Trade and Exchange

This paper presents a snapshot of a neolithic maritime exchange network centred on the Pitted Ware Culture (PWC) site of Tråsättra (circa 2630 to 2470 BCE), located northeast of modern-day Stockholm, Sweden. We used a combination of Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-MA/ES) and thin section analysis to study and source the clays used to produce 19 potsherds and 39 ceramic figurines from the site. Our results showed that while all potsherds were made with local clays, 10 of the figurines were made with non-local clays sourced from across the Baltic Sea region, including the island of Gotland and the Åland archipelago. Furthermore, most of the non-local figurines were anthropomorphs, while all animal figurines were made with local clays. We suggest that this striking pattern indicates that the PWC people of Tråsättra were participating in a long-distance trading network comparable to the ritual and prestige focused exchange systems found in many anthropologically known maritime societies. Similar results were also received from the analysis of 14 potsherds and 3 figurines from the nearby Early Neolithic (circa 3620 to 3360 BCE) site of Lappdal, suggesting that the exchange of ceramics was a long-standing practice for fisher-forager cultures in the Baltic Sea region. Our cluster analysis of clay composition also indicates that some figurines may have been traded on the local level, pointing to multiple spheres of economic interaction. We argue that these results highlight the considerable economic complexity that was present in this neolithic fisher-forager society.

This chapter investigates the auberges of the langues of the Order of St John in Valletta, Malta, in terms of their 16th-century Renaissance features, architectural models, and construction techniques. For this purpose, it analyses the Tuscan decorative models and the military features that are typical of the Order’s architecture. While austere in character, the auberges present similarities to palaces in the Italian capitals and also derive decorative elements from the architectural treatises of their time, in combination with the local tradition. Although the auberges have undergone major transformations over time, they are still the architectural expression of the Order’s power and magnificence. A comparative approach is adopted, using the Auberge of Italy as a case study. This investigation is part of a larger research project entitled ‘Stories of the Auberge of Italy’, carried out in collaboration between Heritage Malta, the University of Malta, and the Politecnico di Torino, and supported by the Malta Council for Science and Technology. Thanks to the recent archival research on this building, this study advances our knowledge of 16th-century architectural and construction techniques in Hospitaller Malta and identifies a clear construction chronology of the building, which until now was only tentative.

See the website: https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9781003385349/military-orders-volume-viii-emanuel-buttigieg-clara-almagro-vidal

Northern Mozambique has traditionally been considered marginal within the Swahili trade due to the absence of outstanding harbour stone-built towns. However, our research on Ibo island (Quirimbas Archipelago) proves the role played by small coastal villages in the early development of the Indian Ocean trade route. In this paper, we discuss the result of a lead isotope analysis performed on samples of two coins and some fragments of a wire and chain recovered on a Swahili dwelling floor dated in the eleventh-twelfth century AD. They were probably cast with copper from mines in the present Democratic Republic of the Congo. They would be the most distant findings of copper from these ores to date. These and other exotica point to the Middle Limpopo as the most probable route of arrival and insert small local villages such as the one on Ibo island within the Indian Ocean trade route.

The paper presents an application of carbon isotope analysis in the archaeometric research of graphite-tempered ceramics. Graphite separated from Celtic graphitic ceramics were analysed from Szûr, Szajk and Dunaszentgyörgy archaeological sites from the South Transdanubian region of Hungary. Variation in δ 13 C values of graphite in the sampling sites is attributed to the characteristics of graphitic metamorphic rock used for tempering. The carbon isotope results will serve as basis for further provenance research on graphite.

For over a century, scholars have debated the merits of two competing theories for the origins of money. The commodity theory of money has traditionally held that money developed as a medium of exchange in order to increase the economic efficiency of barter economies. Alternatively, chartalist explanations have given causal primacy to the role of state taxation in standardizing money as a unit of account. Recently, skepticism over the existence of barter economies in either contemporary societies or ancient history has led to the increased popularity of the state-centric chartalist approach. Evidence from many pre-state societies around the world, however, shows that commodity money was often used in long-distance trade networks where systems of debt and reciprocity would have been impractical. This paper draws on evidence from two such exchange systems, the "interior world" of pre-Columbian western North America and the Bronze Age of western Europe, to argue that money can come about to facilitate exchange between strangers and across borders. As such, I suggest that the commodity theory of money is more accurately explained by the importance of exchange in external rather than internal economic systems. I propose that a trade theory of money can explain the origins of money in pre-state societies without relying on the "myth of barter". Keywords Origins of money • Shell beads • Bronze Age • Economic anthropology • Trade and exchange * Mikael Fauvelle

The question of a prehistoric link between the Cochimí of central Baja California and the Seri on the opposite coast of Sonora has long attracted anthropological speculation. One line of evidence is offered by the ethnohistoric, ethnographic, and archaeological records concerning the manufacture and use of shell beads and ornaments in the two regions. The available data from this source suggest that prehistoric contacts across the Gulf of California, if they existed, were not very substantial or sustained.

Greek and Hellenistic painted vases have attracted scholars of classical archaeology for centuries, either because of the artistic value of the painted decorations or because of the depicted scenes of ancient everyday life. Due to the application of thin slips on the surface, different methods are used for the chemical characterisation of the slips and the body of the same vase. The slips are commonly analysed by X-ray microanalysis, offering point-by-point analysis of mostly major elements, while different tools, such as X-ray fluorescence (XRF), inductively coupled mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA), are used for bulk body analysis. This can cause difficulties in comparing the bulk composition and thus in determining the similarities and differences in the preparation process of the clay paste for the slips and bodies of an object. Given the artistic value of these objects, museum curators tend to be reluctant to provide samples for invasive characterisation. Micro-destructive laser ablation methods offer a robust solution to addressing both the relationships between ceramic body and surface treatment chemistry and destructive sampling. To provide a proof-of concept, we analysed slips and bodies of a small sample of Hellenistic fine wares from the Greek colony of Issa in modern Croatia with Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) and Laser ablation-ICP-MS. Results show remarkable diversity in the use of clay types and processing techniques.

Chavín de Huántar was a major civic-ceremonial and "proto-urban" (Burger 1984) center located in the Conchucos region of the north-central highlands (Figure 6.1). Although there are disagreements on chronological detail, scholars agree that the site was founded sometime in the late second millennium BC and was abandoned by circa 500/400 BC (cf. Burger 2019; Kembel and Haas 2015; Rick et al. 2010). Strong evidence indicates that Chavín de Huántar was interacting with the cultures of the central coast and northern highlands and with other regions of Peru from the time of its inception around 1000 BC (e.g.,

The aim of this research was the experimentation of a transportable integrated system for milking and dairy processing in wild or transhumant flocks. This system is made up of three elements: a module where a mechanical sheep and goat milking plant is installed; a module containing dairy machinery to transform the milk produced; and a lorry, type approved as an agricultural tractor, to transport, one at a time, the two modules following the transfers of the flock. The prototypes were designed following the introduction of the EEC 92/46 and 92/47 directives, which regulate milk production and dairy products. In fact, also the shepherds who rear flocks in the wild and operate in protected areas or those who practise transhumance must have suitable premises and equipment to keep selling milk, cheese and ricotta in accordance with consumer protection regulations. The system meets the requirements of the law and can operate without direct connection with the water, gas or electricity mains supply, in the open field near the flocks and with only one operator to manage it. The experimentation shows the functionality and suitability of the two prototypes for the production processes also in conditions where there are no infrastructures (water, roads, etc.) with optimal performances. The times taken to complete the milking operation and the dairy processing are comparable or shorter than those taken by the shepherds with the traditional methods. Moreover, the vehicle is able to transport a module off road in the predictable operative conditions.

The aim of this research was the experimentation of a transportable integrated system for milking and dairy processing in wild or transhumant flocks. This system is made up of three elements: a module where a mechanical sheep and goat milking plant is installed; a module containing dairy machinery to transform the milk produced; and a lorry, type approved as an agricultural tractor, to transport, one at a time, the two modules following the transfers of the flock. The prototypes were designed following the introduction of the EEC 92/46 and 92/47 directives, which regulate milk production and dairy products. In fact, also the shepherds who rear flocks in the wild and operate in protected areas or those who practise transhumance must have suitable premises and equipment to keep selling milk, cheese and ricotta in accordance with consumer protection regulations. The system meets the requirements of the law and can operate without direct connection with the water, gas or electricity mai...

Canchas Uckro (ca. 1100-850 BC) is a large monumental platform situated above the Puccha River, approximately 25 km north of Chavín de Huántar. Recent excavations have revealed monumental features that suggest the Canchas Uckro played an important role within the political landscape. Ceramic analysis has likewise linked the site to a broader economic sphere of interaction and Amazonian ceramic styles known from other eastern highland sites, such as Kotosh. This study further assesses the potential economic relationships between Canchas Uckro and its eastern neighbors through a detailed study of ceramic pastes and a consideration of those sherds with more Amazonian traits. 327 sherds were selected from the total assemblage for descriptive paste analysis, which details the mineral non-plastic inclusions, clay characteristics, and superficial decorative elements. 83 sherds were further analyzed and photographed using a handheld Dino-Lite microscope. The majority of the sherds notably share a similar composition, with varying pastes comprised of principally of quartz, muscovite, feldspars, and hornblende, while other ceramics feature non-local schist inclusions, suggesting economic ties to the east. We tentatively argue that Canchas Uckro’s ceramic pastes further support initial hypotheses of eastern trade relationships during the Formative Period.

Shell valuable exchange in the New Guinea Highlands has been a key interest in anthropology, providing insight into economics, aesthetics, and social stratification amongst banded communities. This paper describes how shell exchange at ethnographic present reflects deeper historical processes. We trace the origins and subsequent changes in shell use from the terminal Pleistocene to the Late Holocene at the site of Kiowa in Chimbu Province, Papua New Guinea. Zooarchaeological and technological analyses of Kiowa's shell artifacts indicates riverine mussel was procured locally from the terminal Pleistocene (9,500-10,000 years ago) and featured as a minor component in the diet into the recent precolonial period. In contrast, evidence for marine shell valuables only appears in the Late Holocene in the form of Trochus armbands and Tegillarca granosa and Polymesoda cf. erosa multifunctional tools. This challenges ideas that associate the gradual dispersal of marine shell into the highlands with the spread of agriculture around the Wahgi Valley at the start of the Holocene, and supports punctuated pulses of coastal contact. In doing so, we formulate a testable model for the development of shell exchange into the highlands, with implications for the emergence of stratification and the conduits between the interior and coast. [shell valuables, trade and exchange, coastal contact, stratification, New Guinea Highlands]

ABSTRACTThis paper examines the archaeological collections accumulated by Sue Bulmer during her time in the New Guinea Highlands. Bulmer used this collection as a basis to investigate key themes in the island's prehistory. We focus on several of these research themes, established in the early years, but which remain pertinent: the occupation of the interior during the Late Pleistocene, the establishment of agriculture and horticulture in the Holocene, and the routes of trade and exchange from the coast into the Highlands. Case studies of recent research produced from the collection revisit these themes, providing valuable updates.

Se presenta un contexto funerario procedente del valle bajo de Asia, ubicado a 100 kilómetros al sur de Lima. Los materiales asociados indican la presencia de puntas de obsidiana, esculturas de hueso y espejo de antracita, entre otros vestigios. Esto nos lleva a plantear que el valle de Asia no fue ajeno al tráfico de ideologías, o la interacción de las sociedades costeñas y serranas durante este período donde los aspectos ideológicos jugaron un rol fundamental. Se presenta del mismo modo las características arquitectónicas y el patrón de asentamiento del valle durante el período Formativo, se señala también las diferencias existentes entre la costa de Lima y la costa norcentral, determinándose en aquélla la ausencia de arquitectura pública monumental.

Money is a fundamentally cultural phenomenon, regulated by social, political, and ideological forms that represent gendered human consciousness and constraint, trade, payment, and consumption. Money is symbolically portrayed in a variety of societies in anthropology, as is the moral judgment of monetary and commercial exchanges (Block & Parry, 1989). These modes of exchange can be described more clearly in terms of gifts and commodities. Gifts are a type of exchange in which valuables are not sold but are instead given without an explicit commitment for immediate or future rewards (Baskerville, 2003). Commodities, on the other hand, are an economic good, generally a resource, that can be interchanged and replaced by another identical item (Baskerville, 2003). Many debates have arisen over whether gifts and commodities are dichotomous, or whether there is a link between the two that allows them to be interconnected in some way. This essay will explain that both gifts and commodities are important parts of economic anthropology, but they differ from one another. This will be accomplished by a series of points demonstrating a correct and agreeable argument. First, the distinction between gifts and commodities will be examined to expose their individuality. Furthermore, the similarities between these two will be examined to determine whether or not there is a relationship between them. Finally, it will be demonstrated how gifts and commodities have been defined in anthropology in terms of trade and exchange, using case studies to emphasise the significance of both.

Ideally, data produced by different laboratories performing the same type of analysis should be comparable. Comparability is important for exchanging data and the building of large databases in particular areas of research. Recently, the sourcing of North American copper using laser ablationinductively coupled plasmamass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) has developed significantly prompting questions about the compatibility of the different published data sets. Several parameters affect the compositions obtained with LA-ICP-MS. The selection of external standards is used with LA-ICP-MS to convert the raw counts for each element in concentrations expressed in ppm or %wt. Ideally external standards have a composition as close as possible to that of the analyzed object. Available standard reference materials are purer than archaeological artifacts and a combination of several of them is often selected to be able to quantify all the elements of interest. LA-ICP-MS laboratories use different sets of standard reference materials based on their experience, budget and availability. This paper will compare three sets of copper standard reference materials that are used routinely to measure the composition of North American copper artifacts. It will assess how they affect the concentration measurements in that type of samples and shows that impact on the concentrations of certain elements can be significant. Too low concentrations in the standards and possible heterogeneity could be two factors explaining discrepancies.

Artifacts decorated using inlay technology that were recovered from the 5th
to 6th century tombs of the Korean Peninsula and Japanese Archipelago are
examined in this study in order to consider the nature of Korean-Japanese
interaction. Firstly, focusing on the fact that the making of furrows on the surface
of iron products is crucial to this technology, the traces of ironwork chisels used
to make such furrows have been examined. Based on this, it was possible to
establish that two different types of inlay technology had been used in Baekje,
which were transmitted to Gaya, Silla and Ancient Japan.
It is therefore highly likely that such inlaid objects had been imported from
the Korean Peninsula, since most of the swords decorated with iron inlay from
the middle Kofun Period indicate close relations with the Korean Peninsula.
As for the swords with inlaid inscriptions produced in the Kenai area, which
appear to have been granted to the provinces, it is highly possible that a master
craftsperson with connections to the Korean Peninsula may have participated in
their manufacture, based on a comparative study of the Seven-Branched Sword
and the sword with inscription excavated in Changyeong.
The iron production technology required for the inlay technique was also
shared by the iron chisels, incised arrowheads, axes, and reams that were
widely used in the Korean Peninsula and Japanese Archipelago during the 5th
century. This indicates that wide network of craftspeople, in which technology
and knowledge were shared, may have been in existence, providing important
implications for understanding the nature of interaction between Korea and
Japan around this time.

In this study, the Chinese-style belt ornament found distributed throughout East Asia was
analyzed and its development process and significance reviewed. The Chinese-style belt
ornament can be classified into a total of eight types by combining form and manufacturing
technology, and each type is divided into four stages which lasted from the end of the third
century to the middle of the fourth century.
The Chinese-style belt ornament was formed by combining the elements of belt ornaments,
including those decorated with horse-hoof-shaped patterns in repousse, which
existed from Later Han to Three Kingdoms. It is believed to have been intentionally created
in the Western Jin Dynasty, which achieved unification. From that time onwards, the Chinese-
style belt ornament, which was actively produced, spread not only throughout China’s
Central Region but also to Northeastern China, the Korean Peninsula, and the Japanese Archipelago.
Produced within the territories of the Western Jin Dynasty and the Eastern Jin Dynasty,
the Chinese-style belt ornament was imitated by the sixteen kingdoms, such as Former
Qin and Former Yan. In the Korean Peninsula and the Japanese Archipelago, where Chinese-
style belts were introduced, an independent culture of belt-ornaments developed.
The highly standardized Chinese-style belt ornament, which lacked significant difference in
shape, was transferred or imitated with different meanings from region to region and had
a great impact on the Three Kingdoms and the belt-ornament culture of Japan. This is the
essential significance of the Chinese-style belt-ornament in East Asia.

The purpose of this paper is to present a comprehensive overview of the current status
of research on the snake-shaped ornament holders of the Three Kingdoms period excavated
in Korea, and to examine their development process according to use, mounting
method, and type.
During the Three Kingdoms period, the snake-shaped ornament holder was a kind of
decorative harness that functioned as a flag holder or a decorative holder. In Goguryeo,
military personnel also used snake-shaped ornament holders, but in southern Korea, only
the elite had access to them. Therefore, they can be interpreted as another type of ‘prestige
good’ that was used to demonstrate the authority of the deceased. The snake-shaped
ornament holders of the Three Kingdoms period, classified into the ‘Ga’~‘Ra’ types, were
mounted in different ways according to shape; they can largely be divided into those that
involved the method of tying a string to the hook on both ends of the fixed part (‘Na’·‘Da’·‘Ra’
types) and those that involved the method of horizontal attachment to the saddle without a
string (‘Ga’ type).
The origin of the snake-shaped ornament holder used in the Korean Peninsula is deeply
related to Northern Yan. Through Goguryeo, it evolved into to the general form of the
snake-shaped ornament holder, and the manufacturing technology spread to the southern
regions in the late 5th century. In the second half of the 5th century, various forms co-existed
mainly in Silla and Gaya, but after that, the ‘Da’ type was mainly produced. It was used in
Baekje until the 7th century, after which it gradually disappeared.
The snake-shaped ornament holders of the Korean Peninsula greatly influenced the
appearance and production of Japanese snake-shaped ornament holders from the mid-
6th century onwards. However, it is possible to also observe production techniques that
are not confirmed on the Korean Peninsula, so it is also possible that the local Japanese
craftspeople also played an important role in their appearance and improvement. As such,
the snake-shaped ornament holders excavated from sites on the Korean Peninsula dating
to the Three Kingdoms period can be regarded as a representative type of iron artifact of
the Three Kingdoms period, illustrating exchange between China (Northern Yan), Goguryeo,
Gaya, Silla, Baekje, and Japan.

Where, when, and under what circumstances did money first emerge? This Element examines this question through a comparative study of the use of shells to facilitate trade and exchange in ancient societies around the world. It argues that shell money was a form of social technology that expanded political-economic capacities by enabling long-distance trade across boundaries and between strangers. The Element examines several cases in which shells and shell beads permeated throughout daily life and became central to the economic functioning of the societies that used them. In several of these cases, it argues that shells were used in ways that meet all the standard definitions of modern money. By examining the wide range of uses of shell money in ancient economic systems around the world, this Element explores the diversity of forms that money has taken throughout human history. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.

Rural communities and their land are the protagonists of my dissertation. Specifically I look at how access to land is negotiated at the local level, and at how the local models and global policies intersect. I also look at how rural women"s role and identity have changed at the household and broader level, and at how all these changes are reflected at the community and societal levels. The geographical focus of my dissertation is the Italian region of Sardinia and, specifically, the two provinces of Gallura and Ogliastra, where I examine the role of access to land in shaping rural development patterns. In my field research I observed how

El principio de efectividad de una transacción financiera en cualquier mercado es simple: «comprar barato y vender caro». En la práctica, establecer a priori cuándo el precio de una acción puede ser denominado «caro» o «barato» es aún una pregunta abierta que puede ser abordada desde enfoques cualitativos, como es el caso del análisis fundamental, o cuantitativos, los que incluyen la inferencia de comportamientos a partir de la lectura de cartas y medidas de tendencia, o mas formalmente, el estudio de los activos financieros bajo el enfoque de las finanzas cuantitativas.

El impacto que puede causar el estudio de una acción, o en general, el de activo financiero, no depende únicamente de las conclusiones que sobre él se obtengan, sino también de la relevancia del activo en el mercado en que opera, por lo que resulta también de interés establecer cuáles serán los activos financieros susceptibles del estudio y de esta forma proyectar sus conclusiones para un público más amplio.

En el trabajo presentado se estableció un modelo basado en series de tiempo y elementos de la teoría de probabilidades, para el cálculo de los soportes y las resistencias de los precios de las acciones más relevantes en el mercado de la Bolsa de Valores de Colombia, con datos del segundo semestre de 2020. Se propone, a partir de una función de probabilidad obtenida de los estadígrafos generados por el modelo ARIMA y de una función de probabilidad desarrollada por el autor y basada en una caminata aleatoria parametrizada, definir un espacio de probabilidad filtrado que permita el cálculo de soportes y resistencias para las acciones, así como un pronóstico de la tendencia de su precio.

En este documento se presenta el desarrollo de un método cuantitativo, que pretende seleccionar segmentos homogéneos de series de tiempo, como datos de entrada que propicien un mejor desempeño de los modelos de pronóstico tendenciales.

El método propuesto en este escrito se basa en la identificación de patrones relacionados con las propiedades de estacionariedad y ergodicidad en los segmentos de las series de datos, en sus diferencias y en otras transformaciones lineales.

El alcance de este escrito se circunscribe al análisis de los cinco activos de renta variable de mayor capitalización bursátil del índice IBEX 35 para 2021.

La evaluación de la eficacia del método en la selección de las series de
tiempo, se llevará a cabo mediante el contraste de los resultados que se obtienen al realizar pronósticos de tendencia con datos arbitrarios de los precios de cierre del año 2021, contra los resultados de los mismos métodos de pronóstico en los que se emplean como datos de entrada los segmentos de las series de tiempo seleccionadas por el método propuesto en este escrito.

El modelo de pronóstico para la prueba piloto será un espacio de probabilidad que surge de una filtración, en la que se indexan dos distintas σ-álgebras: la procedente del espacio de probabilidad que generan los estadísticos del modelo ARIMA aplicado a las transformaciones lineales del precio de cierre del activo estudiado, y otro espacio de probabilidad confeccionado a partir de una caminata aleatoria parametrizada en términos de tamaño de paso y de probabilidad -binomial- (este método se denomina hipótesis tendencial Achury-Arredondo).

Se evaluará si el método de selección de segmentos de series de tiempo,
proporciona conjuntos de datos de entrada con los que además de confirmarse los resultados positivos obtenidos con datos de entrada arbitrarios, se amplíe el alcance y efectividad del modelo de pronóstico tendencial antes citado.

The Caucasus is one of the attractive regions for archaeological investigations. Despite 100 years of research, many questions remain unanswered. It is important to understand the Caucasus with surrounding areas and create a unified perspective of the past.
The session is intended for researchers of Caucasian Neolithic, Chalcolithic, EBA archaeology, we want to get acquainted with discoveries and new studies, rethinking and understanding previous studies and attempt to introduce modern technologies and methodologies in archaeological research of the three very important periods of human history.
• Migration and Mobility - (What was the purpose and means of the migrations, and what were the results of the mobility?);
• Trade and exchange - (What kind of raw materials or products could Caucasus offer to neighbour regions and how did the interest and need change over time?);
• Chaîne opératoire - (Material production techniques, technology and path taken from raw material to waste)
• Ecology, environment, landscape - (How does man use the diverse nature of the Caucasus?);
• Household - (Perception of the house in different archaeological cultures of the Caucasus?);
• Bioarchaeology - (Abstracts related to zooarchaeology, palynology, palaeobotany, and human remains can be submitted in this thread);
The topics selected for the session are universal, and researchers will be able to present their studies on the chosen topics listed above. Through the session, we will once again be able to hold a broad discussion about the Neolithic, Chalcolithic, and EBA of Caucasus Archaeology. By incorporating a wide range of multidisciplinary methods (technology, bioarchaeology, archaeology), archaeological evidence (ceramic, bone and lithic productions, human, faunal and floral remains etc), archaeological and ethnological approaches, this season will further explore the socio-economic and cultural aspects of past societies.

En algunos sitios arqueológicos del valle medio alto de la cuenca del Rímac, en la provincia de Huarochirí, se ha reportado recientemente restos de alfarería cuyos estilos decorados se corresponderían con los periodos finales del Formativo. Esta evidencia se extiende en diferentes distritos huarochiranos del valle como Ricardo Palma, Santa Eulalia, Santa Cruz de Cocachacra, San Bartolomé y San Andrés de Tupicocha. La presencia de las ocupaciones humanas con evidencia cultural de los periodos tempranos (Formativo) en la provincia de Huarochirí se halla poco estudiado y reportado, por lo que el hallazgo en superficie y algunos proyectos de investigación en curso en la cuenca del Rímac empiezan a ofrecer datos importantes para iniciar discusiones sobre este período en esta provincia

Bibliotheque nationale g+m of Canada du Canada Acquisitions 2nd Direction des acquisitions et Bibliographic Services Branch des services bibiiographiques 395 Well~ngton Streel 395, rue Wellington Ottawa. Ontario Oltawa (Ontario) K I A ON4 K1 A OM4 Your hle Vofre r&rence Our M e Notre r6Mrence The author has granted an irrevocable non-exclusive licence allowing the National Library of Canada to reproduce, loan, distribute or sell copies of his/her thesis by any means and in any form or format, making this thesis available to interested persons.

The glass bead trade in southern Africa provides important evidence of interregional contact during the early modern period. Compositional analysis of a large assemblage of imported glass beads from the sixteenthto seventeenth-century AD trading site of Baranda in northern Zimbabwe reveals a south Asian origin of the majority of the beads. Combining stratigraphic data and morphological analysis with innovative compositional XRF and Raman spectroscopy approaches, the research was able to assign the Baranda beads accurately to their correct chronological range. This coincides with the period of Portuguese dominance of Indian Ocean trade.

Химический состав 39 образцов оконного стекла из памятников Юго-Западного Крыма (Херсонес и его округа, Мангуп, Эски-Кермен) был изучен методами РЭМ/ЭРМ и ЛА-ИСП-МС. Судя по изученным материалам, самые ранние находки оконного стекла в Херсонесе и на Мангупе относятся к периоду не позже V-начала VI в. Большая часть стекла, использованного для изготовления окон в ранневизантийское время, происходит из Египта (серии содового стекла Foy-3.2, 2.1, группа HIMT), хотя на Мангупе встречены единичные находки из сиро-палестинского стекла. К ранневизантийскому периоду относятся все находки из Херсонеса, из квартала L, существовавшего в XI-XIII вв., где они происходят, очевидно, из переотложенных слоев. Начиная со второй половины VII в., обнаруженное в Юго-Западном Крыму оконное стекло (серия Foy-2.2) несет признаки интенсивной вторичной переработки материала более раннего времени. Вероятно, именно эта практика широко применялась здесь в период массового строительства небольших храмов, возводившихся для нужд общин, до XI в. Судя по материалам Эски-Кермена, в XI-XIII вв. в регионе распространяется стекло на золе солончаковых растений (преимущественно левантийское), а также «византийское», произведенное, предположительно, в Малой Азии.

Índice de estrés financiero; Indicador compuesto; Economía real; Riesgo sistemático; Índice de calidad financiera resumen: Una vez desencadenada la crisis económica que comenzó a mediados del año 2007, las autoridades financieras, así como los gobiernos de las principales economías del mundo desarrollado, comenzaron a enfatizar la importancia de anticipar y estimar los riesgos financieros sistémicos por sobre los riesgos de un determinado sector. Más allá de la solidez macroeconómica, los países estarán mejor preparados para convivir con la volatilidad potencial de las afluencias de capital si tienen mercados de renta variable de mayor calidad. Asimismo, la nueva directiva europea MIFID II (Markets in Financial Instruments Directive) que entrará en vigor a partir de enero de 2018, se inspira en las premisas de la seguridad, eficacia y transparencia del mercado hacia los inversores. El actual trabajo pretende desarrollar un indicador que refuerce y mida la calidad del mercado español, en particular el de renta variable, mediante el desarrollo de un nuevo indicador llamado ICF (Índice de Calidad Financiera) que muestra, de una manera objetiva, el grado de madurez y estabilidad del mercado.

Archaeological research over the last decade has established the significance of the Peruvian south-central highlands for understanding the Chavín Interaction Sphere. Investigations at various sites in the region show distinct traditions of civic-ceremonial architecture that are in many ways comparable to better understood developments in the north-central and northern Peruvian highlands. In this paper, the authors discuss two important late Initial Period and Early Horizon centers in the region: Campanayuq Rumi and the recently discovered Arpiri. Geochemical sourcing and other lines of evidence indicate that Campanayuq Rumi was one of the major locations for the distribution of Quispisisa obsidian to the northern centers of the Chavín Interaction Sphere. However, a recent survey of the Quispisisa obsidian quarries near Huancasancos led to the discovery of Arpiri, a smaller-scale center that emulates many of the architectural conventions of Campanayuq Rumi. We hypothesize that Arpiri, which was located in close proximity to the Quispisisa quarries, was a gateway community that served to distribute obsidian to Campanayuq Rumi. Los estudios arqueológicos de la última década han establecido la importancia del rol de la sierra peruana del centro-sur para el entendimiento de la Esfera de Interacción de Chavín. Investigaciones en distintos sitios de la región muestran diferentes tradiciones en la arquitectura cívico-ceremonial, las cuales en muchos sentidos son comparables con los desarrollos mejor comprendidos de la sierra peruana del norte y norte-centro. En este artículo los autores discutendos importantes centros de la región correspondientes al Período InicialTardío y al Horizonte Temprano: Campanayuq Rumi y el recientemente descubierto Arpiri. Análisis geoquímicos de proveniencia, así como otras líneas de evidencia, indican que Campanayuq Rumi fue uno de los principales lugares de distribución de la obsidiana de Quispisisa hacia los centros norteños de la Esfera de Interacción de Chavín. Sin embargo, recientes reconocimientos en las canteras de obsidiana de Quispisisa cerca de Huancasancos, condujeron al descubrimiento de Arpiri, un centro de menor escala que emula muchas de las convenciones arquitectónicas de Campanayuq Rumi. Nuestra hipótesis es que Arpiri, el cual está ubicado cerca de las canteras de Quispisisa, fue una comunidad de acceso que sirvió para la distribución de la obsidiana hacia Campanayuq Rumi.

This paper provides a succinct overview of developments in field survey practices and artefact collection strategies within the Pontine Region Project (PRP), a long-running landscape archaeological project in central Italy. Drawing on various examples from the PRP database, we specifically aim to evaluate the increasing research intensity and artefact sampling approaches adopted in the project and their analytical contribution: first, to refine the chronological and spatial resolution of rural data and to move beyond simplistic rural site classifications; second, to systematically analyse and interpret off-site distributions; and third, to reconstruct regional systems of production and exchange. Countering critiques of the purportedly myopic character of Mediterranean survey practices, we argue that the intensive investigation of small research areas not only complements more extensive survey approaches, but is crucial to counter biases and refine generalizing trends in such datasets.

The extraction and processing of cinnabar (HgS) to create red pigment have a deep history across the Andes. From paint used to decorate the bodies of people living on the North Coast during the early second millennium BCE, to the vibrantly decorated qeros owned by Inka elites during the Colonial period, cinnabar has been sought after and employed by Andean peoples for millennia. In this paper, we explore spatial and temporal patterns of cinnabar use through a collection-based study at the Smithsonian National Museum of the American Indian. Applying the lens of technological choice to understand the mineral composition of pigments, we employ portable X-ray fluorescence and microscopy to record how, where, and when different Andean groups selected imported cinnabar over more common sources of red mineral pigment, such as iron oxides. Our results also hint at the possibility that ancient craftspeople intentionally combined different mineral pigments to produce desired hues and tints and/or other material and spiritual properties. By examining how cinnabar was deployed on pre-Hispanic Andean objects and images, we gain greater insight into the importance and meaning of this valued exchange material.