Taboo language

This article will discuss why cursing and swearing, as manifestations of emotional language, should be addressed in foreign language learning (FLL). Psycholinguistic and pragmatic studies have argued that cursing and swearing are a central component of an individual's communicative repertoire, fulfilling a variety of functions, including expressions of surprise, joy, frustration, anger and pain. Sociolinguistic studies not only confirm this but also highlight the taboo nature of these utterances, as well as the complex social and group constraints that dictate their usage. Given the central yet controversial status of cursing and swearing, it is hardly surprising that it is largely ignored in FLL, although strong arguments have been advanced in favour of teaching emotional language, which incorporates swearing. This paper will explore the possibilities for making cursing and swearing part of a foreign language curriculum, particularly for advanced learners, and will assess the role currently played by teaching materials. Given the marginalised function of cursing and swearing, and questions of interlanguage synonymy and equivalences, should the acquisition and understanding of cursing and swearing remain outside formal language learning, or do learners need to be made aware of the possibilities for emotional expression, making appropriate use of vulgar and taboo registers? In diesem Artikel wird diskutiert, warum Fluchen und Schimpfen, als Beispele emotionaler Sprache, im Fremdsprachenlernen behandelt werden sollten. Psycholinguistische und pragmatische Studien behaupten, Fluchen und Schimpfen seien ein wichtiger Teil unseres kommunikativen Repertoires und habe deshalb verschiedene Ausdrucksfunktionen, wie U ¨berraschung, Frust, Wut und Schmerzen, zum Beispiel. Diese Merkmale werden auch in soziolinguistischen Studien identifiziert, allerdings wird hinzugefu ¨gt, dass Schimpfen und Fluchen ha ¨ufig als tabooisiert, bedrohlich und gefa ¨hrlich betrachtet werden und deshalb als A ¨ußerungen stark verpo ¨nt oder sogar verboten werden. Gerade wegen dieses zentralen aber wohl auch kontroversen Status von Schimpfen und Fluchen werden diese tabooisierten A ¨ußerungen im Fremdsprachenunterricht großteils ignoriert, obwohl Forscher in den Bereichen Vielsprachigkeit und interkulturelle Kommunikation das Vermitteln von emotionaler Sprache (auch Schimpfen und Fluchen) fu ¨r Fremdsprachenlernerlnnen ausdru ¨cklich befu ¨rworten. Am Beispiel von Englisch und Deutsch wird dieser Artikel die Gru ¨nde und die Mo ¨glichkeiten erla ¨utern, weshalb Schimpfen und Fluchen im Fremdsprachenunterricht zumindest thematisiert werden sollten, damit Lernende ihre emotionales Repertoire in der Fremdsprache bereichern ko ¨nnen.

Sex can be considered a vulgar, forbidden or unwelcome topic in many contexts and this fact can add a challenge to subtitlers of audiovisual products depending on the cultures and languages involved (Ávila-Cabrera, 2024). Although some authors claim that sexual references tend to be altered, mitigated or omitted when dubbing (Ferrari, 2010; Scandura, 2021) and subtitling (Fuentes-Luque, 2020) from English into neutral Spanish, other researchers such as Villanueva-Jordán (2023) have demonstrated through a case study that neutral Spanish for the Latin American audience does retain sexual references in dubbing. This paper examines the subtitling of the four seasons of the TV series Succession (Armstrong, 2018-2023) from US English into Spanish (from Spain), as broadcast on Max (formerly HBO España). The primary objectives of the study are as follows: (1) to explore the extent to which sexual references from the source text are transferred to the target text. To achieve this, we will analyse the transfer through the lens of Descriptive Translation Studies (Toury, 2012). (2) To determine how sexual references are treated in the translated text, whether they are rendered using explicit sexual language or replaced with other taboo or offensive phrases. For this, we employ Ávila-Cabrera's (2023b) taxonomy of translation techniques to examine the handling of these references and assess whether the taboo load is preserved in the subtitles. (3) To identify the most recurrent translation techniques used. Among the expected findings, we aim to test our initial hypothesis that considers that sexual phrases tend to be transferred as closely as possible in the subtitles in this TV series. In summary, our intention is to contribute to the literature of the treatment of sexual language in interlingual subtitling through this paper.

Audiovisual translation (AVT) is a well-established field of study in academia and is ripe with research opportunities for scholars (Pérez-González 2020; García-Escribano 2025). A dynamic and multifaceted area of study within AVT is the translation of taboo and offensive language, which has been of rising interest in the last two decades. The vitality and richness of this research area are evident in a burgeoning body of research on the topic (see Valdeón 2024). In this context, the book The Challenge of Subtitling Offensive and Taboo Language into Spanish: A Theoretical and Practical Guide makes a valuable contribution to current scholarship and offers a reliable reference for subtitling training and research. The present literature on the translation of taboo and offensive language is grounded on two main strands of research: how AVT translators handle taboo and offensive language (i.e., translation strategies) and how the socio-cultural environment of the receiving culture governs translators’ renderings. Given that the translation of taboo and offensive items is highly culture-dependent, it has been studied in various European (Guillot 2023; Ávila-Cabrera 2016; Xavier 2022), Asian (Khoshsaligheh, Ameri, and Mehdizadkhani 2018; Al-Zgoul and Al-Salman 2022; Jin and Ye 2023) and Latin American countries (Cândido Moura and Iost Vinhas 2023). Recent studies have ignited a burst of new investigations in the field by incorporating audience and reception studies (Pavesi and Zamora 2022; Chen 2022; Moura 2024), cross-cultural studies (Guillot 2023) and English-language AVT (Barrera-Rioja 2023), among other things.

This paper investigates language choice and cultural context by studying the use of taboo words and expressions in the Nimo speech community. The objectives of this research were to explore the Nimo cultural norms, values, and beliefs by investigating the attitudes of the Nimo speakers with regard to the use of taboo words and euphemistic expressions and various contexts where the use of certain words and expressions are tabooed in the speech community. It describes the main reasons why they use taboo words and discuss some sensitive topics such as sex and death etc. This study advances some explanation on the social and psychological aspects which influence greatly the individuals' employment of language with the age and sex restraints. It also aims to test their attitudes regarding the use of taboos in mixed-sex groups. To achieve the objectives of this study, three research questions were developed. The design of the study was a descriptive survey. The Speech Act Theory of Austin 1962 was used as the theoretical framework for the study. The target population for this study was 18,428 indigenes of Nimo in Njikoka Local Government Area, Anambra State, Nigeria. A simple random sampling technique was used to select 12 respondents for this study. The oral interview was used to elicit information from the respondents. The data for this study were analyzed using both quantitative and qualitative methods. Quantitative data from the respondents were analyzed critically. Qualitative data from journal articles, books, magazines, and newspapers were explored and used in this study. The findings of this study reveal that Nimo speakers have distinct attitudes regarding the use of taboos and euphemistic expressions. There are many reasons behind the use of taboo words by the speakers and they do not discuss taboo topics in mixed-sex groups. This study recommends that students should be exposed to related Igbo programme(s) on radios and televisions. Both schools and homes need to be brought together so that the application of cultural values to daily lifestyle may be a reality. Igbo language teachers must serve as good instruments and be prepared to utilize their skills in helping their students achieve a high degree of proficiency in the Igbo language.

Book Title: Mizo Thu Leh HLa Zirchianna Volume 1 Author: Lalrammuana Sailo Year: 2019 Publisher: Mizoram Images Publication ISBN: 9 788194 045533
Prior to their conversion to Christianity, Mizo beliefs regarding the afterlife included the existence of 'Mitthi khua' for ordinary individuals and 'Pialral,' a paradisiacal realm of effortless sustenance reserved for the 'thangchhuah' (those who had achieved significant feats). A transitional space, 'Zingvanzawl,' was also envisioned, inhabited by a figure named Pawla. This paper focuses on the intriguing mythology surrounding Pawla, who was believed to punish men (excluding children) who did not engage in sexual relations with women during their lifetime. The fear of Pawla is exemplified in the deathbed request made to the warrior Tuchhingpa: to confront and subdue Pawla upon arrival at 'Zingvanzawl.' While Pawla's expectations fostered a sense of fulfillment and security for men concerning their loved ones, this paper critically examines the Pawla mythology, proposing that it may represent an element of male dominance and potential oppression within the traditional Mizo worldview concerning women's roles and expectations.

Sacauntos e chupasangues. Os mitos dos secuestradores de nenos na cultura galega. Que hai de real e que hai de ficticio nos mitos? Nests artigo, o autor achéganos a multitude de figuras lendarias e sucesos reais relacionados cos ladróns de nenas e nenos na tradición popular galega.

This study aims to examine the representation of the Iranian Self in Persian movies through English fansubtitles, exploring how the subtitling process shapes the sociocultural image presented to non-Iranian audiences. To this end, eleven awardwinning Persian films produced by prominent Iranian filmmakers Asghar Farhadi, Majid Majidi, and Abbas Kiarostami and their English subtitles were analyzed using an integrated framework specifically developed for this research. Imagerepresentative elements in the films were identified according to the framework, and the translation strategies employed in the English subtitles for rendering these image-representative elements were examined. The effects of these strategies on the representation of the image were then categorized into five observed outcomes: intensification of the image, weakening of the image, positive recasting of the image, preservation of the image, and omission of the image. The findings indicate that universally recognized elements were generally preserved in fansubs, while elements associated with Iranian religious or legal contexts were more frequently omitted or weakened, potentially diminishing the representation of these culturally distinct aspects for non-Iranian audience. This study highlights the importance of cultural sensitivity and accuracy in audiovisual translation, offering valuable insights for fostering cross-cultural understanding and enhancing the portrayal of cultural identity in translated media.

Analizamos neste traballo un novo mitema protagonizado pola personaxe mítica coñecida como a Vella, unha das facetas da Moura. Explicamos a estrutura subxacente ao relato, o significado simbólico dos seus elementos constituíntes e a vinculación deste mitema, e do mito que o contén, con algunhas prácticas rituais do Entroido.

This study attempted to investigate the potential constraints that the Yemeni undergraduates face in subtitling audiovisual materials. The challenges of English-Arabic subtitling are under three domains; linguistic, technical and attitudinal. University of Science and Technology (UST) is barely the benchmarking academic institution that gives training on subtitling. UST was perceived as an ideal place to curry out the study. A triangulation was the methodology of the paper. A questionnaire along with a test were administered and given to 38 participants. The results of the study declared that the linguistic domain is still taking the lead. The second domain was the technical challenges. The emotive or attitudinal constraints were the least challenging. The paper gave recommendations to overcome these constraints. Conclusion and recommendations of the study can be taken in other countries that undergo similar conditions.

This chapter explores the historical concept of performative language and how it has evolved within linguistic anthropological thought up to the modern day. The discussion begins with J. L. Austin's understanding of the performative utterance in the 1960s and traces its conceptual lineage into Judith Butler's understanding of performativity in the 1990s. It then examines how Butler's performativity theory has been taken up by linguistic anthropologists in thinking about performative language, especially scholars of gender, race, and class, largely in conjunction with Silverstein's work on indexicality and indexical performance.

The local etiology of mental disorders in the Alevi healing tradition of Dersim point to intruders from mystical realms, "mılaket", who posess human selves with a weakened sense of personal will. Liminal temporalities and spaces are categorized as providing the setting for symbiotic encounters between the human selves and nonselves. In this work, a short introduction into the local belief on posession will be provided. The actual operation of agency in the experience of posession is exemplified on the narrative account of a local healthcare officer, who stands between modern medicine and the local healing tradition. The co-existence of biomedicine and Alevi healing tradition in Dersim is less burdened by the necessity of "trans-cultural translation", as many of the practicing biomedical professionals and administrative workers in healthcare are rooted in the Dersim Alevi culture. The reason for the possibility of co-existence can be that, the marcation lines between biomedicine and Alevi healing tradition is drawn by Dersim Alevi healthcare professionals themselves.

This study investigates the applicability of Al-Shlool's (2023) taxonomy of subtitling strategies for Islamic cultural items (ICIs) across various film genres beyond documentaries. The taxonomy, which includes nine strategies-loan, literal translation, substitution, transposition, addition, compensation, dummy compensation, omission, and condensation-has been applied exclusively to Arabic documentary films subtitled into English. To expand the scope of this taxonomy, the study examines ICIs in drama, comedy, and action films. A corpus of 15 films (five from each genre), subtitled into English and available on major videoon-demand platforms, was analysed. The study specifically addresses the density of ICIs in the source text (DST), genre-specific patterns in DST, and the subtitling strategies used and evaluates the effectiveness of Al-Shlool's taxonomy in reflecting cultural nuances across these genres. The findings highlight how genre influences the selection of subtitling strategies, offering valuable insights into the broader applicability of the taxonomy. This research contributes to the field of audiovisual translation by exploring the genre-specific challenges of preserving cultural meaning and ensuring linguistic accuracy in subtitling.

The aim of the study is to analyze the role of interpersonal
meta-function in maintaining friendship among language
users in Central-Kurdish media discourse. The focus of the
study is restricted to identifying the differences between
male and female media discourses to prove the language
variation exists between genders in the spoken discourse on
TV and making use of the language interpersonal
metafunction. The researchers use a descriptive and
qualitative technique along with content analysis to examine
media-spoken discourse. This study's methodology uses a
qualitative exploratory approach to look at TV interview
between male and female in Central-Kurdish. The purpose of
this paper is to provide answers to the following questions:
What is the most common mood type among TV interviewees
in Central Kurdish media spoken discourse by each of the
male and female interviewees? What is the most used
personal pronoun in Central Kurdish spoken discourse TV
interview by male and female interviewees? And, finally, how
does the choice of personal pronouns affect the interpersonal
meaning? The results quantitatively display information
about the distribution of the results with regard to mood
types, the selection of personal pronouns, and the impact of
the usage of personal pronouns on interpersonal meaning.
According to the study, the most common type of mood is a
declarative mood, the third personal pronoun is dominant. In
addition, the selection of Personal pronouns has a significant
impact on how the speakers display their attitudes.

Diese Reihe versammelt Beiträge zur Vermittlung grundlagenorientierter Forschung im Feld der Integrationsstudien für die wissenschaftliche Fachöffentlichkeit.:MI-CHA FLUBACHER AND SARA HÄGI-MEAD Taboo and Transgression in the Context of Migration, Integration, and Diversity 5 KATJA KANZLER (Meta-)Disparagement Humour: The Poetics and Politics of Mockery in the Sitcom Two Broke Girls 15 PAUL MECHERIL AND MONICA VAN DER HAAGEN-WULFF Accredited Affects: Discourses and Taboos around Migration and Threat 25 SARA HÄGI-MEAD Taboos and Integration: Welcome to Germany 39 LAURA RIND-MENZEL Taboos and Transgressions as a Result of Insufficient Consideration of Didactic Principles in Orientation Course Materials 59 OLGA JUBANY AND ROSA LÁZARO CASTELLANOS Virtual Platforms, Real Racism: Online Hate Speech in Europe 81 AMANDA HAYNES AND JENNIFER SCHWEPPE Hate Crime: Violently Policing Transgressions of Perceived Parameters of Acceptability 97 Author Information 111This series presents contributio...

Tonga dili kökenli "işaretlenmiş, belirlenmiş" anlamına gelen tabu, ilk defa İskoçyalı kaptan James Cook tarafından 1777 yılında Okyanusya'daki Tonga adasında saptanmış, kültür ve bilim literatürüne de bu şekilde geçmiştir. Bu terim, insan davranışlarıyla ilgili güçlü sosyal yasak ve kısıtlamaları ifade eder. Tabuların ortaya çıkışında gelenekler, görenekler, mitler, âdetler, örfler, inançlar, ahlâkî değerler, doğal afetler ve salgın hastalıklar vb. etkin rol oynar. Bu sebeple tabu konusu üzerindeki çalışmalar, etnografik/kültürel antropoloji dilciliğin temelinde ele alınmalıdır. İnsanlar, bazen konuştuğu konunun muhatabı rahatsız edebileceğini, acı veya utanç getirebileceğini varsaydığında söylemeye çekinir ve bazı kelimeleri ya gizleyerek ya da yumuşatarak ifade etmeye çalışır. Bu durumda örtmece/örtük anlatım/örtülü anlatım dediğimiz terim devreye girer, kelimenin veya kavramın semantik yönü ve anlam alanı değiştirilmeye çalışılır. Böylelikle muhataba adları doğrudan değil, dolaylı olarak söylenmiş olur. Dilin sosyopsikolojik boyutunda yer alan örtmece ölüm, cinsellik, din ve hastalık gibi toplum tarafından belli ritüelleri ve yasakları olan olaylarda kendini sıklıkla gösterir. 1 Abdülkadir İnan, tabu terimi yerine "tekinsiz" terimini kullanmıştır (ayrıntılı bilgi için bk. Abdülkadir İnan, "Börü = Kurt ve Yok = Hayır Kelimeleri Üzerine", Makaleler ve İncelemeler, Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, Ankara, 1987, s. 625). 2 K. Ahanov'a göre, ta "belirlemek" ve pi "bütünüyle" kelimelerinden oluşmuş bir terimdir (2002, s. 178).

SELECTED ASPECTS OF POETICS OF FILM TRANSLATION Film translation is often referred to as a "necessary evil." This is because the translated lines tend to be simplified in the process of audiovisual translation. It is estimated that the dialogue in a film translation might be shortened by up to 30-40% compared to the original text. However, it should be borne in mind that film dialogues are an integral part of the film's image and serve not only an informative but also a poetic function. Thus, when translating the characters' statements, one should consider not only the semantic aspect but also the stylistic elements used in the material, particularly repetitions, contrasting juxtapositions of foreground and background dialogues, and references to musical works. The article presents the conclusions of the author's research based on five translation variants of the film Cold War into Russian.

Provérbios são expressões linguísticas de cunho informativo e cultural que trazem consigo traços que identificam especificidades culturais de valor didático, conteúdo moral e prático. Este trabalho visa à elaboração de um minidicionário bilíngue, constituído a partir da análise de equivalência interlinguística entre provérbios dos idiomas japonês e a variante brasileira do português, que formam parte de um jogo de cartas japonês que remonta ao período Edo (1603-1868). Conhecido por Iroha Karuta, esse jogo de cartas continua a ser utilizado na cultura japonesa até os dias de hoje, e, neste trabalho, servirá como ponto de partida para o cotejo de seus significados em cada uma das línguas aqui envolvidas. A nossa pretensão é que esse material seja utilizado como instrumento complementar no ensino e aprendizagem de língua estrangeira (LE) no que tange ao fomento dos provérbios por parte de estudantes de cursos de língua japonesa que tenham o português como língua materna. Os referenciais teóricos para este estudo são a Metalexicografia e a Linguística Contrastiva, mais especificamente entre o japonês e outros idiomas (DALGADO, 1922; UKIDA, 1922), assim como conceitos pertinentes ao âmbito do Ensino e da Aprendizagem de línguas estrangeiras/segundas línguas (LEFFA, 2000; 2016) e da Fraseoparemiologia (ALVAREZ, 2012; XATARA, 2012). As fontes primárias são os provérbios selecionados do jogo mencionado. Já as fontes secundárias são dicionários paremiológicos específicos tradicionais e/ou digitais na língua base, bem como na língua meta, ou seja, o japonês (GAKKEN, 1998) e a variante brasileira do português.

Swearing words are in actuality merely a part and a factual situation of daily life. They concern everybody. They are employed by us, the makers of the social reality. They come to our attention via eavesdropping. They may even choose us as their own targets, mostly in absentia and sometimes within our very presence!

In the field of translation-and interpreting-oriented language learning and teaching (TILLT), educators and students often show a tendency to avoid topics and issues that could be regarded as offensive by some and controversial by many. It follows that classroom materials commonly stick to a very narrow range of topics in order to avoid issues such as politics, religion, classism, ableism, racism and gender discrimination. However, if we want to prepare translation and interpreting students for today's world of work, we should not ignore sensitive topics which might seem difficult to discuss in the language classroom. Indeed, I consider it necessary for vibrant and engaging classroom discussions to deliberately incorporate delicate issues, challenge existing beliefs and explore alternative perspectives.

No rural hai tempo que o patrucio deixou de exercer o seu labor de depositario e relator da chamada sabedoría popular. A chegada da televisión solapouno. O aparello acaparou a atención de toda a familia e os vellos ficaron relegados. Xa non interesaban as súas "historias". Sen reparar nelo, se estaba a perder-quizais para sempre-un compendio de saberes que abranguía mitos, lendas, crenzas, costumes e coñecementos de todo tipo, xerados ao longo de moitos séculos, cos cales os nosos antergos saíron adiante e explicaron todo o que os arrodeaba. A escolarización chegou moi tarde ao rural. Ninguén ensinou a historia académica, canónica, aos nosos labregos e mariñeiros. Pero o pobo tiña que dar unha explicación aos restos materiais do noso pasado: mámoas, gravados rupestres, castros…, e aos utensilios e recipientes cerámicos que aparecían ao sachar a terra. Castro de Santa Tegra (A Guarda) "O feito diferencial galego no folclore de mouros".

Os apelidos Basanta e Basante, presentes en Galicia con distinta frecuencia, ofrecen unha interesante perspectiva sobre a relación entre a toponimia e a antroponimia. Basanta, especialmente común na Mariña luguesa, deu lugar a numerosos topónimos e microtopónimos, mentres que Basante, menos frecuente, parece ter unha orixe relacionada. Este estudo céntrase na súa distribución, evolución histórica e conexión lingüística, ofrecendo unha posíbel explicación para estas denominacións.
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The surnames Basanta and Basante, present in Galicia with varying frequency, offer an intriguing perspective on the relationship between toponymy and anthroponymy. Basanta, particularly common in A Mariña region of Lugo, has given rise to some place names and numerous microtoponyms, while Basante, less frequent, appears to share a related origin. This study focuses on their distribution, historical evolution, and linguistic connections, providing a possible explanation for these designations.

The way taboos are translated can be controversial as it can depend on the characteristics of the communicative act related to the speakers' context, culture, age and idiolect. However, we could generalise that some taboos can cause a strong reaction to the audience in the context of audiovisual translation (AVT), and some of them are particularly delicate to address, as is the case of religious references. Subtitlers are responsible for transferring the source text (ST) into a target text (TT) in the form of subtitles. In the case of Spain, whether or not the resulting subtitles are more or less faithful to the original cannot be said to be the result of censorship nowadays. However, phrases such as "Jesus fucking Christ" can pose a challenge to the professional, who must consider the best option to render the full impact of its contextual load. The result, for example, can vary from abiding by the rules of what can be considered politically correct, not being fully faithful to the ST or, by contrast, transferring some offensive or taboo load to the TT in the form of a (non-)religious phrase. On streaming platforms in Spain, these expressions tend to be compensated by other offensive phrases which avoid the direct insult to "God" or "Jesus Christ" (Ávila-Cabrera 2020), thereby resorting to ideological manipulation (Díaz Cintas 2012). The present study analyses the series Succession (Jesse Armstrong 2018-2023), season 3, and its subtitled version into Spanish, broadcast by HBO España (Spain). Based on a Descriptive Translation Studies approach (Toury 2012) and following Ávila-Cabrera's (2023b) taxonomy of translation techniques, our initial hypothesis is that religious references are usually subtitled in a neutralised or offensive way, the latter excluding the direct reference to the religious figure. This paper aims to show the way that religious references in this TV series have been subtitled into Spanish for the Spanish audience from a linguistic approach, contributing to enriching the literature on AVT and religious phrases as taboo elements.

Introduction: translation of swearwords has unceasingly gained traction in audiovisual translation. In subtitling, swearing does not only warrant linguistic consideration but other multimodal elements, such as intonation and body movement. Apart from subtitling technicalities, the difficulties of swearword translation are also impeded by their explicit and implicit forms, as well as the linguistic-cultural differences in sourcetarget texts. This study aims to deliberate on the Malay translation of English swearwords of 'fuck' and 'shit' in two episodes of Netflix TV series The History of Swearwords. Method: to this end, it employs a comparative and descriptive analysis by developing a parallel corpus by utilising AntConc and AntPConc software. The selection of Netflix posits no local law or policy restrictions and censorship. Results: the comparative analysis found a linkup between creative and formal subtitling of the swearwords, which signals a prevalent pragmatic and cultural foundation in the translation, especially vis-à-vis the deletion and neutralisation procedures. The study also raises other notable concerns, such as the identification and semantic comprehension of swearwords by the series subtitlers. Conclusions: overall, the study posits that the socio-pragmatic factors, among others are still central for the English-Malay translation strategies of the swearwords in maintaining both linguistic accuracy and cultural appropriateness for target audience.

In S v Lewis 54/2024 2024 ZAWCHC 59 (HC), Salie J had to decide whether the use of the Afrikaans swear word 'poes' contravened a protection order as stipulated by the Domestic Violence Act 116 of 1998. The protection order prohibits the respondent from swearing at the applicant. Due to the respondent’s use of the swear word in question, the trial court found him guilty. However, on review, the high court reconsidered the respondent’s use of the word 'poes' within the phrase 'los my ma se poes se ding' and decided that the swear word was used to express emotion instead of violence. The court further held that the word was not directed at the applicant but was used to refer to a specific noun (music / the volume of music). As a result, Salie J overturned the court a quo’s verdict. This case discussion serves as a confirmation of Salie J’s decision and provides a brief linguistic analysis in support. The analysis is preceded by a review of the pragmatic uses of swear words. This is followed by an outline of the grammar of the applicable phrase, which indicates how the swear word expresses emotion grammatically. Overall, the case is considered a positive step forward in terms of legal interpretation and in support of language diversity and fair access to justice.

The prevalence of Western movies across the globe has raised questions and concerns regarding its impact on cultural values and norms especially among young people. This study is aimed at establishing the influence of Western movies on the cultural values of students of Nuhu Bamali Polytechnic Zaria, Kaduna state. The study objectives are to examine the level of Nuhu Bamali Polytechnic students' exposure to Western movies and determine the impact ofWestern movies on the cultural values of Nuhu Bamali Polytechnic students. The theoretical framework deployed for this study is the Cultivation Theory of Mass Media by George Gerbner (1976) which propose that heavy Viewers of television are thought to be cultivating attitudes that seem to believe that the world created by television is an accurate depiction of the real world. The study is a survey research and the instrument used to elicit data was the questionnaire with a sample size of 265 respondents. Findings of this study reveal that viewing Western movies is prevalent among the students. As such, they are exposed to certain movie contents that are alien to the cultural norms and traditions of the study area which can be detrimental to the minds and cognitive development of the students. Furthermore, the study establishes that exposure to such movies have negative influences on the cultural values of students of Nuhu Bamali Polytechnic Zaria, Kaduna State. The study recommends that the National Film and Video Censor's Board (NFVCB) should ensure strict rules and regulations on movie content that are detrimental to the youths.

This paper intends to provide a contribution to the research field on the translation of taboo language, in particular in the area of audiovisual translation (AVT) in Italy. It intends to analyze the use of taboo language in two recent TV series, namely The Young Pope (2016) and The New Pope (2020), and its translation in their Italian dubbed versions. The aim is to ascertain whether the tendency to purge the target text observed in the case of older productions can be confirmed, or, on the contrary, it is possible to corroborate the results related to the change in attitude observed in more recent years in Italian dubbing. Finally, the paper will also present the results of a study on the perception of the use of taboo language used in the series, both on a sample of English-speaking viewers who watched them in the original version, and on a sample of Italian viewers who watched them in their Italian dubbed version.

Read the following ST included in each of the examples and then try to subtitle them on the basis of the formal appearance of subtitles (Section 2.2.3) and text reduction (Section 2.2.4, Roales Ruiz, 2017). Although you do not know the reading speed, the duration of every subtitle and the number of characters allowed, try to use a one-liner or two-liner in accordance with the length of the script. These exercises follow a linguistic approach because in order to be able to be able to subtitle them properly, we would need a subtitling program to be able to reduce the text on a technical basis. However, you can pay attention to segmentation and try to make the line break maintaining a semantic and syntactic balance. Exercise 2.6 Pulp Fiction-DVD version Context: Vincent is in his dealer's house to buy some heroin. ST: And some dickless piece of shit fucked with it.

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This article examines the concepts of taboo and invective vocabulary in the Modern Arabic. The scope of use of obscene words and expressions is outlined, and their classification is given. Researchers give examples of zoonyms found on social networks. The authors conclude about the detabooization of swear words in modern Arab society and the violation of the norms of linguistic communication in the Arab world under the influence of the Internet.

All praises and thanks to Allah S.W.T who always gives me his blessing and his best opportunities so that I can finish this thesis entitled "The Linguistic and Cultural Variations of Arabic Swearword Subtitle Translation on American Movies". My sholawat and salam always be given to our prophet Muhammad S.A.W from whom I can learn Islam as my right choice. I would like to thank to some talented people who always give knowledges, advices, guidance, and also critiques to finish my undergraduate study. My first gratitude I gave to my advisor, Mrs. Habiba Al Umami, M. Hum. For her critical advices and her broad knowledge to read, revise, and guide me during the writing of my thesis that are invaluable in both academic and personal needs. Besides, my deepest gratitude is to all lectures at English Letters Department who taught me all the courses which have a great valuable role to support me in finishing my under graduate thesis. Then, I am lucky to have my second family, girls as sisters by heart member of 7 th Khadijah Al-Kubra dormitory. Also, I am glad to have my dearest squad of Popo. I also proud and thanks that I finish my under graduate apprenticeship at Balai Bahasa Jawa Timur where I learn on how to be a great inspiring researcher to Mr. Yani, Mrs. Dalwi, Mrs. Lelli, and specially Mrs. Yuyun. Also, my apprenticeship group (Raqyat BBJT) who survive together dealing with research thingy. Afterwards, I thanks to Bagus Putra adhyaksa and Bagas Adhi Wicaksana who become my best supporters and motivators along the process of completing my thesis. The last, I do not forget to say thank you very much to Drs.

All praises and thanks to Allah S.W.T who always gives me his blessing and his best opportunities so that I can finish this thesis entitled "The Linguistic and Cultural Variations of Arabic Swearword Subtitle Translation on American Movies". My sholawat and salam always be given to our prophet Muhammad S.A.W from whom I can learn Islam as my right choice. I would like to thank to some talented people who always give knowledges, advices, guidance, and also critiques to finish my undergraduate study. My first gratitude I gave to my advisor, Mrs. Habiba Al Umami, M. Hum. For her critical advices and her broad knowledge to read, revise, and guide me during the writing of my thesis that are invaluable in both academic and personal needs. Besides, my deepest gratitude is to all lectures at English Letters Department who taught me all the courses which have a great valuable role to support me in finishing my under graduate thesis. Then, I am lucky to have my second family, girls as sisters by heart member of 7 th Khadijah Al-Kubra dormitory. Also, I am glad to have my dearest squad of Popo. I also proud and thanks that I finish my under graduate apprenticeship at Balai Bahasa Jawa Timur where I learn on how to be a great inspiring researcher to Mr. Yani, Mrs. Dalwi, Mrs. Lelli, and specially Mrs. Yuyun. Also, my apprenticeship group (Raqyat BBJT) who survive together dealing with research thingy. Afterwards, I thanks to Bagus Putra adhyaksa and Bagas Adhi Wicaksana who become my best supporters and motivators along the process of completing my thesis. The last, I do not forget to say thank you very much to Drs.

Hai uns días iniciaronse as obras de rehabilitaciòn e conservaciòn co orzamento da Xunta de Galiza, conselleria de Cultura , na que no seu día foi definida polo mestre Filgueira Valverde, como "A Catedral do Rural", estamos logo a falar da igrexa de San Xiao de Ventosa (Agolada) posiblemente a sua fábrica data do final do século XII, e principios do XIII. Traballos que complementan os iniciados no ano dous mil e que pretenden poñer en valor o románico desta xoia e facer limpeza no exterior, muros e tellado dañados polo paso do tempo.

This chapter explores how Persian proverbial metaphors are used in discourse to frame Iran's nuclear program. To that end, contextual uses of a sample of Persian proverbs were analysed in terms of Conceptual Metaphor Theory. The results demonstrate that proverbs' scope of operation goes way beyond their conventional functions. They are used to propagate pessimism, express sarcasm, make accusations, threaten and humiliate the rival camp, fabricate a new political reality, and manipulate the content and courses of action. The research also finds that proverbs are apt tools for framing complex socio-political issues, as they encapsulate a bundle of integrated figurative conceptualisations, providing users with ready-to-use conceptual slots to apply to complex scenarios with multiple roles and relations. Finally yet importantly, the research shows that the analysis of proverbs in discourse context provides a more comprehensive view of proverbs by completing the chain of association between the specific-level schema, generic-level schema and the immediate context of use.

English Restoration drama in general is a relatively neglected field of studies and, as a
consequence, is not a particularly widely read literary genre in Italy, but Wycherley’s
The Country Wife is a notable exception: there are four translations published between
1961 and 2009, thus making it one of the most persistent presences in the literary
market. It is interesting to compare the different editions, and the translations, as part
of a disseminating process carrying English drama into the Italian editorial and cultural
environment. This paper deals with the first of these translations (by Cesare Foligno,
1961) and the third one (by Stefano Bajma Griga, 2005). The choice of these two specific
texts is based on paratextual similarities such as the fact that they are both part of a
wider collection of texts as opposed to single volume editions, and there are no parallel
texts. The first one is a pioneering translation and the third is, obviously, a retranslation:
this difference is taken into account when tools from descriptive translation studies are
employed to carry out the comparative analysis.

Reception studies in audiovisual translation seek to explore how translation choices affect the audience’s comprehension, emotional engagement, enjoyment, and overall viewing experience of audiovisual materials. This study focuses on the subtitling product and analyzes the acceptability of swear words translated through different stimuli: subtitles with softened, maintained, and intensified swearing, along with standard Netflix subtitles (control). Employing a multi-method approach, the study collected data through a survey, using questionnaires with a Likert scale and interviews, following the user-centered translation model to understand how participants receive and perceive swear words in subtitling. The results indicate that the control group had the highest acceptability of the participants, while the group with softened swear words presented the lowest acceptability rate. The analysis shows that participants across all groups reported that discomfort does not arise from reading the swear word in the subtitle but from perceiving a deliberate change in its offensive load—usually softened. The findings demonstrate that this change can lead to a breach of the contract of illusion in subtitling, as participants are exposed to the original dialogue and the translated subtitle simultaneously. In conclusion, when perceived, the change in the offensive load can redirect the viewer’s focus from the video to the subtitles, negatively affecting the enjoyment of the audiovisual experience.