School Building Design

This paper presents a study to identify the various types of maintenance practices employed in engineering workshops in the Senior High Technical Schools in the western part of Ghana. The study also explores the effects of management of materials, tool and stores control system on the maintenance practice in the engineering workshops. The study was based on a case study survey through which views and opinions were sampled from headmasters, teachers and students in the Sefwi Wiawso municipality. Both qualitative and quantitative approaches were employed in conducting the research study. The data was collected using a structured written questionnaire and interviewing guides. We also utilized the SPSS version 19 software to analyze the data. We found that most of the selected institutions had technical workshop maintenance department at their schools. We also observed that these technical maintenance departments in the schools were consulted in the selection of new equipment, replacement of old and outmoded equipment and spare parts. From the survey and interviews with the respondents, the selected schools had an incentive policy for the workshop maintenance staff. We also observed some major challenges the schools were facing. These challenges were mainly financial challenges because most of the workshop maintenance strategies were capital intensive. The schools also didn't have enough maintenance training programs and seminars to educate their workshop maintenance staff. The study recommended that the Ministry of Education should provide the necessary logistics to sustain the technical workshop maintenance department in various technical institutes.

O presente trabalho tem como intenção discutir alguns conceitos da
Neuroarquitetura, juntamente a aspectos sobre relações afetivas com o espaço
arquitetônico e explorá-los a partir de um estudo de caso no Rio de Janeiro -
RJ. Pretende-se analisar uma sala de aula em uma escola para entender como
esses espaços e a relação do indivíduo com a escola afetam o bem-estar de
alunos e professores do Ensino Médio. O produto final foi o projeto de uma
sala de aula, seguindo os preceitos da Neuroarquitetura, e propondo
melhorias.
Para a análise, foram aplicados questionários a alunos e professores,
além da observação da dinâmica de uma aula no Colégio Andrews. A partir da
identificação das carências e melhorias necessárias na sala de aula, partiu-se
desses pontos de vista para sugerir intervenções.
Essa discussão servirá como base para futuros projetos de ambientes
escolares mais saudáveis e que promovam o bem-estar de quem os habita.

I have appreciated the principals in both Taranaki and the Bay of Plenty who have welcomed me into their schools, the lead teachers that spent time sharing their passions with me and to the classroom teachers and children who talked about their programmes and learning. I also acknowledge the support of my Board of Trustees and to the relief Principal who ensured everything ran smoothly in my absence. Thank you also to the Ministry of Education and Teachnz who have recognized the value of sabbaticals to the professional development of Principals. There is a wide variety of interpretation between schools as to what they are doing to promote student voice and the methods that they are using. Below I have summarized the methods I encountered from my school visits. I wanted to find out if student voice was becoming increasingly important to children's learning. The students ability to be able to articulate their learning, to say what they know, what they need to know and how they are going to work towards this in order for new learning to take place. I hoped to be able to see student voice have an impact on teachers thinking and enable them to inquire more into their practice.

Acknowledgements I have appreciated the principals in both Taranaki and the Bay of Plenty who have welcomed me into their schools, the lead teachers that spent time sharing their passions with me and to the classroom teachers and children who talked about their programmes and learning. I also acknowledge the support of my Board of Trustees and to the relief Principal who ensured everything ran smoothly in my absence. Thank you also to the Ministry of Education and Teachnz who have recognized the value of sabbaticals to the professional development of Principals.

This study examines the critical considerations of safety and security in the design of educational facilities at public universities in Rivers State, Nigeria. It aims to explore the perceptions of staff and students regarding the effectiveness of safety and security measures in their university environments. Data were collected through questionnaires distributed to randomly selected faculties at Rivers State University of Science and Technology (RSUST) and the University of Port Harcourt. A total of 141 responses were analysed using descriptive statistical methods. The findings indicate that a significant majority of respondents acknowledge the importance of incorporating safety and security measures into building designs, with 66% agreeing that safety is a fundamental aspect and 64% emphasising the necessity of security detailing. The study highlights the vital role of user perceptions in informing architectural practices and underscores the need for ongoing dialogue between university management, staff, and students to enhance safety and security protocols. Based on these findings, the study recommends greater engagement of users in the design process, the implementation of advanced security technologies, and the promotion of awareness campaigns to foster a culture of safety and security within the university community. Ultimately, this research contributes to the body of knowledge on safety and security in educational settings and provides practical insights for improving the design and management of university buildings.

Buildings have various aspects and elements that are involved in their makeup. This study investigates the perceptions of staff and students regarding the safety and security considerations in the design of college buildings in public universities in Rivers State, Nigeria. The aim is to understand the importance placed on these factors by university users and to evaluate how effectively these elements are incorporated into building designs. Data were collected through a structured survey from respondents in two public universities: Rivers State University (RSU) and the University of Port Harcourt (Uniport). A total of 141 responses were analyzed using descriptive statistical methods. The findings reveal that a significant majority of respondents (68.1%) rated safety considerations highly, while 66% valued security measures as crucial in the design process of college buildings. The results indicate a clear preference for enhanced safety and security features, reflecting the growing awareness and demand for safer educational environments among university users. The study concludes that public universities in Rivers State could significantly benefit from integrating comprehensive safety and security protocols in their building designs. Recommendations include the adoption of international safety standards, stakeholder involvement in the design process, continuous assessment of safety measures, training and awareness programmes, and increased government support for funding modern security infrastructure.

Quelimane Primary School (1960) is one of the many built examples of the "Eight-Classroom School", which is the largest prototype of the primary-school typologies designed by Fernando Mesquita and Rute Bota in Mozambique between 1955 and Due to the urgent demand to rapidly construct cost-effective school buildings to accommodate various educational needs across the country, Fernando Mesquita (1916 -c. 1990) developed an adaptable architectural programme within the Public Works Services of Mozambique. The main goals were rapid construction, cost-effectiveness, adaptability for expansion due to uncertain programme and population changes, and addressing local climate challenges. The programme centred around the classroom as the basic unit of organisation, featuring square designs with at least two external façades, to one of which a covered circulation gallery was attached. Over time, it transitioned from primary schools (one-/four-/eight-classroom schools), where classrooms were added side by side for scalability, to professional and secondary institutions (technical, preparatory, commercial, industrial and high schools), in which pavilions, formed by grouping classrooms together, were the new spatial organisation units. Resulting from the duplicated combination of the two "Four-Classroom Schools" into a single building, the "Eight-Classroom School" is best suited for mixed-gender education. The separation of genders leads to a typology consisting of two independent pavilions, each with four classrooms, symmetrically positioned in relation to the covered main circulation gallery, connected perpendicularly by access galleries to the classrooms, which decrease in profi le as they move away from that axis. This detail, which may appear as a formal whim, is justifi ed by the fact that the covered playground, intended for social interaction and physical education, is located in the space Quelimane, 1960

Buildings are responsible of major energy consumption globally. In addition, they are linked to thermal comfort. The need to provide comfort becomes more crucial in schools as they are the place where students learn, and develop their skills. This research aims to investigate the energy responsiveness of new and traditional school building design, where major variation in form, amount of external walls and glazing are different. The research focused on indoor microclimate condition of selected schools in the city of Jeddah where the climate is hot and humid using advanced tools for monitoring. The research uses advanced energy equipment to measure several aspects such as floor temperature, roof temperature, globe temperature and other factors which can lead to predictable thermal comfort of users. The findings suggest that a larger area of glazing shielded from sunlight has a greater influence on both indoor condition and general thermal sensation. The finding also suggests that the glazing ratio is a major contributor on indoor thermal pattern which can result in an increase in temperature profile between from 7-10˚C. The findings of this research can assist in the improvement in the design of the prototype school building in hot and humid climate.

Daylight is a fundamental resource to achieve indoor quality and energy efficiency in educational buildings and therefore to improve their sustainability. The study presented in this paper is aimed at defining and testing a method to assess daylighting in classrooms based on performance indicators drawn from literature, standards and green building rating protocols (LEED), and intended as a tool to assess lighting sustainability and drive the retrofit of existing schools into comfortable and energy efficient buildings. The assessment approach is based on both in field analysis and dynamic climate-based simulations. In the paper the results obtained from the application of the method to a case study are presented.

In Europe many graduates in architecture leave the architectural sector, and the closely related sectors as building industry, planning field or interior design, immediately after their studies or after some years of professional practice. This paper presents two different actions: the first one is aimed to counteract this trend reforming the bachelor program in architecture in order to form architects able to better fitting the market demand, not only in the architectural sector, the second one is a research proposal to qualitative analyze the described trend in order to exploit the potentialities of architectural studies in other sectors such as creative industry, communication, management, entrepreneurship and many else. Both actions start from a retroactive approach considering the importance of the impact that architectural education can have in multiple fields far from the building sector through the interdisciplinary approach that characterizes the design pedagogy.

In Europe many graduates in architecture leave the architectural sector, and the closely related sectors as building industry, planning field or interior design, immediately after their studies or after some years of professional practice. This paper presents two different actions: the first one is aimed to counteract this trend reforming the bachelor program in architecture in order to form architects able to better fitting the market demand, not only in the architectural sector, the second one is a research proposal to qualitative analyze the described trend in order to exploit the potentialities of architectural studies in other sectors such as creative industry, communication, management, entrepreneurship and many else. Both actions start from a retroactive approach considering the importance of the impact that architectural education can have in multiple fields far from the building sector through the interdisciplinary approach that characterizes the design pedagogy.

Malaysia is blessed with abundant natural light throughout the year. However, as buildings absorb heat from it, the amount of energy required for cooling purposes increases, which is one of the causes of electricity consumption. This research focused on investigating daylight level with a variety of case study classroom characteristics that contribute to daylighting design failure factors. Hence, indoor and outdoor daylight levels were measured for five (5) days in each of the classrooms through field measurement method. The observation wasconducted simultaneously with the field measurement to assess the obstacles to implementing efficient daylighting strategies in the classrooms. The results show that the daylight performance for all of the case study classrooms was not withinthe prescribed suitable range as specified in MS1525 (2019). The classroom design is insufficient to manage daylight in classrooms, which is the most likely reason for the poor illuminance level results. Furth...

THE PAPER
This paper explores the intermedial potential of Italo Calvino’s “Invisible Cities” (1972), focusing on its transformation into an opera and its broader implications for audience engagement. Calvino’s poetic meditation on urban spaces has inspired numerous adaptations, including a live opera staged throughout the Los Angeles Railway Station. This innovative production turned the station into a dynamic performance space, where travellers became part of the narrative, experiencing the soundscape through headphones.

By examining this adaptation, the paper highlights how “Invisible Cities” situates itself within the frameworks of intermediality and community opera, showcasing its role in making opera more accessible and inclusive. Specifically, it will focus on how this intermedial approach impacts different audience demographics, including:

• young adults and students: engaging a demographic often seen as disconnected from traditional opera through innovative, immersive experiences.
• commuters and urban dwellers: transforming everyday spaces into artistic venues, making art a part of daily life.
• cultural enthusiasts and art patrons: offering a fresh perspective on opera, blending it with contemporary and accessible formats.

The paper argues that “Invisible Cities” exemplifies the potential for literature to inspire intermedia development, reshaping our understanding of literary and artistic practices on a global scale. How do such intermedial transformations impact audience perception and participation? Can they democratise both literature and opera and make them more inclusive art forms?

As we look to the future, literature, especially the classics, and opera, particularly the more recent and more experimental works, must continue to innovate and reach out to diverse audiences. By embracing intermedial approaches, these art forms can remain vibrant and relevant, fostering new connections and ensuring their enduring legacy.

THE SUMMER SCHOOL
The International Summer School WISD: Word, Image, Scene, and Digital transformations, dedicated to Opera and to its adaptations and dissemination, is part of the Research Project Polimnia. Opera for All! By adopting a fresh approach to Opera, Polimnia aims to enhance public appreciation of Italy‘s cultural, artistic, and musical heritage, thereby boosting its appeal and international recognition.

Opera serves as a quintessential representation of Italy’s national culture, artistic and musical heritage. The theoretical framework adopted is that of Community Opera, an approach that originated in the UK in 1970 and has since been developed in many countries around the world. The literature on Community Opera offers resources for a deeper understanding of opera production, from a perspective of inclusive co-construction, cultural growth, and social change.

Currently, Opera is not for everyone; it is often seen as an outdated repertoire, far removed from the artistic-musical experiences that engage young people. It is perceived as a “niche”, an “elite form of art”, too expensive and difficult to understand.

The Summer School, held in English, will take place at the Conservatorio Vecchi-Tonelli, Modena, 22-25 September, and will focus on the following topics:

• Valorisation of the cultural, artistic, and musical heritage of lesser-known Italian texts and musical scores.
• Diachronic examination of the literary, linguistic, historical, musical and scenic contexts that influenced the creation and performance of Italian Opera.
• Strategies, forms, and models aimed at increase the attractiveness of Italian Opera for new generations, emphasising inclusion, training, and education, in line with the adaptation of the international model of Community Opera.
• Case studies on participatory opera (co-creation of Opera with local communities, involving various professional skills, resources, and specific local characteristics, reusing repertoires, venues, and infrastructures not currently utilised for these purposes).
• Rewritings, remediations, and digital adaptations in the production and performance of Opera nowadays.

In this article, Timo Hagen focuses on the architectural competition for the Federal Foreign Office building in Bonn in 1951, a large structure that lent the provisional capital an early accent of permanence. A network analysis of the prominent personnel of the competition and the architectural-historical categorisation of its designs allow statements to be made on the virulence of the (Nazi) past in the Adenauer era in the field of the architectural self-representation of the Bonn Republic.

Green walls are an innovative and promising solution to address the environmental challenges facing university buildings, especially in hot climates. This analysis aims to evaluate the validity of claims regarding the effectiveness of green walls in university buildings, focusing on their ability to protect buildings from solar radiation, improve air quality, and reduce energy consumption of the external envelope, thus contributing to the fight against climate change. The research addresses the problem of increasing energy consumption for classrooms in university buildings due to the inefficiency of the Building envelope. The main objective of the research was to improve energy consumption using green walls for classrooms in the university buildings under study, through an applied study using the simulation program Design Builder v 7.0 for classrooms, which is a case study of the October Higher Institute of Engineering and Technology. The results indicate that the use of green walls for classrooms in university buildings improves the energy consumption rate by more than 18 % over the base case.

O evento ECOpátios | designLAB decorreu no Salão Nobre do Instituto Superior Técnico, no campus da Alameda, em Lisboa, entre os dias 4 e 6 de Novembro de 2024. O ECOpátios | designLAB estabeleceu-se como um espaço de debate e de troca de experiências, centrado na regeneração e renaturalização dos recreios escolares, destacando projetos que promovem a educação ambiental e a cidadania ativa, com o objetivo de impulsionar mudanças nos paradigmas, nas mentalidades e nos comportamentos. A iniciativa visou sensibilizar todos os agentes envolvidos no planeamento e gestão dos espaços educativos para o papel fundamental dos recreios escolares na educação ambiental, na promoção da saúde e do bem-estar das comunidades, bem como o seu potencial para se tornarem espaços social e climaticamente resilientes.
Com uma abordagem baseada em metodologias participativas e no envolvimento ativo das comunidades no redesenho dos recreios, o ECOpátios | designLAB fomentou a partilha de experiências e a criação de parcerias entre escolas, entidades locais e a sociedade civil — elementos indispensáveis para o sucesso das intervenções.
Este ebook reúne os contributos desta iniciativa, com o objetivo de partilhar e disseminar os conteúdos discutidos, ambicionando contribuir para a transformação e melhoria dos recreios escolares em Portugal.

Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Conceptual Framework for Reviewing Innovative Learning Environments 3. Methodology and Data Gathering 4. Findings 5. Recommendations 6. Conclusions Annex 1 Data Collection Instruments Annex 2 Technical Characteristics of the Schools Visited School design and learning environments in the City of Malmö, Sweden

Bu calismada ilk olarak su aritma islemi ve su aritma cihazlarin tarihi gelisimi gozden gecirilmistir. Daha sonra evye altindaki dolap boyutlari evden eve degistiginden dolayi bazi evlere su aritma cihazlari montaj edilmesi zor olmaktadir. Su aritma cihazi satin almis olan musterilerle yapilan telefon gorusmelerindeki anket sonucunda gelistirilecek urunun tasarim giris parametreleri belirlenmistir. Bu parametrelere bagli kalarak 5 farkli kavram tasarimi yapilmistir. Bu kavramlara kavram izleme ve kavram puanlama matrisi uygulanmis ve bu matrislerden bir adet kavram tasarimi secimi yapilmistir. Secilen kavram tasarima muhendislik calismalari yapilarak urunun son tasarim boyutlari belirlenmistir. Muhendislik yapilan kavram tasariminda farkli ozellik ve sayida mebran filtre kombinasyonlari ile temiz su debisi miktarlarin hesaplanmasi yapilmistir. Ayni zamanda olusturulan kombinasyonlarin urun maliyet uzerine etkisi ve urunun servis aginda musteri uzerine olusturacagi maliyet hesaplamal...

Assessment kerusakan merupakan proses evaluasi yang penting untuk mengidentifikasi dan menganalisis kondisi struktural suatu bangunan. Proses ini bertujuan untuk menemukan masalah yang mungkin timbul akibat faktor-faktor seperti cuaca, kelembapan, atau serangan hama. Dengan melakukan assessment secara menyeluruh, kita dapat menentukan tingkat kerusakan dan merumuskan langkah-langkah perbaikan yang tepat, baik itu rehabilitasi ringan, sedang, berat, atau pembongkaran total. Hasil assessment tidak hanya menjamin keselamatan penghuni, tetapi juga memastikan keberlanjutan fungsi bangunan dalam jangka panjang.

Son y llarda, ba ta geli mi ülkeler olmak üzere okullar n niteli inin art r lmas nda ve nitelikli bir toplum olu turmada e itim yöneticilerine hayatî sorumluluklar dü tü ü konusunda görü birli i olup, bu ba lamda nitelikli e itim yöneticisi yeti tirmenin önemine vurgu yap lmaktad r. Bu makalede dünyada e itim yöneticilerinin yeti tirilmesine ili kin ba l ca yönelimler ve Türkiye için ç kar labilecek baz sonuçlar ana hatlar yla teorik olarak incelenmi tir.

Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi ve özellikle Malatya, 6 Şubat depremlerinin ardından yeniden inşa sürecine girerken, ekonomik ve sosyal kalkınma açısından yeni fırsatlara ihtiyaç duymaktadır. Bu süreçte yabancı dil eğitimi, bireylerin uluslararası iş gücüne entegrasyonu ve bölgenin küresel pazarlara açılması için hayati bir rol oynayabilir. Dil eğitimi yalnızca kişisel gelişimi desteklemekle kalmaz, aynı zamanda bölgedeki istihdamı artırarak ekonomik toparlanmaya da katkıda bulunabilir. Ayrıca, yabancı dil eğitimi inovasyon ve teknoloji alanlarında da büyük fırsatlar yaratabilir, böylece bölge modern ekonomiye daha hızlı adapte olabilir. Yabancı Dil Eğitiminin Bireysel, Bölgesel ve Teknolojik Önemi Yabancı dil bilmek, bireyler için uluslararası iş fırsatlarına erişimi kolaylaştırırken, bölge ekonomisinin büyümesine de katkı sağlar. Malatya ve çevresinde yabancı dil eğitiminin yaygınlaştırılması, sadece bireysel kariyer fırsatlarını değil, aynı zamanda bölgedeki girişimcilik, ticaret ve teknolojik gelişimi de destekleyecektir. Özellikle İngilizce, küresel ticaretin ve dijital ekonominin ortak dili olarak öne çıkmaktadır. Ancak, Arapça, Almanca, Fransızca ve Rusça gibi dillerin de öğretilmesi, farklı sektörlerde iş imkânlarını genişletebilir. Örneğin, Arapça bilen bireyler Orta Doğu pazarına yönelik ticarette avantaj sağlarken, Almanca bilenler Avrupa iş dünyasına daha kolay entegre olabilir. Ayrıca, teknoloji alanında kariyer yapmak isteyen bireyler için İngilizce, programlama dilleri ve dijital becerilerle birlikte kritik bir öneme sahiptir.
The Eastern Anatolia Region and especially Malatya, while entering the reconstruction process after the February 6 earthquakes, need new opportunities in terms of economic and social development. In this process, foreign language education can play a vital role for the integration of individuals into the international workforce and the opening of the region to global Sundays. Language education not only supports personal development, but can also contribute to economic recovery by increasing employment in the region. In addition, foreign language education can also create great opportunities in the fields of innovation and technology so that the region can adapt to the modern economy faster. Individual, Regional and Technological Importance of Foreign Language Education While knowing a foreign language facilitates access to international business opportunities for individuals, it also contributes to the growth of the regional economy. The expansion of foreign language education in Malatya and its surroundings will support not only individual career opportunities, but also entrepreneurship, trade and technological development in the region. English, in particular, stands out as the common language of global trade and the digital economy. Russian German French Arabic German French teaching in different sectors in Arabic, German, French and other languages can expand job opportunities. German German Arabic Sunday speakers, for example, have an advantage in the Middle Eastern Sunday trade, while German speakers can integrate more easily into the European business world. In addition, programming languages and digital skills, as well as English, are critical for individuals who want to pursue a career in technology..

El libro trata la arquitectura escolar construida en Galicia por los arquitectos Emma Ojea y Walter Lewin. Para su edición se obtiene financiación del Colegio Oficial de Arquitectos de Galicia (Ayudas a publicaciones y actividades culturales del año 2023). Se participa en la publicación con el capítulo "El edificio escolar como herramienta educativa. La construcción de escuelas en España, 1956-1972", que contextualiza en el marco español la obra de Ojea y Lewin. RESUMEN CAPÍTULO: Los años 1950 y 1960 suponen una época destacada de la arquitectura española y además un periodo en el que, por su contexto social y político, la enseñanza primaria desempeñó un papel importante en el desarrollo del país. En 1956 se emprendió un ambicioso programa de construcción de escuelas que se prolongó, en sucesivas etapas, hasta 1972. Este proyecto no sólo se encargó de la creación de nuevos centros, también fomentó la mejora de su calidad. El conocimiento de los ejemplos de la vanguardia internacional junto al estudio de las circunstancias españolas permitió crear un discurso propio que se hizo patente tanto en el ámbito teórico como en las obras construidas. En este momento, la escuela se consideró un lugar para formar, además de para instruir, y las necesidades físicas, afectivas y sociales de los alumnos se convirtieron en parámetros de diseño. En este nuevo escenario, se agudizó la necesidad de recurrir a una arquitectura esencial, capaz de aunar innovación e identidad. Las escuelas dejaron de entenderse como agregados de aulas independientes y surgieron nuevas vinculaciones a través de espacios compartidos. Los arquitectos españoles aportaron modelos escolares de gran permeabilidad y flexibilidad, con una gran capacidad didáctica y especial énfasis social.

En mayo de 1948 aparecía el primer número de Informes de la Construcción (IC), una revista publicada por el Instituto Técnico de la Construcción que perseguía «la ambiciosa tarea de divulgar (…) cuantas cuestiones relacionadas con la Construcción puedan resultar de interés positivo». Pese a contar con un objetivo tan definido, e incluso a su propio nombre, la publicación no se redujo a temas exclusivamente técnicos, sino que desde el principio intentó «interesar al mayor número de lectores». Por esa razón, sus contenidos se dividieron en dos partes: una primera, de carácter informativo, que agrupaba artículos originales o seleccionados de publicaciones extranjeras; y una segunda, dedicada a asuntos más específicos. Desde muy pronto, IC se hizo un hueco entre las publicaciones periódicas madrileñas, aunque por su orientación no alcanzó la misma trascendencia entre los arquitectos que otras como Arquitectura, Hogar y Arquitectura o Nueva Forma. Así, en general se la recuerda como una ...

Sertifika No: 40593 www.kalemkitap.com.tr © Her hakkı saklıdır. Bu kitabın tamamı ya da bir kısmı, yazarlarının izni olmaksızın, elektronik, mekanik, fotokopi ya da her hangi bir kayıt sistemi ile çoğaltılamaz, yayınlanamaz, depolanamaz. Bu kitaptaki bilgilerin her türlü sorumluluğu yazarlarına aittir.

Resumen El punto de partida del proceso de diseño de los arquitectos es la búsqueda de informaciónteórica, técnica y de obras ejemplares similares. Para el caso de edificios escolares, existe en Colombia una cantidad significativa de documentos técnicos ...

The starting point of an architect's design process is the search of theoretical and technical information, as well as the observation of similar exemplary works. In the case of school buildings, in Colombia there exists a considerable amount of technical documents about standards and basic areas that are necessary for their functioning; nevertheless, no matter how important these documents are, there is not a significative explanation on the relations between pedagogy and school architecture. That is why it is necessary to develop some key aspects about this topic, in order to suggest guidelines for future projects, and to underline the importance of teaching methods in the conception of education buildings. Des standards de base pour des constructions scolaires "en construisant la pédagogie", un regard critique Le point de départ du processus du dessin des architectes est la recherche d'information théorique, technique et d'oeuvres exemplaires semblables. Pour le cas de bâtiments scolaires une quantité importante de documents techniques existe en Colombie sur standards et surfaces de base nécessaires pour leur opération. Cependant, on n'a pas d'explication plus profonde sur le rapport entre pédagogie et architecture d'école, malgré l'importance de ces documents. Dans ce sens, on considère nécessaire le développement de quelques aspects clés sur le sujet, dans le but de proposer quelques règles pour les projets du futur et mettre en relief l'importance des manières d'enseignement dans la conception du bâtiment scolaire.

Ao admitirmos a nossa falta de conhecimento, abrimos a porta para a busca da sabedoria. A humildade intelectual é o solo fértil onde cresce o verdadeiro discernimento». (Epicteto) A História, o saber histórico e o continuum do tempo e do espaço, à mistura com diacronia e sincronia, conjuntura e estrutura, convergência e divergência, mais a acção do Homem é que nos permite conhecer o passado, compreender o presente e prever o futuro. A História, ciência social e humana, pedra angular das humanidades, está muito para além da nossa memória colectiva, sendo a dialéctica humana individual e global societal em construção inacabada, com muitas lições para ensinaraprender -assim nos ensina o primado da axiologia e a História da Educação -O tempo histórico é o tempo humano de afirmação da memoração, construção e dignitas (do latim, dignus, digno, valioso, adequado, compatível com os propósitos) da pessoa humana. Melhorar a educação, a civilidade e a civilização homo passa por todos nós. A educação significa conhecimento acumulado, ensino transmitido e partilhado, ordem, disciplina e valores; o seu contrário é o caos. Nesta nossa reflexão vamos visitar a História, no sentido da conduta dos homens, neste tempo de sobressaltos, devaneios e barbárie escolar humana, de instrumentalização e tortura intelectual. Vivemos no tempo pós-moderno da modernidade contemporânea, tendencialmente de renascença-modernização conflitual, de adopção e exclusão maniqueica-dicotómica da parte pelas partes -um tempo de negação humanista, afirmação da máquina digital IA Gen, de conflitualidade com o Outro, de flagelo-curvatura e tortuosidade da alteridade -

"Ezelden Atılmış Okun Daha da Yüceltilmesi- Eğitim" eğitimi bir ok metaforuyla ele alarak, onun zamanla nasıl evrildiğini ve günümüzde ne gibi sorunlarla karşılaştığını tartışıyor. Eğitimin başlangıçta insanlığın en temel özelliklerini geliştirmek için bir araç olduğu, ancak zamanla bireysel farklılıkları ve çeşitli zeka türlerini göz ardı eden, basitleştirilmiş bir yapıya dönüştüğü belirtiliyor. Bu dönüşümün, eğitimin gerçeklikle bağını kopardığı ve devletin katı yapısı nedeniyle daha da kötüleştiği vurgulanıyor. Ayrıca, müzik ve beden eğitimi gibi derslerin sistemde hak ettiği değeri görmediği, oysa ki demokrasilerde siyaset ve ekonomi gibi konuların öncelikli olarak öğretilmesi gerektiği ifade ediliyor. Sonuç olarak, bireylerin kendi eğitimlerini üstlenmeleri ve sürekli öğrenmeyi hayatlarının bir parçası haline getirmeleri gerektiği öneriliyor.

Sound quality is an important physical factor in educational settings. As the excellent sound quality plays a big role in providing the appropriate atmosphere that ensures raising the efficiency of teaching and learning, the level of comfort, and thus educational attainment and a high level of productivity in the classroom or training halls. On the contrary, the poor sound quality negatively and significantly affects the success of the educational process. As a result of direct effects on the quality of speech and conversation, psychological and physiological effects on students and teachers. This study was conducted to assess the characteristics of acoustic quality (Background Noise and Reverberation Times) in classrooms in schools affiliated to the Royal Commission in Yanbu - Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, which is considered a model and educational edifice to be emulated. Six classrooms from three different educational levels schools (primary schools, middle schools, secondary schools) were selected inside the Royal Commission in Yanbu to compare them with similar six classrooms in public schools in Yanbu city (seaside). This was conducted using specially designed sound measuring devices, programs, and techniques, providing data under certain conditions, and comparing them with international standards set for that ANSI 12.6.2009. The results of this research indicated poor acoustic quality in sound quality from the investigated classrooms. Therefore, suitable acoustical control measures were suggested to enhance the acoustical quality in the investigated classrooms.

This article aims to show the main contributions of Anísio Teixeira to education in Brazil, taking into account his trajectory, his thoughts, and the way he understood education. With the general objective of demonstrating how Anísio Teixeira acted in Brazilian education, pointing out his thoughts, methods and application. From the Escola Nova movement, Anísio took the contributions of the philosopher and educator John Dewey, where he had already influenced Escolanovismo in such a way that his proposals were immediately accepted in Brazil, to the point that Anísio became the main translator of his works. Creator of Escola-Parque in Salvador, introducing all his ideas about education, thus reaching, in an indisputable way, as one of the main names of Brazilian education, contributing exceptionally to the quality of education in Brazil.

İlk resmi okullar, MÖ 6. yüzyıl civarında Yunan polisinde ortaya çıktı. Herodot, M.Ö. 496'da çatısı çöken Sakız adasında bir okuldan bahsediyor ve bu da o sırada önemli sayıda öğrencinin oraya gittiğini gösteriyor. Çoğu Yunan şehir devletinde, eğitim başlangıçta özeldi: örneğin Atina'da devlet, gençler için yalnızca iki yıllık askeri eğitim gerektiriyordu, aksi takdirde okula müdahale etmiyordu. Sparta'da ise devlet, askeri kamp benzeri bir sistemde (agog) gerçekleşen gençlerin eğitimini sıkı bir şekilde kontrol ediyordu ve birincil amacı disiplinli savaşçılar yetiştirmekti.
Atina'da eğitim M.Ö. 5. yüzyılda "demokratikleştirildi": Sofistler, Sokrates'in öğrencisi Platon ve İsokrat'ın faaliyetleri aracılığıyla eğitim daha yaygın hale geldi. Eğitimin temel amacı, ideal vatandaşı, "kalos kagathos"u (güzel ve iyi adam) geliştirmekti, yani beden ve ruh olarak eğitilmiş, erdemli ve kamusal yaşama katılabilen bir adam yetiştirmekti. 6. ve 5. yüzyılların başında, Atina kasıtlı olarak eğitim ve yurttaşlık eğitimine sadece askeri eğitime öncelik verdi, bu nedenle savaş bir spor görevi olarak kaldı. Sonuç olarak, Atina vatandaşları öğrenmek için güçlü bir istek geliştirdiler: MÖ 5. yüzyılın ortalarında, Atinalılar zaten Yunanistan'daki en bilgiye susamış insanlar olarak görülüyordu. Yetenekli gençleri yetiştirmek için, gezgin hatipler ve filozoflar - sofistler - hatırı sayılır bir öğrenim ücreti karşılığında eğitim verdiler. Platon ayrıca MÖ 387'de, genellikle bilimsel ve felsefi eğitimin merkezi haline gelen ilk "üniversite" olarak anılan Akademisi'ni kurdu. Amacı Atina için filozof devlet adamları yetiştirmekti. Aynı zamanda, Isocrates, hedefleri Platon'un Akademisi'nden belirgin bir şekilde farklı olan bir retorik okulu kurdu: Isocrates pratik retorik ve liderlik becerileri sağladı ve öğrencileri ona Yunan dünyasının her yerinden geldi.

Educational buildings are the basic institutions that affect the development and socialization of children and have an important place in children's lives. Spaces in educational buildings should be supportive so that children can develop their capacity to express their creative potential. Various international studies show that there are negative effects such as the lack of diversity in children's space type and activities, and restrictive school rules imposed on the use of spaces in educational buildings. These studies show that children cannot benefit from informal education spaces as they wish and that these environments do not sufficiently support children's self-directed activities. In this study, it will be tried to analyze how the organization of in-between spaces, which can best support the informal learning activities of alpha generation students, affects learning and social interaction in primary education structures. In the context of the literature review, it has been determined that there is a limited number of researches about the in-between spaces that will support informal education, although it is generally focused on the research of formal education spaces in primary education buildings. In the context of this study, the aim is to investigate the methods used in studies related to in-between spaces by scanning the existing literature on intermediate spaces and informal learning spaces. Behavioral mapping, walking tours and focus group interviews are the main methods used in research in this field. It is thought to contribute to future research on the theoretical framework to be created with the findings to be obtained within the scope of this study. Keywords: Informal education, alpha generation, in-between space, social interaction

This paper reports on the conclusions of implementing the Constructing Education Framework in a selection of schools in Finland and Italy.  The Framework proposes to embed into the design and construction processes of new or renovated school a series of education activities that cancontribute to strengthen  the impact of the investment on student learning.  The report presents the conclusions of implementing the Framework and confirms that the additional costs of the education activities proposed are marginal but the potential impact high.

Environmental Setting: The site is located on the northern central part of El Yunque National Forest and is surrounded by dense secondary Tabonuco type tropical rain forest. In close vicinity to the north of the site we can find sub-urban and agrarian development of the Zarzal rural community as well as the Zarzal Correctional Facility (Figures and). The location of this petroglyph is relatively isolated from all other similar sites in its vicinity. The nearest petroglyph site to this one is an unnamed petroglyph located at the Barcelona community, near the entrance of the forest along state Road PR-191. That small set of glyphs are found carved on a rock situated on the front yard of a local house, located 3 kilometers to the east of the Jimenez site. The second nearest rock art site to the Jimenez one is the Cara de Indio site located 3.7 kilometers to the northwest. This well-known rock art ensemble is carved on boulders along the streambed of the Espiritu Santo River, near the point where State Road 966 crosses the river. The petroglyphs are carved on a large andesite boulder measuring in average 8 meters north to south by 6.5 meters east to west and with a height of 3 meters (Figures and). The images are carved on the western face of the rock over a reddish porous spot. This spot is located near a joint section of the rock where the surface of the rock presents slickenside striations. Dr. Pablo Llerandi-Román, geologist working at El Yunque National Forest, analyzed the rock and the reddish surface where the glyphs are located. He determined that the red spot is composed of a facing of silty clay with sand. This silty clay surface seems to have attached to the surface of the rock at some point in the geological time scale when a flooding event permeated the fault cracks in the rock with the sedimentary material. This event most likely occurred during a flood event from the nearby creek or potentially a landslide. The geological timescale for that event could not be determined at the time of the inspection.