colocar em cima da mesa as perplexidades e inquietações que trazemos das nossas experiências e vivências ligadas ao ensino e ao uso do francês. Por exemplo, e evoco este ponto por ser um dos mais prementes em muitos dos testemunhos que nos chegam, há que saber sem rodeios, se sim ou não, apesar de uma legislação imparcial e defensora das opções educativas em matéria de língua estrangeira, certos conselhos executivos de certas escolas de norte a sul, encaram esta questão ao sabor de uma gestão curricular interna e opaca. Saber se sim ou não, alunos cuja primeira opção seria espontaneamente o francês se vêem internamente impedidos ou desaconselhados a seguirem esta opção livre e, por uma lógica de círculo vicioso, o mesmo sucede a muitos docentes desta disciplina, subtilmente levados à reciclagem no ensino de outro idioma. E já agora, saber se, nesta ou noutra situação, qualquer que seja a língua estrangeira em causa, embora hoje e aqui estejamos a tratar do francês, os docentes, os encarregados de educação e os alunos e respectivas associações podem contar com

The article discusses Stanley Cavell’s interpretation of Ralph WaldoEmerson with a focus on the concepts of individuality, self-acknowledgment, andBildung as one’s education through reading, called “the education of grownups”.Beginning with Emerson’s essay “Self-Reliance”, his critique of Descartes’ cogito isexamined and the Emersonian alternative vision of acquiring individual existence isreconstructed. In this depiction, a solipsistic Cartesian account of man is replacedwith a vision of the grammatical self, which is at the same time social, linguistic,and, as a result, literary. Creating the self proceeds through a critical discussion withthe extant tradition and, besides self-acknowledgment, aims at contributing to thefounding of a particular form of life (within a nation, a community). The two goals ofcreating the self—the individual and the social one—constitute for Emerson thecore of the Bildung construed as the forming of a particular person. In this context,the Emersonian phrase of “new yet unapproachable America” is placed against theeducational background, in which neither the individual self nor the communal we are ever completely grasped. The distinctive feature of such Bildung is that it is not confined to the process of one’s growing up, but extends to the life of adults and, as a result, finds its realisation within “the education of grownups”. Accordingly, the process of education assumes that one individual needs another as a teacher—who paradigmatically speaks to her via a literary text—to constantly be open to some unknown, possible direction of her development. For Cavell, mutual education, i.e. being a teacher or/and a learner, is a precondition of democratic society.

La complexité de la configuration linguistique des plusieurs pays africains mérite un regardneuf sur les phénomènes des langues en contact et de plurilinguisme dans la mesure oùelles instaurent de nouvelles dynamiques qu’il convient de prendre en compte, de décrire etd’étudier. En effet, notre recherche axée sur la sociolinguistique et la didactique des languestente de décrire et d’expliquer un dynamisme linguistique révélateur d’une dynamiqueidentitaire en Angola. Les processus communicatifs que cette étude envisage de mettre enévidence se caractérisent par un éventail de transgressions qu’on tentera d’aborder moinscomme des formes déviantes, des écarts à une norme donnée, que comme une (ré)-appropriation des langues en contact dans le champ communicationnel et commel’affirmation d’une identité plurielle imprimée par les représentations des langues et despositionnements épilinguistiques des locuteurs angolais. L’objectif ici est de déceler lesattitudes des locuteurs, leur sens de c...

Policy changes towards global sustainable development have important consequences for how these policies are organized. New and alternative models of organizing tend to emphasize indirect control rather than direct control and supervision. However, our understanding of their effects and consequences is not very well elaborated. The purpose of this paper is to develop an understanding of specific characteristics and effects of organizing alternative environmental policies towards sustainable development. The paper is based on a field study of the latest attempt in Sweden to work towards sustainable development. In 1998, the Swedish government formulated a programme for local investments aiming at positive environmental effects and increased employment rates. In this article, we have posed more general questions on how to understand and to theorize upon the organizing of sustainable development. We suggest a view of the implementation of environmental policies towards sustainable deve...

The intensive development of metallurgy in the Urals in the 1720s is closely associated with the construction of Yekaterinburg, which became not only the largest and most diversified metallurgical plant city in Russia, but also the administrative centre of the mining industry in the east of the empire. The construction of the city under the leadership of an outstanding specialist and personal representative of Peter the Great, Georg Wilhelm de Gennin (Wilim Ivanovich Gennin), took into account the latest Western trends in industrial and fortification architecture. This affected the spatial planning and functional zoning of this mining city. It also had an important impact on its social organisation. A striking feature of Yekaterinburg was the high concentration of immigrants from European countries. Foreign nationals worked in the local administration and held a majority among the officers who commanded army units during the construction of the plant city. Also, the first doctors, the founders of the medical service in the Urals, were non-Russian. However, most specialists dealt with metallurgy and mining. Yekaterinburg became both their place of residence and a staging post on their way to other factories and mines in the region. The contribution of these people to the formation and development of the industry in the region can hardly be overestimated. Nevertheless, there is still no special comprehensive study of this population category in early Yekaterinburg. This article is an attempt to consider the history of foreign immigrants as a social whole in Yekaterinburg society during the first decade of its existence. The author identifies their features and the factors that promoted and hindered intra-community integration, concluding that by the end of the first decade of Yekaterinburg’s life, it had failed to form an influential and relatively homogeneous colony of foreign nationals: their number had noticeably decreased compared to the 1720s. The formation of a full-fledged community was hampered by marked differences in the legal status of foreigners and a lack of corporate privileges. Other factors were a minimised sphere of private life (which made it impossible for them to create stable internal organisation) and internal professional competition. However, the most important thing was high geographic mobility, which gave rise to quantitative and qualitative instability in the community.

Интенсивное развитие металлургии на Урале в 1720‑е гг. тесно связано со строительством Екатеринбурга, ставшего не только крупнейшим многопрофильным металлургическим заводом России, но и административным центром отраслевого управления горнозаводской промышленности востока империи. Строительство города под руководством выдающегося специалиста и личного представителя Петра I Георга Вильгельма де Геннина (Вилима Ивановича Геннина) шло с учетом новейших западных тенденций промышленной и фортификационной архитектуры. Это сказалось в пространственно-планировочном решении и функциональном зонировании территории города, а также наложило явственный отпечаток на его социальную организацию. Яркой отличительной особенностью Екатеринбурга стала высокая концентрация в нем выходцев из зарубежных европейских стран. Иностранцы занимали должности в местной администрации, составляли большинство среди офицеров, командовавших армейскими подразделениями на строительстве города-завода, первые врачи – основатели медицинской службы на Урале тоже были иностранцами. Но основную массу составляли специалисты металлургического и горнорудного профилей. Екатеринбург стал и местом их проживания, и перевалочным пунктом по пути на другие заводы и рудники края. Вклад этих людей в становление и развитие отрасли в крае трудно переоценить. Тем не менее, специального комплексного исследования этой категории населения раннего Екатеринбурга пока нет. В статье предпринимается опыт рассмотрения истории иностранных выходцев как социального целого в городском социуме первого десятилетия его существования. Вычленяются их идентифицирующие признаки, факторы, способствовавшие и препятствовавшие внутриобщинной интеграции. Автор приходит к выводу, что к концу первого десятилетия жизни Екатеринбурга в нем так и не сложилась влиятельная, обособленная и относительно гомогенная колония иностранцев, а их численность заметно снизилась по сравнению с 1720‑ми гг. Формированию полноценной общины препятствовали заметные различия в юридических статусах иностранцев и отсутствие корпоративных привилегий; минимизированная сфера частной жизни (а значит, невозможность создания устойчивой внутренней организации); внутренняя профессиональная конкуренция. Но самое главное – высокая географическая мобильность, порождавшая количественную и качественную нестабильность сообщества.

The article discusses Stanley Cavell’s interpretation of Ralph Waldo Emerson with a focus on the concepts of individuality, self-acknowledgment, and Bildung as one’s education through reading, called “the education of grownups”. Beginning with Emerson’s essay “Self-Reliance”, his critique of Descartes’ cogito is examined and the Emersonian alternative vision of acquiring individual existence is reconstructed. In this depiction, a solipsistic Cartesian account of man is replaced with a vision of the grammatical self, which is at the same time social, linguistic, and, as a result, literary. Creating the self proceeds through a critical discussion with the extant tradition and, besides self-acknowledgment, aims at contributing to the founding of a particular form of life (within a nation, a community). The two goals of creating the self—the individual and the social one—constitute for Emerson the core of the Bildung construed as the forming of a particular person. In this context, the Emersonian phrase of “new yet unapproachable America” is placed against the educational background, in which neither the individual self nor the communal we are ever completely grasped. The distinctive feature of such Bildung is that it is not confined to the process of one’s growing up, but extends to the life of adults and, as a result, finds its realisation within “the education of grownups”. Accordingly, the process of education assumes that one individual needs another as a teacher—who paradigmatically speaks to her via a literary text—to constantly be open to some unknown, possible direction of her development. For Cavell, mutual education, i.e. one’s being a teacher or/and a learner, is a precondition of democratic society.