Varieties of English

Linguistic diversity is present in many audiovisual productions and has given rise to fruitful research on translation of multilingualism and language variation. Monsoon Wedding ) is a prototypical film for translation analysis, since multilingualism is a recurrent feature, as the film dialogue combines English (L1) with Hindi and Punjabi (L3), which creates an effect of code-switching. This article analyses how the multilingualism and the cultural elements present in the source text (ST) have been transferred to the Spanish translated text (TT) La boda del monzón. The results show that in the Spanish dubbed and subtitled versions, few Indian cultural elements are left, and little language variation is preserved. Thus, L3 does not play a central role as it does in the source text. In the translation, only a few loan words from Hindi or Punjabi are kept, mainly from the domains of food and cooking, as well as terms of address and greetings, or words related to the wedding ceremony. The results also show that when L3 is not fully rendered in translation, otherness is still conveyed through image and music, thus (re)creating a different atmosphere for Spanish audiences.

Language purists have viewed Malaysian English as divergence from native speakers' conventions due to lack of estimation of the language. Much need to be done before Malaysian English can be accurately described and codified. Hence, this qualitative study intends to show the range of usage of Standard Malaysian English lexis, that is the acrolectal variety, in the written and spoken discourse of 203 English as Second Language (ESL) teachers in 38 National Secondary Schools in the Klang district in Selangor. The main aims are to detect and categorise the types of lexical borrowings from three main languages in Malaysia namely Malay, Chinese and Indian languages used by the ESL teachers, to what extent these lexical borrowings are used and for what reasons. This study has identified and collected 483 lexical items over a period of one year that is, from December 2011 to November 2012, whereby qualitative data is interpreted quantitatively. The findings of this study show that the ESL teachers mainly use the lexical items from the Malay language more frequently as it is the official language and has a prestigious placing. Borrowings from the local languages show that the English language is still in contact with other languages to express new ideas and concepts and mostly to retain the culture and tradition of Malaysians regardless of ethnicity. It is prone to change according to the users' needs and to express themselves with respect to their needs to enhance and enrich the language and culture.

This paper examines regional and grammatical effects on the English particle verb alternation. We report on an acceptability judgment experiment and a Twitter corpus study designed to address Hughes et al.'s (2005) claim that the VPO order (She turned off the light) is favored in Scotland while the VOP (She turned the light off) order is favored in Southern England. The results from both the judgment study and the Twitter corpus revealed no support for a North-South difference across UK dialects, but instead show a trans-Atlantic difference: respondents from the UK and Ireland favored VOP orders, while US participants favored VPO orders, and Canadians were intermediate between the two. Evidence from the Brown corpus and the Corpus of Historical American English suggests that this difference reflects change toward an innovative VOP order that has proceeded more quickly in Old World dialects than in North America. The results contrast with previous findings that changes toward more "colloquial" word orders across English varieties are being led by American dialects, and support skepticism toward such a process as a general principle governing divergence of global Englishes.

This academic article aims to review the concept of Tinglish, or Thai English, through the theoretical lens of translanguaging, exploring whether it can be commoditized as Thainess and its implications for tourism authenticity and heritage sustainability.
Thainess has been promoted in the Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT) 's Discover Thainess campaign to attract tourists. However, Tinglish, or Thai English, is not mentioned in the seven categories of Thainess proposed by TAT. This may be because Tinglish is associated with under-education and low-status jobs such as street vendors and sex workers. To reframe Tinglish in Thailand’s tourism context, this paper drew on translanguaging theory, which highlights speakers’ fluid use of linguistic and sociocultural resources beyond the rigid boundaries of named languages, that is, Thai and English.
This paper concludes that Tinglish is not simply “broken” English, but a strategic communicative tool rich in Thai linguistic features and culture that could be considered a type of Thainess, with the potential to enhance tourism authenticity while maintaining Thai heritage sustainability. Future research could further investigate specific tourism contexts in which the use of Tinglish maximizes communicative efficacy and tourists’ experience.
Keywords: Communication, Thai English, translanguaging, tourism authenticity, heritage sustainability

This study aims to investigate the linguistic features that distinguish spontaneous and informal communication between individuals, often known as unplanned discourse. This study thoroughly examines a range of grammatical features and patterns seen in conversational discourse. The study analyzes the distinctive grammatical structures and phenomena that develop in unplanned discourse by studying a wide range of conversational data from different scenarios, dialogues, and casual conversations found in David Sedaris' Calypso. The study takes a qualitative approach, employing linguistic analysis techniques to discover recurrent patterns and syntactic variations contributing to spontaneous conversational discourse's overall order and coherence. The findings emphasize the informality, flexibility, unfinished utterances, and dynamic nature of grammatical usage in conversations, as seen by the inclusion of colloquial expressions, and digressions. The research adds to our understanding of how language is used in everyday interactions by throwing light on the various grammatical elements that distinguish conversational speech and their significance in supporting efficient communication. The findings of this study can be used to improve language teaching approaches and discourse analysis frameworks, as well as to contribute to the development of linguistic theories about unplanned discourse.

The present study attempts at using corpora to determine if the most common phrasal verbs used by Brazilian learners of English are the same as the most commonly used by native speakers; whether there is evidence of avoidance of phrasal verb usage by learners in Brazil; and finally if the most common meanings used by Brazilian learners match the most common meanings found in native-speaker language. The tools used for this research were a Brazilian learner corpus called CoMAprend and the toolkit AntConc. Results showed that there was significant avoidance of phrasal verb usage by the learners and that a large number of phrasal verbs found in the corpus was not within the group of most common phrasal verbs native speakers use. In spite of this a good part of the phrasal verbs` meanings appearing in the learner corpus were listed as the most usual in the Bank of English.

is the first book to treat issues on this variety with the required depth and dexterity. The author has continued to distinguish himself as one the foremost scholars on Nigerian English and is, in consequence, eminently qualified to write a book with such a brave title. The book defines complex and continually controversial issues in very simple ways that make it reader-friendly. In this vein, Nigerian English is defined in the "narrow sense" (p. 1) and is also given a broader interpretation. Bringing together the narrow and broader senses into one volume is quite a feat, the absence of which might have robbed the book of its uniqueness. Nigerian English consists of seven parts. The first part "Introduction" has five main sections within which the author discusses Nigeria's geographical, demographic, historical and ethnic backgrounds, and how all these shape Nigerian English. The author expounds the political complexity and the continual controversies surrounding the ethno-linguistic attitudes of Nigerians to the English language. He explains the strong connection between Nigerian English and Standard British English alongside Pidgin and other languages. Intriguingly revealing is the author's exposition on Nigeria's multilingualism as being a reflection of "the language of its currency" (p. 14). Presumably, not many Nigerians have observed that Nigeria's lower denominations (N̶ 5, N̶ 10, N̶ 20, N̶ 50) are given in English and in each of the three main Nigerian languages, and that the higher denominations (N̶ 200, N̶ 500, N̶ 1000) are given in English and only Arabic. The aspect about "the rejecters" and "the accepters" of Nigerian English is very interesting. Also stimulating is the discussion on the two principal meanings of the term [S/s]tandard in S/ standard English (with capital S or with small s). The somewhat diachronic account of Nigerian English, its analysis by other authors and its educational parameters (acrolectal and non-acrolectal levels) are vital preambles that engender the clarity of the entire text. The second part is on "Phonetics and phonology" and has as its main thrusts, a comparison of "The phonologies of English and Nigerian languages …", "Received Pronunciation (RP) as the norm in Nigeria: History and current attitudes", "Varieties of spoken English in Nigeria" and "The Nigerian English Accent (NEA)". This book is coming at a time that the growth of popular culture,

The study of Malaysian English (ME) has gained significant attention due to its emergence as a distinct variety of World Englishes. However, while its lexical, phonological, and syntactical features are well recognised, the research still lacks scholarly attention, empirical exploration and longitudinal study. This paper focuses on the phonological features of Malaysian English described by previous researchers through comprehensive library research. The findings suggest that the phonological features of Malaysian English encompass three main areas which are vowels, consonants, and suprasegmentals. Nevertheless, this research also investigated the country's diverse ethnicities on the standardisation of Malaysian English as a unique World Englishes and its influence on the phonological features. Thus, several research endeavours have delved into the segmental and suprasegmental aspects of Malaysian English. These investigations have revealed that the accents' characteristics vary notably based on factors such as the speaker's cultural and linguistic background, as well as the specific variety of English they are acquiring.

The present paper provides a small-scale exploratory analysis of L2 English pronunciation and accent aims among secondary school students in Germany-with a focus on the BATH and LOT vowels, rhoticity, and T-flapping. The eight learners investigated in the current study show blended use of Standard Southern British English (StSBrE) and Standard American (StAmE) phonological variants with relatively high degrees of variation between learners. StSBrE-oriented productions were dominant overall. Agreement of accent aim and L2 pronunciation was largely feature-dependent and limited overall but varied between learners.

The socio-historical realities of creole-speaking territories are deeply entwined producing at the same time, some distinct linguistic realities. The present study will attempt to give a broad panoply of the linguistic phenomena that have shaped the vernaculars of some of the British-ruled territories. We will focus on spelling, lexical and morphosyntactic similarities in four varieties and examine to what extent speakers of other varieties of English can access written texts without having been formally trained to read and understand related varieties.

English serves as a de facto official language, coexisting with indigenous languages like Urdu, Punjabi, and Pushto, and this linguistic environment has led to unique phonetic adaptations in Pakistani English. The study specifically explores pronunciation patterns influenced by these indigenous languages, focusing on phoneme borrowing, sound assimilation, retroflex articulations, and the substitution of interdental sounds with dental ones. The objective of this study is to examine the segmental phonological characteristics of Pakistani English, a distinctive non-native English variety shaped by the multilingual landscape of the country. The data, collected from BS English students at the University of Sargodha, grouped into three, based on their native languages, i.e., Urdu, Punjabi, and Pushto, highlights phonetic tendencies particular to each language background, reflecting both linguistic and socio-cultural factors. Findings indicate how Pakistani English incorporates local language traits, establishing a unique identity in the backdrop of World Englishes. The study, using a descriptive-analytical approach, not only contributes to the understanding of the phonology of Pakistani English but also suggests implications for English language teaching in Pakistan and calls for further research into South Asian Englishes.

One key tenet of Global Englishes for Language Teaching (GELT) is that the native English speaker should no longer serve as the role model for second language (L2) English users. Such a view does not discount that some degree of linguistic knowledge is necessary for successful global communication. However, GELT scholarship has remained relatively silent on the process and product of L2 acquisition. In this paper, we propose integrating L2 acquisition theory into GELT pedagogical practices without relying on theoretical perspectives steeped in some form of native speakerism. At the heart of our discussion is the concept of linguistic knowledge-implicit (unconscious) and explicit (conscious)-emphasizing the role of explicit learning processes in GELT classrooms rather than adhering solely to the idealistic goal of implicit competence. Because L2 learners need to reflect on linguistic knowledge (repertoire) and strategies for effective global communication, we propose that their learning should aim to develop skill sets of using explicit and implicit knowledge dynamically and efficiently in varied communicative contexts. We argue that skill acquisition theory offers a useful framework for GELT, as it can account for the development of automatized explicit knowledge alongside implicit knowledge, aligning with GELT objectives of fostering multicompetent English users. We illustrate how this

When native languages come in contact with non-native languages, they absorb lexical items of each other. Urdu and English languages are pertinent case in this regard. Urdu language came in contact with English language particularly after the arrival of British forces in Indo-Pak subcontinent. Contact of Urdu language with English language resulted in Anglicization of Urdu language and Urduization of English language. This study focuses on the lexical borrowing of English in Urdu advertisements. Data is collected from billboards and signboards. To achieve the targeted aim insights are taken from Kachru's model of world Englishes. Moreover, dictionary (Wiktionary) and online cite www.quora.com is used to find out etymology of both English and Urdu words. Ten compound words are extracted from billboards and sign boards. These words are tested from 'American Heritage English Dictionary' in order to check whether or not these words are lexically borrowed from inner circle. Dictionary of etymology explored the origin and literal meaning of words. The research unearths remarkable Anglicization of Urdu language in terms of advertisement. Syntactic pattern shows that parts of speech are significant attribute of advertising text and noun words are borrowed more. Lexical borrowing is taking place in Urdu advertisements to fill the Lexical gaps that Urdu cannot meet in bilingual context of Pakistan

This paper examines regional and grammatical effects on the English particle verb alternation. We report on an acceptability judgment experiment and a Twitter corpus study designed to address Hughes et al.'s (2005) claim that the VPO order (She turned off the light) is favored in Scotland while the VOP (She turned the light off) order is favored in Southern England. The results from both the judgment study and the Twitter corpus revealed no support for a North-South difference across UK dialects, but instead show a trans-Atlantic difference: respondents from the UK and Ireland favored VOP orders, while US participants favored VPO orders, and Canadians were intermediate between the two. Evidence from the Brown corpus and the Corpus of Historical American English suggests that this difference reflects change toward an innovative VOP order that has proceeded more quickly in Old World dialects than in North America. The results contrast with previous findings that changes toward more "colloquial" word orders across English varieties are being led by American dialects, and support skepticism toward such a process as a general principle governing divergence of global Englishes.

Representations of spoken discourse must accommodate the phenomenon of simultaneous speech. Linguists and other social scientists have employed numerous transcription conventions for exhibiting the temporal interleaving of multi-speaker talk (e.g. Atkinson and Heritage, 1984; Schiffrin, 1994; Leech et al., 1995; Carter, 2004; MICASE, 2004). Most of these conventions are mutually incompatible. The existence of many different systems is evidence that representing turn-taking in natural dialogue remains a problematic issue. The present study discusses a novel orthographic transcription layout which records how participants contribute to the stream of spoken events based on word timings. To test this method, the Maptask corpus (Anderson et al., 1991) was used because it contains unusually precise information on the timings of vocal events. Using the term vocable to denote words and a small number of short phrases, every vocable in the Maptask corpus has its onset and ending time recorde...

Previous studies (e.g. Kroch 1989; Noble 1985) identify several language-internal constraints, as well as different preferences for each variant across regional varieties of English. In particular, Tagliamonte (2003, 2006) notes an ongoing rise in rates of have in Toronto. Given Toronto’s ethnolinguistic diversity and previous findings of different degrees of participation in ongoing phonological changes by different ethnic groups (Hoffman 2010; Hoffman & Walker 2010), we might ask whether lexical and grammatical changes show similar patterning.

This paper focuses on tense marking in Bequia (St Vincent and the Grenadines), considering the relationship between two domains. PAST forms, which mark perfective or imperfective events in the past, include bin, done, BE + V-ing, -ed and bare verbs. PRESENT forms, which ...

This paper takes a corpus pragmatic approach to the analysis of Irish English by focusing on the organisation of turn-taking in two connected, though distinct, varieties of world Englishes, Irish English and British English. The aim of the research is two-pronged: on the one hand, we explore how naturally occurring conversation is organised in the two varieties for comparative purposes, seeking to understand in a more nuanced way how confluence in turn-taking is achieved in everyday interactions. In doing so, we contribute to the understanding of the similarities and differences between the varieties more generally, foregrounding the distinctiveness of Irish English in the pantheon of world Englishes. We also aim to contribute to the more pan-varietal enterprise of understanding the intricacies and complexities of everyday interaction, how deceptively basic interactional flow is achieved through the manipulation of small, interpersonally loaded items, turn initial and turn final, with the focus here on turn final items. We use two complementary corpora of naturally occurring spoken interaction, the Limerick Corpus of Irish English (LCIE), and a sample of

ABSTRACTThis study uses the Limerick Corpus of Irish English (LCIE), and a sample of the Cambridge and Nottingham Corpus of Discourse in English (CANCODE) to implement a corpus pragmatic approach to the analysis of Irish English by focusing on the organization of turn‐taking in two connected, though distinct, varieties of world Englishes, Irish English and British English. The aim of the research is two‐pronged: we explore how naturally‐occurring conversation is organised in the two varieties for comparative purposes, seeking to understand how confluence in turn‐taking is achieved in everyday interactions, as well as examining how the interactional flow is achieved through the manipulation of small, interpersonally loaded items, turn initial and turn final, with the focus here on turn final items.

Genotypes and period of crop introduction into a new environment and farming system, affects how the crop performs in the field to a very large extent. A double year field trial was carried out in a bid to study the effects that time of planting and genotype characteristics could have on agronomic performance, yield and growth of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). The study was conducted at the Crop Science Teaching Farm of University of Calabar. The design considered a balanced 3 × 3 factorial experiment mix with two treatments; 3 genotypes of peanut: SAMNUT 22, 23, 24; and three different sowing dates of May, June and July. The treatments were expressed in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) having three (3) repetitions, which gave total of 27 treatment units. Experimental data was measured from percentage of seedling emergence, plant height, number of leaves and branches, foliar surface area and stem girth of sampled plants. Also, the number and nodule thickness, the number and length of roots, number of pods, number of unfilled pods, shelling %, and yield (t/ha) of groundnut were measured. Analysis of data relied on GenStat 10.3 DE edition, and post-hoc test for significant treatment means utilized Fisher's Least Significant Difference (F-LSD). Results showed that May was the best planting period for peanuts, with SAMNUT 24 (3.66 t/ha) and SAMNUT 22 (3.53 t/ha) giving highest yields in 2020 and 2021 respectively. May is the ultimate month to commence groundnut production in Calabar.

This essay addresses the relevance of the medium of ready-made for contemporary art across different periods and geopolitical contexts, and it reaches far beyond the initial Duchamp's concept. Particularly important is the essay's attempt to contextualise the ready-made in the postsocialist art of the South Eastern Europe.

Dictionaries: Journal of the Dictionary Society of North America,
Volume 40, Issue 2, 2019, pp. 242-246 (Review)

It is always good to learn of a new edition of a venerable, valued work of
scholarship. The first thing we think of is, how long has it been, anyway,
since this book was first published? And the second: what can a new
edition mean for an admiring reader of the original? A third thought
also comes to mind: what have they done to the previous version to
create the new entity? In the case of the Dictionary of Canadianisms on
Historical Principles, first published in 1967 (Avis et al.; DCHP-1967),
with a minor revision in 1991, we have a work that had already been
digitized (Dollinger et al. 2013). Further changes and additions would
presumably be intended to enhance the work, but we might wonder
whether that is all that has been done. Has it merely been tidied up?
Or has a wholly different philosophical approach been applied? With
these thoughts in mind, we approach our review with trembling and
trepidation—but we needn’t have worried.

The alleged 'destandardization' in many European languages (Deumert & Vandenbussche 2003) has spawned a great number of quantitative (experimental) and qualitative (discourseanalytic) investigations into the perceptual factors believed to motor (standard) language change. It is typical for the indifferent relationship between these methods that their joint interest in (de)standardization has scarcely engendered any co-operation. This workshop intends to facilitate such a détente in order to demonstrate that both perspectives are needed to obtain an accurate picture of the present-day dynamics in standard languages. Quantitative approaches usually rely on the speaker evaluation design (Lambert et al. 1966), in which participants evaluate speech clips (representing different varieties) on a number of adjectival measures. In view of the fact that these experiments are rigidly controlled to exclude non-relevant perception triggers, more qualitatively inclined researchers typically deplore their limited contextual sensitivity. Qualitative analysis comes in a number of shapes. Discourse-analytic approaches (Van Hoof & Jaspers 2012) build on primary sources (such as post-war propagandistic documents) to uncover language ideology (change). A second brand of qualitative analysis proposes interactional micro-analysis of a small number of case studies in convergence with the idea that the social meaning of linguistic features is relative to the unfolding interaction in a specific context. Quantitative researchers deplore the empirical austerity of such approaches, and question the relation between the proposed case studies and the discourses they are said to exemplify. Unsurprisingly, quantitative and qualitative accounts of standard language (change) often result in very different assessments and predictions. In Flanders for example, corpus counts and experimental investigations such as Grondelaers, Van Hout & Speelman (2011) and Grondelaers & Speelman (2013) support the idea of a destandardizing official standard variety, and a (re)standardizing colloquial variety. Qualitative investigations such as Van Hoof and Jaspers (2012), by contrast, conclude that the deeply engrained hierarchization of varieties brought about by the Flemish hyperstandardization has not changed drastically, as a result of which the current Flemish standard language situation had better be qualified as a case of "late standardization", in which standardizing and vernacularising forces are conditioning each-other, rather than cancelling each-other out. Such diametrically different predictions are not entirely exceptional in current (de)standardization research (compare, for example, Kristiansen's (2002(compare, for example, Kristiansen's ( , 2009) ) experimental accounts of de-and restandardization in Danish with discourse-analytical work by Madsen (2013) and Staehr (2014), or experimental accounts of destandardization in the UK with insistence on the continuing relevance of a Cockney-'posh' dyad in adolescents' speech practices). Does this divergence result simply from the different methodologies, from the micro-or macroscopic focus, or from (ideologically determined) different meta-beliefs? 1. Are newly--emergent varieties 'coherent'? Notes from Cypriot Greek Stavroula Tsiplakou | Open University of Cyprus 2. Co--occurring features in a dialect--standard continuum: regional standards in Italo--Romance

are Qatari nationals . Qatar currently has the highest number of foreign nationals among the Gulf Corporation Council member states, accounting for 89.5% of the total population. South/Southeast Asian transnational workers, predominantly from India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Philippines, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka, constitute approximately 65% of the total population of Qatar. There are also around 90 other nationalities present . This demographic peculiarity, where citizens constitute the minority, is due to an influx of transnational workers over the past two decades who have been recruited to work in energy, education, and healthcare sectors, and especially infrastructure projects, such as the stadiums for the 2022 FIFA World Cup hosted by Qatar. Thus, English has become an essential lingua franca, serving as a common language for communication, particularly among educated individuals who do not share the same first language. Hindi, Urdu, Malayalam, and Tagalog, among other languages, are also commonly spoken due to the composition of the transnational worker population. However, English carries greater prestige . Due to Qatar's unusual demographics as well as its sociopolitical, cultural, and economic structures, English has effectively become a secondary official language. Mustafawi and Shaaban (2019) explain that, prior to 2019, many public functions and services began to be conducted exclusively in English or a combination of English and Arabic (Mustafawi & Shaaban, 2019, p. 218). The Arabic Language Protection Law of 2019 has required that state legislation, official documents, and other means of communications be published in Arabic, but translation or summaries in English are still provided for many official documents written in Arabic (Amiri Diwan, 2019). Furthermore, almost all public signage in the country, such as found on shops and streets, typically features both Arabic and English. Figure shows signage for a local grocery store chain, Al Meera, with the name of the store written in Arabic and English. According to Al-Maadheed (2017) English plays a significant role as a lingua franca in banking, commerce, and health care. provides examples highlighting how Arabic-speaking individuals in Qatar's public hospitals often need to rely on English to communicate their health issues with foreign doctors or nurses, or when interacting with service workers while out dining or shopping. For non-Arabic speaking transnationals, English is sufficient for most daily activities with minimal difficulty. However, as noted by Hillman and Ocampo Eibenschutz (2018), Arabic remains crucial 10.

This corpus-based study focuses on the progressive:nonprogressive alternation from a novel perspective, i.e. the effect of syntactic priming. We annotated a dataset of 5,000 progressive and nonprogressive occurrences in ten different varieties of English from the International Corpus of English for variables such as Aktionsart categories and elements related to priming and subjected the data to a generalized linear mixed methods tree analysis. The results indicate that the progressive is most likely to occur in situations that are durative in nature and when they are preceded by another progressive; overall, we find some evidence of probabilistic indigenization with regard to the use of progressives in different varieties. However, while syntactic priming seems to play a role overall in the choice of the progressive over the nonprogressive, we do not find evidence supporting the idea that priming may explain the use of nonstandard stative progressives.

Cet ouvrage est le fruit d'une lecture croisée de trois parchemins culturels, trois aires géographiques qui ont en partage une même langue, l'anglais. Il propose ainsi un aperçu sur la politique et la culture en Grande-Bretagne, aux États-Unis, et en Afrique noire, respectivement. Il revisite des moments forts de l'histoire de ces trois régions du monde, mais il renseigne également sur des célébrités de la littérature, de la musique, du cinéma, mais aussi de la vie politique. Esquisses anglophones est le produit d'un travail de recherche, d'une part et, d'autre part, d'une mise à jour d'articles de presse, parus entre 1999 et 2004 dans différents quotidiens ; mais aussi d'interviews avec BBC Afrique. Des séminaires, entretiens et notes de lecture ont contribué à la rédaction de ces esquisses qui permettront à l'étudiant et au lecteur, en général, de se faire une idée sur bien des aspects de la vie politique et culturelle en Grande-Bretagne, en Amérique et en Afrique noire. Nous avons privilégié une présentation diachronique qui suit l'ordre de leur parution dans les organes de presse. C'est la raison pour laquelle nous avons fait appel à la chronologie et à la courte biographie, outre l'approche purement historique. Nous ne saurions terminer cet avant-propos sans remercier les organes de presse qui ont bien voulu, par le passé, publier des articles dont cet ouvrage est une compilation retravaillée. Le Matin, Le Soleil et Le Quotidien ont publié le gros de cette production. Nous remercions les journalistes Boubacar Seck, Massamba Mbaye, et Mamadou Sarr ainsi que notre collègue Dr Cousson Traoré, directrice du CESTI, et tous ceux qui, de près ou de loin, ont contribué à la production de ces Esquisses. Les auteurs

The study investigates how English language teachers view varieties of English accents used by their students from expanding-circle countries. The study took place at an international university in Bangkok, where English is used as a major medium of instruction and international communication. Questionnaire and semi-structured interview revealed that teacher participants had no negation and objection towards their students' accents. The findings further indicate that mutual intelligibility and successful communication are prioritized as well as strong preference for native English varieties for being pedagogical models.

Any linguistic consideration of the differences between American and British English must focus on two points: (a) What are these differences? (b) Why do they exist? Although point (a) seems the more straightforward and methodologically achievable of these points, it is complicated by the fact that we lack certain historical data, particularly with respect to certain dialects; it is impossible to catalog undocumented differences, after all. Point (b) is also difficult to answer because of data gaps and methodological differences in evaluating the divergent evolution of English across the Atlantic. However, this paper presents an overview of the current state of linguistic scholarship on both points (a) and (b).

In this paper we have reveal the different varieties of English pronunciation in India, its features and characteristics. This research assisted us in considering the history of English in India, the influence of local languages on it, and the birth of its own distinct English, which is now used in India. The study focuses on the impact of English on Indians in general, as well as how it varies depending on the individual language’s differences from other English variants. The paper demonstrates the characteristics of translation and vocabulary in Indian English, as well as the specification uses of it. The study also includes variations of Indian English as dialect and pronunciation in India, which varies from north to south and east to west. We used a variety of methods to complete our research, including observation, comparative, and elicitation approaches, as well as data collection and analysis. Such a topic and the findings of this study could help us learn about the differenc...

This study explores consonant cluster production and its influencing factors in Nigerian English using a corpus-based approach. More than 4000 onset and coda consonant clusters produced in the broadcast talks, broadcast discussions and broadcast news from ICE-Nigeria by a total of 44 speakers were analysed with reference to cluster position, the number of consonants, their position in the word, the preceding/following phonetic environment, voicing and stress. In addition, the speakers’ ethnic background and gender were included in the analysis. Generalised linear (logistic) mixed-effects models (with random effects for speaker, word and cluster type) were employed for statistical modelling. The results show that, overall, cluster reduction in Nigerian English is low, especially in onset clusters. There is no evidence of first language influence, rather the factors stress, consonant position and following phonetic environment influence reduction rates. Social factors and registers were not found to systematically constrain cluster reduction.

The article is an introductory summary of the thematic volume that presents the results of the comparative analysis of the national framework curricula of 11 European countries (a sample of old and new EU members) and Croatia conducted between 2002 and 2005. The results of the analysis show signifi cant conceptual, structural and content-oriented differences between teaching programmes in Croatia and the national curricula of the countries in the sample. Although there are signifi cant differences between the national curricula of the countries in the sample, unlike Croatia, all the countries have outcome based national curricula (documents focused on educational outcomes, or operationally formulated goals of education). Furthermore, in contrast to the Croatian case where the teaching programmes are centralised and insuffi ciently internally coherent (i.e. with insuffi cient interconnections between the individual subject programmes), the national curricula of the countries in the sample exhibit higher degree of integration. Most countries have a national curricular framework that approaches the national curriculum as a unifi ed whole, widely defi ned curricular areas whose content is interlinked through common educational outcomes and explicitly defi ned cross-curricular topics. The curricula of European countries also develop students' competences that are absent from the Croatian teaching programmes: such as entrepreneurship, and information-communication competence as a crosscurricular theme. Finally, the development of the national curricula in European countries charts a course of development of key competences the students need in order to live in the knowledge society. They are currently working on integrating the key competences for knowledge society (the concept of lifelong learning) defi ned on the pan-European level through the European competence framework.

A growing number of African researchers and linguists are recognizing the challenges involved in revitalizing and boosting indigenous African languages, identities and culture. Take a ride with us as we tell of the encouraging lessons to be learnt from the Ugandan and South African language curricula. In this issue the focus is mainly on the DIY (Do-It-Yourself) attitude that seeks to demystify the misconception that little can be done to improve African language curricula. Language experts tend to complain that "there is not much oomph in the African languages although there is nothing that is holding them down". Grant Lilford of Makerere University takes us through the process of how the National Curriculum Development Centre (NCDC) developed the new primary school curriculum in Uganda. He articulates ways of addressing mother-tongue based education in schools, and is adamant that "the semantics of the new language curriculum in Uganda could also be a learning example to other countries within Africa". The new Ugandan curriculum provides for three years of mother-tongue instruction, with English introduced as a subject, before English becomes the language of instruction. While three years of MTE may not yet be optimal, the Ugandan example is an affirmation that Africa is moving forward with issues affecting it. Similarly, in South Africa's Western Cape, the provincial education department's language transformation plan represents a milestone on the road to mother-tongue based bilingual education in primary schools, according to Daryl Braam of Project for the Study of Alternative Education in South Africa (PRAESA). Pleas for intervention by African government departments, institutions of higher learning and other organizations have repeatedly been made by language experts, but seem to be ignored. And this becomes a burden and tends to frustrate those who deal with language problems on a daily basis. Commitment to the promotion of indigenous languages in most African countries needs vigour. Braam argues that it is only through the combined efforts of parents, language researchers, teachers and learners that the languages will develop and improve in status. Enthusiasm and spontaneous involvement shown by all parties involved is paying off and is beginning to yield results. Thumbs up to countries such as Uganda and South Africa for leading the way to excellence by nurturing mother-tongue based education in schools. Our readers are welcome to forward items of interest to LEAPnews for Snip-snap.

The article discusses an important component of the American frontier culture, namely a dialect of English spoken in Texas. In particular, the paper focuses on predicate constructions with two modal verbs, more specifically with two modal auxiliaries (e.g. might could), attested in Texas English but not discussed or marked as incorrect in English textbooks. The paper metaphorically points to a "transatlantic Scottish-Texan frontier", which refers to the provenance and contemporary usage of the analyzed predicate structure. Diachronic research confirms the Scottish origin of double modals, which came to Southern American States together with Scottish and Northern-Irish (formerly Scottish immigrants to Ulster) settlers. Contemporary studies record the use of the analysed predicate structures primarily in the Southern dialects of American English. This paper exemplifies predicate constructions with two modal verbs with language data collected in Texas by Harmon S. Boertien (1986) and Marianna Di Paolo (1986) by means of sociolinguistic interviews. The data are used to demonstrate the syntactic properties of the discussed double modal predicate.

The fronting of the nucleus of the high back vowel/u/, as in the keyword GOOSE [21], is a sound change in progress that has been widely documented throughout the English-speaking world. This paper provides a detailed analysis of the GOOSE-fronting among a sample of 30 speakers from San Francisco, California, stratified according to age, gender, and ethnicity. Keywords: vowel fronting, sound change, age, ethnicity, English

The study of Nigerian English phonology had been taken to the regional levels such as Hausa-English, Igbo-English and Yoruba-English by different scholars. This study is a response to the clarion call of Jowitt (2020:28) that the concentration of the scholars should be on the task of identifying, describing, and analyzing the forms of English usage in Nigeria for the purpose of working towards the codification of the variety called Nigerian English and, most importantly, the reception of the international recognition it deserves. While Standard English remains a model and a reference point against which other varieties can be evaluated, the local standard also needs to be specified, described, and recognized as belonging to the assemblage of world Englishes. A total number of 64 respondents comprising newscasters, lecturers, pastors, and part three University students were purposively selected for the study. The study employed Chomsky and Halle’s Generative Phonology to generate rul...

This paper aims to investigate the Thai monophthong pronunciation of Chinese students speaking Thai as a second language (L2), and to examine how native Thai listeners perceived these Chinese-accented Thai monophthongs. This study involves an acoustic analysis targeted on the Thai monophthongs articulated by Chinese students of Thai (n = 15) in a picture description task in terms of duration and quality. The participants exhibited varying proficiency levels in different monophthongs, with the greatest difficulty being with Thai back monophthongs and certain central monophthongs, including /ɔ, ɔː/, /o, oː/, and /ɤː/. Moreover, a perception experiment among 30 native Thai listeners proved that Chinese students’ pronunciation of Thai monophthongs had varying levels of impact on accentedness perception. Specifically, /ɯ/, /ɤ/, /o/, /ɔ/, and their long counterparts significantly influenced accentedness perception. Conversely, /i/, /e/, /ɛ/, /a/, /u/, and their long counterparts showed less robustness in predicting the level of accentedness. Among the whole Thai monophthong inventory, teachers should prioritize those monophthongs that significantly influence accentedness perception for teaching Thai pronunciation to Chinese students.

The term “New Englishes” attempts to cover the large number of varieties of English, far from uniform among themselves in their features and use and different from the historically and culturally established British and American standards. Over the past years, these New Englishes have been more acknowledged in the foreign language class. Linguists have called attention to the importance of increasing the learner’s linguistic awareness by covering topics of “linguistic variation and varieties of many types: national, regional, social, functional, international” (Gnutzmann 167). This paper aims at discussing the advantages and possibilities of teaching native and non-native English varieties in the foreign language class. It presents some data included in a Foreign Language and Translation course which attempted to integrate linguistics and translation by analysing the features of African American Vernacular English, Singapore English, Indian English and Australian English in terms of...

The study examines how native Pashto ESL learners place stress on identical lexemes within English sentences, focusing on pitch, duration, and intensity. The Objectives of this study is to analyze the acoustic properties of stressed syllables, to investigate the influence of Pashto on English stress production, and improve prosodic stress understanding to aid Pashto ESL learners. An experimental and quantitative approach was used, involving (20 × 3 × 7 = 420) from (N = 20) Pashto ESL speakers reading pre-selected words in carrier phrases. The voice sample data was collected from the cloud OneDrive corpora datasets (Abbasi, Abbasi, SRSP-Pak-Eng-43, 2023] [SHEC unpublished raw datasets, Sindh Madressatul Islam University, 2023-SHEC-SRSP-PaK-Eng-43) of Pashto speakers with similar method based on the disyllable stimuli. Seven pairs of disyllabic words were selected as stimuli following the framework of Beckman & Pierrehumbert (Beckman and

This paper deals with the use of the definite article the and the indefinite article a/an in various ICE corpora. The claims about article use in the varieties under analysis are reexamined in the light of corpus evidence. Distribution patterns of articles across different text types as well as specific usages are discussed in order to characterize the nature of contact varieties, such as Jamaican English, Irish English or Indian English, as opposed to ENL varieties such as British English or New Zealand English. The corpus data reveals the strong influence of text types on usage across all varieties under analysis, but also surprising parallels between the various contact varieties, especially with regard to the use of the definite article.

A careful study of sec4d language varieties (S0s) of English, which have not yet entered the, mainstream of sociolinguistic research because of neglect and misunderstanding, shows that they are qualitatively different from the categories recognized in cprrent sociolinguistic typology. .SLVs provide some of the clearest ev1dencq of sociocultural determination of language variation, on both micro-and macro-leyels. An adequate account of these varieties caps for the descriptive techhiques and explanatory power of the variationist, interactionist, and-sociology, of language paradigms within sociolinguistic theory. The circumstances of their acquisition. and their viability ap =des of communication argue for a reevaluation of some of the traditional assumptions about second language acquisition and teaching. (Author/MSE)

Language learning has changed significantly since the introduction of the Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR) that focuses on an action-oriented approach and learner-centred teaching. The aim of language learning is to use a target language in real-life situations efficiently, which includes three aspects such as accuracy, appropriacy and naturalness. The coursebooks that are methodologically-modified in order to match the requirements of the curricula (learning objectives) are based on materials that appear to be more formal and neutral rather than informal. Reading contemporary literary prose might enrich informal language acquisition as it provides learners with the language that is used in informal situations. Our study focuses on an analysis of the speeches of characters, focusing on utterance naturalness and context appropriacy.

While the English Language has engulfed the globe by its characteristic of holding huge flexibility and adaptability, the consequences of regionalism have reached its peak. English has assorted itself to be uniquely the fastest growing language across the globe. Due to this reason, the language has made its way into most of the classrooms in India during the contemporary time. Scholars and researchers have however highlighted many challenges that the students and teachers face in the list of various issues dealing with English Language. One of the major problems reported is the effect of regionalism. It thus makes it more important to identify the levels of complexity that students as well as teachers deal with, due to the existing diversity of English Language. With different versions of English in the form of British English, American English, Canadian English, Australian English and now Indian English; it has become a rising challenge for all to encompass the understanding of functional English and use the same with proper confidence. The rising vogue of regionalism affects the language administration inside the Indian classrooms and at various institutes at multiple levels. This paper aims to assert the major crises faced by English Language practitioners due to the effect of regionalism on English Language. The paper will also discuss the solutions of overcoming the issue for smooth conduction and use of English Language by students and educators both.

Japanese learners of English often say that they have learned American English, and high schools use American English textbooks and recordings. This study was carried out to find out which varieties of English influence Japanese learners' pronunciation. Five short news stories were recorded by 65 university students from the Kanto region. Seven features of pronunciation, which are characteristically different in British and American English, were examined for American, British, Australian and Japanese influence. The students answered a questionnaire about their exposure to varieties of English and which one they were aiming at. A majority of students wanted to learn American English pronunciation, but a large minority wanted to learn British English, and a smaller number said they just wanted to be easily understood. The pronunciation of most of the students was judged to be influenced by American English where it was not influenced by Japanese, and the pronunciation of a few students was judged as sounding predominantly British. A small amount of Australian influence was found in the recordings of some of the students.

This study analyses the South Asian varieties of English in comparison with British English and explores if newspaper reportage has been influenced by popularization. The objective of the study is to find the differences and similarities among all the eight South Asian Englishes and British English with a special focus on speech-oriented discourse. To achieve this objective, the study follows Biber (2006) multidimensional analysis as a theoretical framework. The present study uses both quantitative and qualitative methods. The results indicate a considerable difference between the press reportage of Pakistan and that of other South Asian countries. Further, Pakistani press reportage is the most speech-oriented among all the South Asian countries and Britain in producing discourse.