Plant Virology

Extensive losses in many agricultural and horticultural crops are caused by vector borne viral diseases. The problem is really grave if the nature of transmission is non-persistent and we are left with only a few options to control. The present study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of aluminium foil mulch, yellow coloured sticky sheets and insecticide for the management of vector borne viral disease in bottle gourd and its effect on yield. The experiment was conducted using RCB design with three replications and four treatments with ten plants in each treatment. Four treatments including the control were applied for the management of vectors i.e. Yellow sheets painted with mobile oil on 3×3 feet board to trap insects whilst Malathion insecticide was applied as second treatment, diamond aluminium foil was used with holes as third treatment and control plots. Based on results, yellow sticky sheet, aluminium foil mulching and insecticide application had significant effect on plant growth and yield. Yellow sticky sheets resulted in lowest disease incidence (10.83%) of viruses with good impact on yield parameters resulting in maximum fruit yield (7.51kg plant-1), highest number of fruits (7 plant-1) and maximum vine length (263.4cm) followed by aluminium foil mulching where disease incidence of virus was (13%), fruit yield was 6.42kg plant-1, fruits number was 5.23 plant-1 and vine length was 253.37 plant-1. Highest disease incidence (42.98%), minimum fruit yield (1.5kg plant-1), least number of fruits (4 plants-1) and minimum vine length (216.83cm) were recorded in untreated plants. Current study suggests that yellow sticky sheet is highly effective for virus vector control followed by aluminium foil. It can suppress vector population thereby reducing the virus incidence which ultimately increase fruit yield of bottle gourd.

Pear chlorotic leaf spot (PCLS) is a recently emerged disease of commercially cultivated sandy pear (Pyrus pyrifolia) trees in central and southern China. By integrating high-throughput sequencing and conventional Sanger sequencing of reverse-transcription (RT)-PCR products, a novel emaravirus infecting pear trees was identified and molecularly characterized. The virus was provisionally named pear chlorotic leaf spot-associated virus (PCLSaV). PCLSaV shows the typical molecular features of members of the genus Emaravirus in the family Fimoviridae. It has a genome composed of at least five negative-sense RNA segments, with each containing a single open reading frame and two complementary 13-nucleotide stretches at the 5′ and 3′ termini. PCLSaV shows a close phylogenetic relationship with recognized emaraviruses but forms a separate clade. Moreover, double-membrane-bound bodies were observed in PCLSaV-infected tissues and in extracts of PCLSaV-infected leaves. For the first time, our ...

Here we have identified and characterized a devastating virus capable of inducing yellow mosaic on the leaves of Patchouli [Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth]. The diagnostic tools used were host range, transmission studies, cytopathology, electron microscopy, serology and partial coat protein (CP) gene sequencing. Evidence from biological, serological and sequence data suggested that the causal virus belonged to genus Potyvirus, family Potyviridae. The isolate, designated as Patchouli Yellow Mosaic Virus (PaYMV), was transmitted through grafting, sap and the insect Myzus persicae (Sulz.). Flexuous rod shaped particles with a mean length of 800 nm were consistently observed in leaf-dip preparations from natural as well as alternate hosts, and in purified preparation. Cytoplasmic cylindrical inclusions, pinwheels and laminar aggregates were observed in ultra-thin sections of infected patchouli leaves. The purified capsid protein has a relative mass of 43 kDa. Polyclonal antibodies were raised in rabbits against the coat protein separated on SDS -PAGE; which were used in ELISA and western blotting. Using specific antibodies in ELISA, PaYMV was frequently detected at patchouli plantations at Lucknow and Bengaluru. Potyvirus-specific degenerate primer pair (U335 and D335) had consistently amplified partial CP gene from crude preparations of infected tissues by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Comparison of the PCR product sequence (290 bp) with the corresponding regions of established potyviruses showed 78-82% and 91-95% sequence similarity at the nucleotide and amino acid levels, respectively. The results clearly established that the virus under study has close homology with watermelon mosaic virus (WMV) in the coat protein region and therefore could share a common ancestor family. Further studies are required to authenticate the identity of PaYMV as a distinct virus or as an isolate of WMV.

Postharvest handling of shelled corn often faces problems caused by fungal attacks during storage, resulting deterioration due to physical and biological damages. This study aimed to identify various pathogenic fungi that infected shelled corn during storage through the characteristics and growth phases of each fungus as well as to find out the interaction between fungi and shelled corn based on the different parts of kernel structure infected by the fungus. The blotter test method (ISTA) was used to isolate the fungal pathogens from infected shelled corn then purified and cultivated on PDA. Subsequent, microscopic and macroscopic observations were made by capturing images for eight days. Observations showed that Aspergillus spp predominantly infected the pericarp of the shelled corn (61%), Penicillium sp (15%) tended to infect the tip cap, Talaromyces sp (13%) on the endosperm, and Rhizopus sp (11%) on the germ. The largest colony areas after 8day incubation were Rhizopus sp, followed by Aspergillus spp, Talaromyces sp, and Penicillium sp. The fungus growth phase had a logarithmic pattern with different time for each stage. Therefore, this pattern can be used as a reference for proper preventing time in shelled corn storage before the fungi can produce mycotoxins in the stationary phase and also the possibility to use the fungi as biological agents, such as antibiosis, competition, or parasite.

The study was undertaken with a view to determining the reduction of growth and yield contributing characters due to inculpative effect of viruses in chilli (Capsicum annum L.). The results of symptomatological study among nine locations from two districts namely Sylhet and Rangpur in Bangladesh revealed that the incriminating disease incidence was 11.74% to 55.90% depending on the location. The highest prevalence (55.90%) was in Biswanath and the lowest (11.74%) was in Mithapukur. The highest plant height reduction was in Rangpur Sadar (18.27%), lowest at Kanaighat (14.14%). The highest fruit number reduction was in Mithapukur (72.49%), The highest fruit weight reduction was in Biswanath (40.64%). The lowest Fruit number and fruit weight reduction were respectively 21.18% and 22.41% at Pirgong. In order to formulate management practices for the control of virus diseases of chilli, reliable tests are required for its detection. DAC-ELISA was found as the suitable tests for the detection of viruses. In this experiment three antisera i.e. Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Potato virus Y (PVY), Chilli veinal mottle virus (ChVMV) were used to detect the virus separately. However, only CMV antisera gave the positive result against the virus. The results suggested that CMV as causal organism of that diseases.

Mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV) is a highly destructive pathogen of leguminous crops, leading to substantial yield losses. It is transmitted persistently by the whitefly (Bemisia tabaci Genn.) and possesses a bipartite genome consisting of DNA-A and DNA-B components. The present study focused on assessing the antiviral potential of 15 medicinal plant extracts against MYMV in mungbean. Among the tested plants, Clerodendrum spp. (Glorybower) recorded the maximum efficacy, reducing disease incidence to 30.00 percent, followed by Boerhavia diffusa (Punarnava)), showed 33.33 percent disease incidence. On the other hand, Asparagus sp. and Leptadenia reticulata (Dodi) were the least effective, with a maximum disease incidence (63.33%) and only a 36.67 percent reduction compared to the control. To identify active antiviral constituents, GC-MS analysis was performed on four efficient extracts (Clerodendrum sp., Boerhavia diffusa, Vitex negundo and Andrographis paniculata) and revealed the presence of key compounds such as tetradecane, 4,5-dimethylnonane, 3,7-dimethyldecane, 5-dimethylnonane, and 2,7-dimethylundecane.

Fifty isolates of dry root rot pathogen Rhizoctonia bataticola collected from different agro-climatic zones in India were evaluated for the degree of subdivision in isolates level. The isolates showed variability in pathogenicity test. Genetic characteristics were analyzed based on the sequence of the rDNA-internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. The phylogenetic tree based on rDNA-ITS analysis showed that the maximum number of R. bataticola isolates were very diverse and did not depend on geographical origin. Both pathological and molecular data correlated each other and supported that the R. bataticola present in India were very diverse and independent to their origin.

Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) is an important crop grown worldwide for its use as spice and vegetable. Murda complex is the most destructive syndrome causing substantial economic losses in chilli production. Severe leaf curling, leaf distortion, vein banding, reduced leaf size and stunted growth are typical symptoms of the viral infection. Chilli is known to be infected by many viruses and association of Geminivirus with murda complex is under question as the complex disease doesn't associate with whiteflies. For a reliable identification of virus associated with murda complex disease in chilli (Cv. Byadgi Dabbi), gene specific primer pairs were designed for Potyvirus (CVMV), Geminivirus (ToLCV), Tospovirus (GBNV), TMV and CMV. Upon amplification by PCR using CVMV gene specific primers, ~531 bp size amplicon was amplified in all diseased samples of chilli and no amplification was obtained in healthy samples of chilli. However, no amplification was found with ToLCV, GBNV, TMV and CMV gene specific primer pairs. Thus, the investigation focused on molecular identification, convincingly revealed Chilli veinal mottle virus (Potyvirus) association with the chilli murda complex.

is one of the most important staple food crops in the highlands of Ethiopia. However, the production and productivity of barley are constrained by various a biotic and biotic stresses. Among the biotic stresses, barley net blotch and leaf rust are the most destructive diseases of barley. The field experiment was conducted at three locations (Sinana, Robe and Goba) for two consecutive years (2017 and 2018) crop growing seasons. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of different fungicides for the management of barley net blotch and leaf rust diseases. Treatments were composed of one highly susceptible barley variety (Guta) to major barley diseases and seven systemic foliar fungicides (Tilt250EC (PropiconazoleEC), RexDuo (Epoxiconazole+Thiophanatemethyl), AmistarXtra280SC (Azoxystrodin+Cyproconazole), OperaMax (F500 (85G/L)) (Pyraclostrobin+Epoxiconazole), Natura250EC (Tebuconazole250EC), Nativo300SC (Tebuconazole50%+Trifloxystrobin75WG), Artea330EC (Propiconazole+Cyproconazole) and untreated plot (control) were arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The present study revealed that Tilt 250 EC and Artea 330 EC fungicides provided significant grain yield increment over untreated plot (control) across the three sites. The highest grain yield obtained from plots treated by Tilt 250 EC (2778.9 kgha -1 ) and Artea 330 EC (2538.9 kgha -1 ), which was 40% and 35% higher than the untreated control, respectively. The most effective among all tested fungicides, Artea 330 EC and Tilt 250 EC applied at the rate of 0.5 litre per hectare which reached 98.63% and 94.54% efficacy in controlling barley rust disease, respectively. Likewise, Tilt 250 EC and Artea 330 EC also relatively reduced net blotch disease severity to the lowest level. Likely, Tilt 250 EC and Artea 330 EC revealed that 11.4 quintal ha -1 and 9 quintal ha -1 yield advantage over untreated plot (control). The highest net benefit obtained from the application of Tilt 250 EC followed by Artea 330 EC fungicides as compared to the untreated plot. The application of Tilt 250 EC and Artea 330 EC fungicides gave maximum economic profitability with an attractive acceptable return to control leaf rust and a net blotch of barley. One time application of Tilt 250 EC and Artea 330 EC fungicides is the most effective in controlling barley leaf rust and net blotch diseases at the time of disease appearance.

Plant responses to physiological function disorders are called symptoms and they are caused principally by pathogens and nutritional deficiencies. Plant symptoms are commonly used as indicators of the health and nutrition status of plants. Nowadays, the most popular method to quantify plant symptoms is based on visual estimations, consisting on evaluations that raters give based on their observation of plant symptoms; however, this method is inaccurate and imprecise because of its obvious subjectivity. Computational Vision has been employed in plant symptom quantification because of its accuracy and precision. Nevertheless, the systems developed so far lack in-situ, real-time and multi-symptom analysis. There exist methods to obtain information about the health and nutritional status of plants based on reflectance and chlorophyll fluorescence, but they use expensive equipment and are frequently destructive. Therefore, systems able of quantifying plant symptoms overcoming the aforementioned disadvantages that can serve as indicators of health and nutrition in plants are desirable. This paper reports an FPGA-based smart sensor able to perform non-destructive, real-time and in-situ analysis of leaf images to Sensors 2012, 12 785 quantify multiple symptoms presented by diseased and malnourished plants; this system can serve as indicator of the health and nutrition in plants. The effectiveness of the proposed smart-sensor was successfully tested by analyzing diseased and malnourished plants.

During blueberry scorch virus (BlScV) surveys of highbush blueberries in Italy between 2005 and 2010, we initially discovered infected orchards only in Piedmont. Since 2009, however, three infected orchards have also been found in Trentino, where a new host species, Vaccinium ashei, was found to be infected by BlScV. Molecular characterization of isolates during the study period suggests that two very distinct epidemics are now present in Italy: the Piedmont isolates belong to a new BlScV strain, whereas the Trentino isolates are almost identical to the Washington State strain.

The performance of a cassava clone susceptible to cassava mosaic disease (CMD) was tested over two successive years for CMD development, plant vigour and yield of fresh tuberous roots. Cuttings from plants with different CMD infection levels were used. There was a significant increase in mosaic incidence, severity and proportion of leaves showing symptoms of the disease in the subsequent crop as the levels of CMD primary infection in planting material increased. Plant height and stem diameter were also adversely affected and the yield of plants from severely affected cuttings was reduced by 60-70%.

Incidence of vector-transmitted virus diseases and the damage caused to vegetable crops by these diseases are reported to be increasing in countries with tropical and subtropical conditions. Virus-resistant crops and an integrated approach to crop management including appropriate control of plant-virus insect-vectors could reduce the problem. However, in developing countries, such a strategy is rarely applied effectively. We surveyed 800 growers of chili, tomato and mungbean in India, Thailand and Vietnam to understand what farmers know about plant viruses, their perceptions about yield damage, the control methods they choose to apply and the perceived effectiveness of these. Farmers regarded their economic losses from pests and diseases to be very substantial. Only a minority of them knew that certain disease symptoms were probably being caused by a plant virus and even fewer knew about the role of insect vectors in its spread. Farmers mostly relied on synthetic pesticides to manage the virus disease symptoms they observed. If farmers had better knowledge about plant viruses, their insect vectors, and cost-effective, safer means of control, then use of synthetic pesticides could be reduced substantially. Building knowledge among farmers is therefore an important way to address the diseases caused by plant viruses, while the development of virus-resistant varieties and simple and effective methods of vector control offer longer-term solutions.

The pathogen responsible for yellowing and downward rolling of leaves of squash and watermelon plants from Uttar Pradesh state, India, was identified as probably strains of Cucurbit aphid-borne yellows virus (CABYV) through RT-PCR using universal Polerovirus primers followed by sequencing. The full-length genome sequences of an isolate from squash (POL-SQ - 5650 nt) and one from watermelon (POL-WM - 5647nt) were determined by sequencing the products from RT-PCR with six sets of primers with overlapping products. Sequence comparison and phylogenetic analysis showed that these isolates had closest identity with a recombinant strain obtained between CABYV and Melon aphid-borne yellows virus (MABYV) reported from Taiwan infecting Luffa aegyptiaca (CABYV-R-TW82) rather than other Asian, American, or European isolates. The deduced amino acid sequences of the P0, P1 and P1-P2 proteins showed >10% variation, whereas the P3, P4 and P3-P5 proteins showed <10% variation when compared to ...

Potato virus Y (PVY) has emerged as the main reason for potato seed lot rejections, seriously affecting seed potato production in the United States throughout the past 20 years. The dynamics of PVY strain abundance and composition in various potato growing areas of the United States has not been well documented or understood up to now. The objective of this study was to find out the prevalence of PVY strains in potato fields in the Pacific Northwest (PNW), including seed potato production systems in the State of Idaho and commercial potato fields in the Columbia Basin of Washington State between 2011 and 2021. Based on the testing of >10,000 foliar samples during Idaho seed certification winter grow-out evaluations of seed potato lots and seed lot trials in Washington State, a dramatic shift in the PVY strain composition was revealed in the PNW between 2011 and 2016. During this time period, the prevalence of the ordinary, PVYO strain in seed potato dropped 8- to 10-fold, concomi...

Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) populations collected from five crop plants, viz brinjal, cotton, potato, tomato, soybean and a weed, Sida sp., and maintained on respective host plants were studied for virus acquisition from diseased cotton plant and its subsequent transmission to healthy cotton plants. The presence of virus in whitefly and diseased plants was established by PCR amplification of CLCuV-specific DNA primers (P 1800-500 ). The virus acquisition from the diseased cotton plants as well as its transmission to healthy cotton plant to cause disease was 100 per cent in the case of cotton-specific whitefly. Compared to this, using whitefly from other host-plants, both the values for acquisition of virus as well as its subsequent transmission decreased, being higher with soybean-specific whitefly (80 and 70%, respectively) and minimum with tomato whitefly (20% each). However, the actual virus transmission efficiency (ATE), when expressed after taking into account the fraction of whitefly samples that did not acquire virus, though was found to be 100 per cent in the case of cotton-, tomatoand brinjal-whitefly, it remained more than 67% with whitefly from other crops/weed. The study revealed that whitefly populations that are specific to different host-plants, differ primarily in their efficiency for acquiring CLCuV and once the virus is acquired it is efficiently transmitted to healthy cotton plants to cause cotton leaf curl disease (CLCuD). The results hold significance in control of CLCuD through appropriate management of whitefly on alternate host plants/weeds, both in and around the cotton growing areas.

Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci ) populations collected from five crop plants, viz brinjal, cotton, potato, tomato, soybean and a weed, Sida sp., and maintained on respective host plants were studied for virus acquisition from diseased cotton plant and its subsequent transmission to healthy cotton plants. The presence of virus in whitefly and diseased plants was established by PCR amplification of CLCuV-specific DNA primers (P 1800-500 ). The virus acquisition from the diseased cotton plants as well as its transmission to healthy cotton plant to cause disease was 100 per cent in the case of cotton-specific whitefly. Compared to this, using whitefly from other host-plants, both the values for acquisition of virus as well as its subsequent transmission decreased, being higher with soybean-specific whitefly (80 and 70%, respectively) and minimum with tomato whitefly (20% each). However, the actual virus transmission efficiency (ATE), when expressed after taking into account the fraction of wh...

We present 3 cases of older adults who were diagnosed with herpes zoster, and had post herpetic neuralgia afterwards. One of them presented difficulties in the management of pain due to intolerances to different painkillers; our second patient had ophthalmic herpes zoster, and despite correct medication and strict adherence to indications, continued with pain almost two years later with severe interference in her daily life. The third one presented a diagnostic challenge because as time went by and pain evolved, she begun to lose weight, and deteriorated her general condition. She was finally diagnosed with terminal colon cancer for which she died a few months later. All three cases show the difficulty of treatment and the interference of pain in daily quality of life. We reviewed the literature and updated the topic of post herpetic neuralgia, its diagnosis, management, prognosis and prevention.

The plant oil based bio-formulation of Beauveria bassiana (B2 and TBb8) strains and its mixture amended with and without plant derived oils were developed and tested for their efficacy against the lepidopteran fruit borer insect pest (Helicoverpa armigera) in tomato under glasshouse and field conditions. Application of oil based bio-formulation of strains mixture (amended with or without oil) through seed, soil and foliar spray effectively reduced the incidence of fruit borer in tomato compared to individual control treatments both under glasshouse and field conditions. Tomato leaves when treated with this bioformulation mixture, altered the feeding behavior of fruit borer larvae and increased larval mortality under in vitro. Further, a significant increase in growth parameters and yield were observed in tomato plants treated with compared to untreated control. Increased accumulation of defence related enzyme was observed in tomato plants treated with against H. armigera when compar...

Yellow mosaic disease caused by Begomovirus (Mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV) or Mungbean yellow mosaic India virus (MYMIV)) has become an important constraint in mungbean production. Survey was conducted on five different mungbean growing localities in Coimbatore district of Tamil Nadu to explore the strain MYMV or MYMIV. PCR based characterization of strains (MYMV /MYMIV) were carried out using their gene specific primers respectively. Distinct viral gene specific PCR product corresponding to CP ~703 bp and MP ~893 bp was obtained for MYMV and no amplification was seen on MYMIV. The sample was further confirmed by CP gene sequencing. The obtained sequence was compared with the other selected begomovirus sequences from the NCBI blast database. Results were found to show high sequence identity to MYMV (100%). Phylogenetic analysis of CP gene sequence of our isolate with selected begomoviruses showed clustered with isolate of MYMV with more homology. While in contrast lesser homol...

Background: Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) which belongs to the genus Potyvirus and the family Potyviridae, causes significant yield losses in legumes across the globe. Traditional methods for BCMV detection and diagnosis, such as visual inspection and serological assays, are often time-consuming, labour-intensive and may lack the sensitivity required for early detection. Advances in molecular techniques have made RT-PCR a powerful tool for the accurate detection of BCMV-infected plants. Methods: Three pairs of specific primers that flank the BCMV coat protein and polyprotein gene were designed using the Primer3 web tool to amplify fragments approximately ranging from 191 to 205 bp. The RT-PCR protocol was then standardized, including the optimization of annealing temperatures for all three primers, followed by the sequencing of the amplified PCR products. The, specificity and sensitivity of primer pair BCMV2 were then established. Result: Three pairs of specific primers were designed and RT-PCR protocol was standardized. The sequenced PCR products showed 98.03% to 99.50% nucleotide similarity with the corresponding sequences of BCMV isolates used in primer designing. Further, the BCMV2 primer pair specifically amplified the target amplicon (200 bp) from the suspected leaf sample and no amplicon was observed when tested against other pathotypes of potyvirus such as BCMNV, BYMV, CABMV, SMV and PeMoV. The designed primer was sensitive enough to detect 0.05% of target cDNA. Additionally, the RT-PCR protocol was validated using field samples collected from Hyderabad, India. ELISA in combination with RT-PCR using the developed specific BCMV primer pair will ensure a foolproof, sensitive and rapid, procedure for diagnosis of BCMV in the quarantine processing of imported germplasm.

Viruses are categorized as eukaryotic, archaeal, and
bacterial, explaining the presence of eukaryotic genes in
eukaryotic viruses, and bacterial genes in bacterial
viruses (phages). An eukaryotic virus infects eukaryotes,
and can incorporate host genes into its genome that help
the virus escape the host cell and evade the immune
system. Phages often incorporate bacterial genes that
enhance the fitness of the virus. Eukaryotic viruses do not
seem to infect bacteria, and up until last year, there was
not any evidence of phages infecting eukaryotes.

The liver is important, essential, and vital organ in the body due to their function in body. Detection of hepatic dysfunction depends on the lab tests such as: Elevated aspartate aminotransferase (AST) or alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Curcumin has been shown to protect liver in much models of liver injury by inhibiting oxidative damage. Twenty four adult male albino rats their average weight 150-200 g were divided into four group six rats in each group ; group1: served as a normal group, group 2:subjected to 0.5mg/kg ccl4 dissolved in olive oil s.c every other day for 3 weeks, group 3:subjected to ccl40.5mg/kg dissolved in olive oil s.c every other day in addition to Curcumin 200 mg/kg /d orally every day for 3 weeks, group 4: subjected to ccl40.5 mg/kg dissolved in olive oil s.c every other day in addition to silymarin 200mg/kg orally every day for 3 weeks. The administration of ccl4 cause hepatic dysfunction and increase in serum ALT, AST and ALP level. The administration of Curcumin and silymarin along with ccl4 showed a decrease in serum ALT, AST and ALP level. The hepatic-protective effect of Curcumin and silymarin are relating to reduced liver enzymes as ALT, AST and ALP in hepatic dysfunction that produced by CCl4 toxicity through an antioxidant effects, exerting anti-inflammatory and free radical diminish.

We present 3 cases of older adults who were diagnosed with herpes zoster, and had post herpetic neuralgia afterwards. One of them presented difficulties in the management of pain due to intolerances to different painkillers; our second patient had ophthalmic herpes zoster, and despite correct medication and strict adherence to indications, continued with pain almost two years later with severe interference in her daily life. The third one presented a diagnostic challenge because as time went by and pain evolved, she begun to lose weight, and deteriorated her general condition. She was finally diagnosed with terminal colon cancer for which she died a few months later. All three cases show the difficulty of treatment and the interference of pain in daily quality of life. We reviewed the literature and updated the topic of post herpetic neuralgia, its diagnosis, management, prognosis and prevention.

The expanding rise in aquaculture “blue revolution“to
compensate the catastrophic overexploitation of global
fisheries have unintentionally changed the dynamics of
natural biotic elements (pathogenic or non pathogenic) in
aquatic environment. Such changes have widely involved
the introduction of new aquatic species into new
environments with subsequent transfer of their
associated flora which imposed deep negative impact on
the local aquatic species in this environment. Moreover,
the swiftly evolving environmental pollution has
potentially triggered colossal forms of climate changes
such as global warming, sea level rise, destruction of
breeding habitats, disruption in genetic pools of
vulnerable aquatic animals, mass migration of invasive
aquatic species and finally emergence/resurgence of
pathogens causing unexpected epidemics among aquatic
creatures. Further, the outgrowing maritime transport,
development of multi-species integrated aquaculture
systems, domestication of marine mammals offshore, ease
in illegal trafficking/smuggling of live aquatic animals and
their products from country/region to another are all the
main triggering factors in emergence of diseases among
aquatic creatures. Aquatic animal epidemiologists have
proposed the following criteria for a disease to be
considered as an emerging disease: (i) new or previously

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) causes serious hepatic manifestations viz. chronic liver cirrhosis, necrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Globally 3% of the population is highly affected by HCV infection. A total of 751 HCV suspected samples collected from Primary Health Care centres, both from Private and Government hospitals in Tamil Nadu were screened with anti HCV antibodies-ELISA test revealed a prevalence of 0.5% of the population to have HCV diseases burden in different age groups. The pediatric age groups (1-5 and 6-12 years) were predominantly HCV affected and statistical analysis of the data revealed the significant differences between the age groups. The 28% of the blood transfusion cases showed HCV infections, followed by haemodialysis (12%), intravenous drug abuse (02%), tattoos and piercing (01%), sexual contact and abusement (08%), plasmapheresis (08%), contact to HCV infected material (01%), perinatal (02%), intravenous immunoglobulin treatment (03%), transplantation (18%) and unknown (17%). The predominant symptoms of HCV infection were jaundice (90%), fever (60%), dark urine (48%), hepatomegaly(35%), and spleenomegaly (20%). A severe impact of the Hepatitis C virus infections was on the biomarkers viz. bilirubin, SGOT, and SGPT which were found to be significantly elevated. The elevated levels of total bilirubin were 70%, serum glutamine oxalo transaminase (SGOT) Research article Volume 1 Issue 1

Pseudorabies virus (PRV) and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) are economically important swine viruses that cause pseudorabies (PR) and porcine circovirus-associated disease (PCVAD), respectively. Vaccination appears to be efficacious for PR eradication and control of PCVAD. Combining the PRV marker vaccine and the PCV2 immunogen in a single vaccine would reduce cost and stress on vaccination strategies. We constructed a glycoprotein E (gE)/thymidine kinase (tk) double-deletion pseudorabies virus (gE-tk-/PCV2cap + PRV) containing PCV2 cap encoding the major capsid protein (Cap). The recombinant virus gE-tk-/PCV2cap + PRV expressed PCV2 Cap proteins that self-assembled to form virus-like particles. Virulence of gE-tk-/PCV2cap + PRV was completely attenuated in mice. Guinea pigs immunized with gE-tk-/PCV2cap + PRV mounted significant antibody responses against PRV and PCV2. The recombinant virus has the potential to be developed into a candidate live, attenuated bivalent vaccine to simplify vaccination strategies.

A field survey to identify Tomato ringspot virus (ToRSV) in the Sudan savanna region (Jigawa, Kano and Gombe) of Nigeria was conducted during the 2017 and 2018 dry seasons. Three Local Government Areas (LGAs) per State were chosen on the basis of tomato cultivation history from which 3 farms each were sampled. A total of 2160 tomato leaves were randomly sampled from all fields (n=9) and specifically tested against ToRSV by the TAS-ELISA technique. The results obtained established the level of spread of ToRSV disease in the three states surveyed. The Kaltungo LGA of Gombe State recorded significantly (P ≤0.05) the highest ToRSV incidence (29%), followed by Akko LGA (23.5%), whereas the least virus incidence (17.5%) was recorded in Yamaltu-Deba LGA. In Jigawa State, the highest virus incidence of 19.5% was recorded at Kazaure LGA, followed by Kirikasama LGA (16.6%), whereas the Hadejia LGA had the least incidence of 10.4 %. In Kano State, ToRSV incidence was highest (31.1%) in Kura LGA, followed by Bagwai LGA (21.1%), whereas Garun Mallam LGA recorded the lowest virus incidence (16%). This is the first report of ToRSV on tomato in Nigeria. Informing tomato farmers on the effective management of this yield-limiting virus in the region is essential.

Since the mid-1980s, rice cultivation has expanded rapidly in Burundi to reach approximately 50,000 ha in 2011. In 2007, leaf mottling, reduced tillering, and stunting symptoms were observed on rice at Gatumba near Bujumbura, causing small patches in less than 10% of the fields. Rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV, genus Sobemovirus), which has seriously threatened rice cultivation in Africa (1) and was recently described in the neighboring Rwanda (3), was suspected to be involved because of similar symptoms. To identify the pathogen that caused the disease in Burundi, a survey was performed in the major rice-producing regions of Burundi and Rwanda. Six locations in Burundi and four in Rwanda were investigated in April and October 2011. Disease incidence in the fields was estimated to be 15 ± 5%. Symptomatic leaves of 24 cultivated rice plants were collected and tested by double antibody sandwich-ELISA with polyclonal antibodies raised against the RYMV isolate Mg1 (2). All tested samples...

Re-infection of healthy cassava plants by African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV) was followed in different varieties and tor several years at various locations in two regions of Ivory Coast. Whitefly populations on cassava and virus incidence varied widely between sites. even amongst those close to one another. However, for each location and in every year. the spread of ACMV showed the same general trend Little spread occurred at Toumodi ín the Savannah region which IS outside the main cassava production area. Much greater spread occurred at a nearby site and at all sites in the forest region except one alongside the Ocean where there were no cassava plantings upwind. Among sites there was no direct relation between virus incidence and the total number of adult whitefly, whereas there was a relationship between spread and the occuir- ence of .nfected cassava upwind although not necessarily close by.

Satellite RNA was sought in 51 isolates of Rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV) representative of the geographical, molecular and pathogenic variability of the virus in Africa. Three-quarters of the isolates from cultivated rice and wild gramineaceous hosts supported a satellite RNA. The prevalence of RYMV isolates that were associated with a satellite differed among regions, being c. 100% in West and Central Africa and c. 36% in East Africa. The RYMV satellite showed a low diversity as only seven of the 220 sequenced positions were variable. One insertion also occurred after serial host passages of the satellite. Two forms of the satellite differed by six substitutions forming three base pairs in one branch of the predicted RNA secondary structure. There was no evidence of intermediates between these two forms, but double-infection occurred. Each form had a specific geographical distribution: one occurred in Central Africa, the other elsewhere in Africa. There was no relation between the occurrence or the forms of the satellite and the phylogeny of the helper virus. The satellite was not involved in symptom modulation or ability to break host-plant resistances to the disease.

Components of resistance of cassava (Manihot esculenta) to African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV) and their interrelationships were .confirmed and quantified in a series of experiments at Adiopodoumt? (Ivory Coast, West-Africa). The response to virus infection and to Bemisia tubaci infestation of a large collection of cassava, including local cultivars and others derived from inter-specific M. glaziovii hybrids was assessed. A consistent correlation was found between virus titre, symptom intensity, disease incidence and non-systemicity (recovery) which suggests that they are different expressions of the same genetic resistance. By contrast, there was no correlation between whitefly infestation and incidence of ACMV, suggesting that resistance to virus and vector are determined by two distinct genetic mechanisms. Several improved cultivars derived from inter-crossing cassava with M. glaziovii as well as some local cultivars were highly resistant and combined low susceptibility, low symptom intensity, low virus content and high level of recovery. Although yield losses ranged from 10% to 30% in such resistant cultivars, the combined effect of high field resistance and high rate of recovery lead to low disease incidence and limited yield losses, even in areas of high infection pressure such as Adiopodoumt?.

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) one of the primary and staple food crops consumed throughout Asia belongs to Poaceae family. Yellow stem borer, Scirpophaga incertulas W. is a predominant insect pest infesting rice in India which damages the crop throughout the cropping season.

Sugar beet is an economically important crop and one of the major sources of sucrose. Beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) and Beet severe curly top virus (BSCTV) are two widespread viruses in sugar beet that cause severe damage to its performance. Previously, we have successfully achieved resistance to BNVYY by introducing coat protein-based DNA sequence constructs inducing gene silencing into sugar beet. However, the RNA silencing-mediated resistance of plants to a speci c virus can be potentially broken down by another one as a part of synergistic interactions. In this study, we assayed the e ciency of the induced resistance of transgenic events to BNYVV and BSCTV-Ir under single or mixed infections. All the plants inoculated with just BSCTV-Ir displayed curly-leaf symptoms. However, partial resistance was observed in S3 events based on mild symptoms and low PCR ampli cation of the BSCTV-Ir coat protein sequence. Similarly, partial resistance to BSCTV-Ir was detected in the same transgenic plants under co-infection conditions. Based on the presented data, resistance to BNYVV was stable in almost all the transgenic plants co-infected with BSCTV-Ir, except for one event (S3-229) that was broken down. Overall, it seems that the co-infection with BNYVV and BSCTV-Ir does not affect the resistance of transgenic plants to both viruses. These ndings demonstrated that RNA silencing-based resistance to BNYVV introduced in transgenic sugar beets of this study is very e cient and is not easily weakened after co-infection with a heterologous virus.

The study was carried out to determine the resistance-breaking ability of six RYMV isolates collected from the north central Nigeria. Seven rice genotypes obtained from AfricaRice Center were used for the experiment in a Split-plot design with three replications under screenhouse environment at Badeggi, Niger State. The result showed that the resistant alleles-rymv1-1 was circumvented by the six virus isolates, which also expressed the characteristic symptoms of RYMV at 42 Days after inoculation (DAI). The rymv1-4/rymv2 and rymv1-3 were showed to be moderately resistant with isolates from Mararaba-Obi and Gulu at 42 DAI respectively. The breakdown of resistance observed in the traditional resistant rice genotype (Gigante) appeared first as hypersensitivity reaction and later (≥42 DAI) as symptom expressed breakdown. Rymv1-5 found in Tog 5674 was not affected by the six virus isolates in terms of symptom expression; however, saps from earlier inoculated test plants (Tog 5674) were infective on the susceptible genotype (Bouake 189). Virus isolates from Obubu-Ofu and Makurdi, belonging to Ser1 reacted differently and circumvented the resistance in the conventional resistant check (Gigante) with obvious yellow mottle symptoms of RYMV at 42 DAI. The serological profile analysis of the virus isolates indicated they belonged to Serogroups 1 and 2 (Ser1 and Ser2). The present study has reported significant differences in the aggressiveness of isolates of same serogroup, and the overall RYMV isolates existing in north central Nigeria. The pathogenicity effect of the virus isolates on number of panicles and yield at harvest for susceptible test plant indicated 100 % yield loss with Gulu, Makurdi and Edozhigi isolates. Moreover, the four virus isolates from Mararaba-Obi, Edozhigi, Gulu and Obubu-Ofu contributed more than 60 % yield loss in Tog 5672, which only showed moderate resistance with Mararaba-obi and Gulu isolates. This study has reported the resistance gene/alleles holding in north-central Nigeria to include rymv1-5, rymv1-3, and rymv1-4+ rymv2.

The study was carried out to determine the resistance-breaking ability of six RYMV isolates collected from the north central Nigeria. Seven rice genotypes obtained from AfricaRice Center were used for the experiment in a Split-plot design with three replications under screenhouse environment at Badeggi, Niger State. The result showed that the resistant alleles-rymv1-1 was circumvented by the six virus isolates, which also expressed the characteristic symptoms of RYMV at 42 Days after inoculation (DAI). The rymv1-4/rymv2 and rymv1-3 were showed to be moderately resistant with isolates from Mararaba-Obi and Gulu at 42 DAI respectively. The breakdown of resistance observed in the traditional resistant rice genotype (Gigante) appeared first as hypersensitivity reaction and later (≥42 DAI) as symptom expressed breakdown. Rymv1-5 found in Tog 5674 was not affected by the six virus isolates in terms of symptom expression; however, saps from earlier inoculated test plants (Tog 5674) were infective on the susceptible genotype (Bouake 189). Virus isolates from Obubu-Ofu and Makurdi, belonging to Ser1 reacted differently and circumvented the resistance in the conventional resistant check (Gigante) with obvious yellow mottle symptoms of RYMV at 42 DAI. The serological profile analysis of the virus isolates indicated they belonged to Serogroups 1 and 2 (Ser1 and Ser2). The present study has reported significant differences in the aggressiveness of isolates of same serogroup, and the overall RYMV isolates existing in north central Nigeria. The pathogenicity effect of the virus isolates on number of panicles and yield at harvest for susceptible test plant indicated 100 % yield loss with Gulu, Makurdi and Edozhigi isolates. Moreover, the four virus isolates from Mararaba-Obi, Edozhigi, Gulu and Obubu-Ofu contributed more than 60 % yield loss in Tog 5672, which only showed moderate resistance with Mararaba-obi and Gulu isolates. This study has reported the resistance gene/alleles holding in north-central Nigeria to include rymv1-5, rymv1-3, and rymv1-4+ rymv2.

A two-year investigation (2009)(2010) of the presence and distribution of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) viruses in Serbia revealed that viruses occur each year in open-field production. Disease incidence, as estimated by the number of symptomatic plants in the field, highly varied depending on the year and sampling locality. Disease incidence ranged from 20% to 60%. Four viruses: Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Potato virus Y (PVY), Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) and Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV), of which PVY was predominant, were detected by serological testing of pepper samples collected from many localities in Serbia. Molecular detection of PVY was performed based on amplification of a 975 bp fragment in all tested samples, using the specific primers PVYc/PVYd that amplify the gene for P1 protein. The RT-PCR products derived from the four isolates (PL-28-09, PL-15-09, PL-3-10, PL-108-10) of PVY were sequenced (KC288142, KC288143, KC288144, and KC288144, respectively) and compared with the PVY sequences available in GenBank. Sequence analysis, conducted with MEGA5 software, revealed 99.8-100% nt identity among the four Serbian PVY isolates from pepper. The sequences of PVY isolates from Serbia share the highest nucleotide and amino acid identity with isolates from Slovenia, Croatia, Germany, and tobbaco isolate from Serbia. All of the four Serbian isolates were clustered in sub-group N-1 with other European isolates of necrotic strains.

Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) is an economically important vegetable crop that suffers large yield losses due to a variety of biotic stresses including leaf curl virus. Various kind of pesticides and chemical methods are used to control the disease which are harmful to the environment. The excessive use of synthetic fungicides has led to toxicological and environmental concerns, prompting the exploration of plant-based alternatives for plant protection. This study investigated the phytochemical composition of Clitoria ternatea and Abutilon indicum smoke water extracts and evaluated their efficacy against leaf curl virus disease in chilli plants. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids and carbohydrates in Abutilon indicum, while Clitoria ternatea smoke water extract tested positive for carbohydrates. Treatment of infected chilli plants with the smoke water extracts resulted in increased chlorophyll content, suggesting enhanced photosynthetic activity. Clitoria ternatea smoke water extract demonstrated a more pronounced effect on restoring chlorophyll content. The potential mechanisms underlying the antiviral activity of the extracts and the feasibility of using natural biocontrol agents for disease management in agriculture are discussed.

Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.), belonging to the family Malvaceae, is commonly known as Lady's finger, as well as by several vernacular names, bhindi, okura, quimgombo, bamia, gombo, and lai long ma, in the different geographical regions of its cultivation. Keeping in mind the importance of Handicraft and large production of Okra in the plains of Uttarkhand ,the
indigenous technologies of making handicraft products was blend with okra fiber and beautiful products were made. One hundred and fifty women from different villages namely Charba, Atenbag, Sherpur, Bhood and Dhalipur from two blocks of Dehradun district who were already
exposed to indigenous technology of handicraft products making of other fibers like Rambaans, Bheemal and Nettle, were given training about the extraction and making of handicraft products of okra fiber. The okra plants were bundled comprising of 70-100 plants. Each of these bundles
was immersed in a concrete tank containing soft water and the stalks of the plant were tapped slightly with wooden hammer for removal of soft pulp, the fibers were separated thoroughly from the pulp, washed, combed and exposed to sunlight for two days until the odor was  removed from fibers and used for handicraft making. Different parameters for acceptance and further adoption were studied so that further strategies could be planned to popularize among the farming communities. and it was observed that majority of the respondents learned this craft
from elder family member (52.00%). Interest in craft and also to utilize free time were the two common reason for learning the craft of handicraft product making. Quality and fineness of okra fiber as fully accepted by majority of the respondents. The obstacle faced while adopting
handicraft as occupation were also studied so that future strategies could be made after rectifying the problems.

Cucumber mosaic cucumovirus (CMV) is destructive pathogen with widest host range, infecting more than 100 botanical families comprising more than 500 genera and 1300 plant species. Chilli pepper is a significant cash crop of Pakistan among vegetable grown. The identification of genetic resistance to CMV in Pakistan (CMV chilli isolate) in chilli pepper is of economic importance. Thus, 40 Chilli pepper genotypes, both local and imported, were evaluated by mechanical/ manual virus inoculation and resistance to CMV chilli isolate was examined by visual observations and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA). On the basis of 0-5 disease rating scale and ELISA, nine genotypes viz., C-2, CV-2, CV-5, BSS-269, PGRI, M-2001, CM-2001, M-97 and CP-328 were remained free of infection and catalogued as highly resistant. Rest of the genotypes exhibited characteristic symptoms like mosaic, mottling, leaf curling and reduced leaf size depending upon tested genotypes. Among these genotypes, five were categorized as resistant, seven as moderately resistant, eight as moderately susceptible and 11 as susceptible. These resistant and moderate resistant genotypes could be used by farmers in cultivation under integrated production systems and by breeders in developing new chilli pepper hybrid resistant genotypes to CMV.

Alfalfa leaf curl virus (ALCV), which causes severe disease symptoms in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and is transmitted by the widespread aphid species, Aphis craccivora Koch, has been found throughout the Mediterranean basin as well as in Iran and Argentina. Here we reconstruct the evolutionary history of ALCV and attempt to determine whether the recent discovery and widespread detection of ALCV is attributable either to past diagnostic biases or to the emergence and global spread of the virus over the past few years. One hundred and twenty ALCV complete genome sequences recovered from ten countries were analyzed and four ALCV genotypes (ALCV-A, ALCV-B, ALCV-C, and ALCV-D) were clearly distinguished. We further confirm that ALCV isolates are highly recombinogenic and that recombination has been a major determinant in the origins of the various genotypes. Collectively, the sequence data support the hypothesis that, of all the analyzed locations, ALCV likely emerged and diversified i...

This study investigated Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) present in plants collected in September 2017, in Kenya. We collected tomato leaves that exhibited severe interveinal yellowing symptoms and used reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to confirm that 15 of the 36 samples were infected with ToCV. One sample collected in Kiambu County was used for molecular analyses. Partial sequences of the genome of RNA1 (including RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene) and RNA2 (includes coat protein, minor coat protein, and heat shock protein 70 homolog genes) were amplified using specific primers. Nucleotide sequences of these segments showed the highest similarity with segments from all ToCV isolates other than the Taiwan isolate. Genetic and molecular phylogenetic analyses showed similar results. This is the first report of ToCV in Kenya.

In 2017 in Kenya, we collected leaves from tomato plants with leaf curling. The leaves were infected with a begomovirus that was most similar to tomato leaf curl Uganda virus (ToLCUV-[UG:Iga:05]). Neither DNA-B nor satellite DNAs were detected. Recombination analyses indicated the virus was a chimera of tomato leaf curl Madagascar virus (ToLCMGV-Ats[MG:Tol:01]) and ToLCUV-[UG:Iga:05] (minor and major parents, respectively). An infectious clone induced symptoms on tomato, Nicotiana benthamiana, N. tabacum, and African nightshade. This is the first report describing the molecular characterization of tomato leaf curl disease in Kenya. GenBank/ENA/DDBJ accession number for the ToLCUV-[KE:Kia:17] sequences: LC437667.

Wilt of pigeonpea caused by Fuarium udum is a devastating disease of pigoenpea and has a regional as well as national perspective. In order to identify an effective control measures, eight solo fungicides viz., Carbendazim, Mancozeb, Propineb, Thiophanate methyl, Azoxystrobin, Difenoconazole, Tebuconazole and seven combi fungicides viz., Carboxin + Thiram, Carbendazim + Mancozeb, Tebuconazole + Trifloxystrobin, Mancozeb + Thiophanate methyl, Fluopyram + Tebuconazole, Azoxystrobin +Tebuconazole, Azoxystrobin +Difenoconazole were evaluated in vitro against Fusarium udum, causal agent of wilt of pigeonpea. Carbendazim (0.1%) and Tebuconazole(0.1%) were found best solo fungicides and Carboxin + Thiram (0.25%), Carbendazim + Mencozeb (0.2%), and Azoxystrobin + Difenoconazole (0.1%), found best combi fungicides which completely inhibited the radial growth and sporulation of Fusarium udum. The result showed superiority of combiformulation involving both protectant and systemic fungicides over the solo application of either fungicide separately. Therefore, combi product could be preferred over the solo application of either solo protectant or systemic fungicides to control Fusarium udum and avoid fungicide resistance.

Owing to their conditions of production, and sometimes to poor storage and transportation conditions, herbal products are susceptible to fungal contamination and development. This can lead to the accumulation of mycotoxins in this kind of commodities. Consequently, herbal products can be contaminated with fungal toxins, such as aflatoxins, ochratoxins and other mycotoxins, which pose a serious risk to public health. This paper reviews the main aspects regarding mycotoxin contamination of medical/aromatic herbs, in the context of the importance of this product in a global market. Moreover, the effect of processing on final contamination of derived foods, as well as the analytical methodology commonly employed in fungal and mycotoxin analysis in this type of products was reviewed.

Cassava brown streak disease (CBSD) is arguably the most dangerous current threat to cassava, which is Africa's most important food security crop. CBSD is caused by two RNA viruses: Cassava brown streak virus (CBSV) and Ugandan cassava brown streak virus (UCBSV). The roles of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) and farmer practices in the spread of CBSD were investigated in a set of field and laboratory experiments. The virus was acquired and transmitted by B. tabaci within a short time (5–10 min each for virus acquisition and inoculation), and was retained for up to 48 hr. Highest virus transmission (60%) was achieved using 20–25 suspected viruliferous whiteflies per plant that were given acquisition and inoculation periods of 24 and 48 hr, respectively. Experiments mimicking the agronomic practices of cassava leaf picking or the use of contaminated tools for making cassava stem cuttings did not show the transmission of CBSV or UCBSV. Screenhouse and field experiments in Ta...

الملخص:
تسعىَ الدراسة إلى استكشاف تأثيرات الذكاء الاصطناعي على العمل الأمني في العصر الحديث، وتوضيح مساهمة تطبيقاته في المجالات الأمنية ومدى نجاحها في تقديم الخدمات التي تلمس المواطن، وقمنا خلال الدراسة بتوضيح قدرة الأجهزة الأمنية في إدارة واستخدام الآليات الأمنية المستحدثة للحافظ على الأمن المعلوماتي لمواطنيها، مع تسهيل العمل الأمني بكافة أنواعه، وتحديد سلبيات التطور والانفتاح التكنولوجي والتهديدات التي تعرض لها المواطن، وأيضًا تحديد منافع الذكاء الاصطناعي التي تتيحها مؤسسات الدولة والمنظمات الأمنية للحفاظ على حقوق المواطنين.
تم تقسيم البحث إلى فصلين؛ الأول يناقش الإطار المفاهيمي للذكاء الاصطناعي وحقوق الإنسان، والمبحث الثاني يوضح علاقة الذكاء الاصطناعي بحقوق الإنسان. الفصل الثاني يركز على استخدامات الذكاء الاصطناعي في المجال الأمني، حيث تناول المبحث الأول خدمات وزارات الداخلية المتطورة، والمبحث الثاني يتناول التدابير الأمنية لحماية الأمن المعلوماتي.
الكلمات المفتاحية: الذكاء الاصطناعي، حقوق الإنسان، الشرطة المصرية، شرطة دبي، الأمن المعلوماتي، المكافحة.