Northern Black Sea Region

Применение геохимических методов (анализ стабильных изотопов (δ13C, δ15N), определение химического элементного состава и радиоуглеродное датирование костей человека и животных из погребений и культурных слоев археологических памятников
Крыма) позволило охарактеризовать диету человека в позднем бронзовом – раннем железном веке в контексте развития земледелия и скотоводства. На основе полученных данных по материалам нескольких проанализированных поселений выделены
различные группы людей, для которых характерны разные системы питания, прежде всего связанные со спецификой их хозяйственной деятельности. Жители прибрежных районов имели доступ к морской пище. Для постоянных жителей поселения Бай-Кият I в рационе питания отмечено преобладание рыбы, морепродуктов, молока и мяса. В их рацион также входили растения с C4 типом фотосинтеза. Другая группа обитателей поселения Бай-Кият I была ориентирована на выпас скота. В их рацион входило больше мясных и молочных продуктов, а также растительная пища из растений с фотосинтезом С3. Полученные данные позволяют предположить на поселениях позднего бронзового века Бай-Кият I и Бурун-Эли 1 культивацию проса, наличие полукочевого скотоводства у сообществ поздней сабатиновской и ранней белозерской культур. На поселении Долгий Бугор существовало отгонно-пастбищное животноводство у носителей кизил-кобинской культуры раннего железного века.

В статье рассматриваются геммы, обнаруженные в ходе археологических работ на территории античного города Танаис. Изображения Афины, Дедала и Омфалы на резных камнях Танаиса относятся к категории мифологических сюжетов. Под мифологическими сюжетами в глиптике подразумеваются изображения божеств, их атрибутов, фантастических и реальных животных, героев. В данной категории выделяются изображения, которые могут считаться иллюстрацией к тому или иному эпизоду мифа либо литературному произведению на его основе. Были установлены характерные детали иконографии изображенных персонажей и время наибольшей популярности в глиптике указанных сюжетов. Автор отмечает, что перстень с изображением способен стать одним из источников информации об обстановке в регионе, тенденциях эпохи и общественных настроениях.
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The paper examines gems discovered during archaeological work on the territory of the ancient city of Tanais. The images of Athena, Daedalus and Omphale on the carved stones of Tanais belong to the category of mythological subjects. Mythological subjects in glyptics mean images of deities, their attributes, fantastic and real animals, and heroes. This category highlights images that can be considered an illustration of a particular moment of the myth, or a literary work based on it. The characteristic details of the iconography of the depicted characters and the time of popularity in the glyptics of these subjects were established. The author notes that a ring with an image can become one of the sources of information about the situation in the region, the trends of the era and public sentiment.

Shortened English version (59 p.). Full text - in the Ukrainian version (218 p.).
How this work was written. Pobozhye at 12 – 1 half 15th century. Controversial issues of historical geography 1st half of the 15th century. Pobozhye at the 2nd half 15th century. Geographical features in Pobozhye.

A new study of the burial inventory from the early nomadic (“Cimmerian”) burial 3 barrow 3 Slobozia from the Lower Dniester region (the western flank of the “Great Steppe Belt”) allowed us to clarify the number of elements of bridle and its decoration found in the burial by category of finds. The analysis revealed that the burial contained details of at least five sets of bridles; for some of them were used round in section belts and for the others – the flat ones. The bridle features caused differences in their decoration. Two versions of the reconstruction of the bridles made of round and flat belts were created. New observations confirm that barrow 3 of Slobozia was made for the burial of a mounted warrior of high social status (burial 3). The second pre-Scythian (“Cimmerian”) burial in the mound (burial 1) indicates that this barrow was specially marked and could be recognized by the early nomads of the region as “theirs” (“ancestral grave”).

The application of geochemical methods (stable isotope δ13C, δ15N analysis, chemical elemental analysis and radiocarbon dating) for studying human and animal bones from burials and cultural layers of archaeological sites of Crimea made it possible to highlight the issues of the development of agriculture and cattle-bгeeding during the Late Bronze – Early Iron Ages. One of the controversial questions is the problem of transition from sedentary forms of agriculture and cattle-breeding to mobile cattle-breeding among ancient communities in the Eurasian steppe and forest-steppe. On the base of data obtained various groups of people were identified, which are characterized by different nutritional systems, primarily related to the specifics of their economic activities. The inhabitants of the settlements are characterized by the predominance of fish, seafood, milk and meat. Coastal individuals had access to marine food and C4 plants that they consumed. The presence of various indirect evidence related to land cultivation such as tools for agriculture, suggests the presence of agriculture and the cultivation of millet at the Bai-Kiyat I settlement of the Late Bronze Age by the bearers of the Late Sabatinovka and Early Belozerka cultures. Another group of people from this settlement is associated with pastoral activities. Their diet includes more meat and dairy products, as well as plant foods with photosynthesis of C3. Our research suggests the presence of seminomadic cattle-breeding among the communities of the Sabatinovka and Belozerka cultures of the Late Bronze Age and transhumance pastoralism among the bearers of the Kizil-Koba culture of the Early Iron Age.

In 2022, a marble block was accidentally found in Kerch. After a set of restoration measures, an inscription with partially preserved text was uncovered on one of the block edges. Judging by the hollow on the block’s upper edge, it was a pedestal for a stone statue. The inscription is dated back to the 330s–310s BC. This is a votive offering by two Mantineians who probably were mercenaries in the army of Paerisades I. They made a dedication to Pan either as one of the supreme deities of their motherland Arcadia or, more likely, due to his ability to inspire divine terror in enemy troops. There was no individual cult of Pan in Bosporus; however, he could be worshiped together with the nymphs or the deities of the Dionysian circle.

Министерство культуры Самарской области Самарский областной историко-краеведческий музей им. П.В. Алабина Самарский государственный социально-педагогический университет Труды VI (XXII) Всероссийского археологического съезда в самаре Самара 2020 Том III Ответственные редакторы академик РАН А.П. Деревянко, академик РАН Н.А. Макаров, доктор исторических наук О.Д. Мочалов

The Udosolovo Stone Burial Ground: Research Results
The Udosolovo burial ground is located in the Far North-West of Russia, south of the coast of the Gulf of Finland on the western outskirts of the Izhora plateau. The site belongs to the culture of stone burial grounds and dates from the end of the 1st millennium BC to the 6th/7th centuries AD. In 2008—2013, it was intensively destroyed as a result of treasure hunting and agricultural activity, so in 2013 and 2016—2017, the authors led there rescue excavations. Several stages in the functioning of the burial ground have been identified. The burials of the pre-Roman Iron Age are represented by corpses in stone boxes (“cysts”), made on a stone layer and partly circled in a boulder fence 1. Burials are directed with the heads of the skeletons to the north. The Roman Iron Age burials include a slanting rectangular fence 2 with a blade filling, typical for the Tarandgräber culture. The major rite of this period was cremation; however, in a layer with the destruction of the fence, no burned items were found. After the partial destruction of the fence, an inhumation directed to the south was made on its limestone pavement. Finds of the middle — the third quarter of the 1st mil. AD come from a layer of crushed stone covering both fences. They are probably associated with the rite of dispersed cremations. Analogs studied by the burial structures
and found objects (brooches, rings, bracelets, knives-kosari, belt buckles) are known in the archaeological sites in Estonia, northern Latvia, southern Finland, and the western part of Leningrad region in Russia.

The article deals with the study of stamps on the most numerous imported Byzantine amphoras of the "Trebizond" group in the Golden Horde pottery assemblage. Amphoras of this group make 99% of all finds of imported container ceramics on the territory of the Golden Horde and came throughout the entire period of the existence of sedentary life in the state. More than half of all stamps on amphoras of this group are an emblem in the form of a straight grid of various variants. Less often there are epigraphic stamps with monograms or full forms of names or complicated ligatures of anagrams. Byzantine amphoras of the "Trebizond" group with stamps came to the Golden Horde in the first half of the XIV century.

The authors consider the content of the motif of mauling of an ungulate by a feline predator and a griffin and the form of its realization in the Scythian animal style of the Eastern European area. A hypothesis is put forward about the ties of the subject of mauling in multi-figure compositions containing images of an ungulate (deer), a feline predator and a griffin with the ancient Greek myth about Dionysus-Zagreus, who was torn apart. The methods of general scientific hypothetico-deductive method with general system-functional and synchronic-diachronic approaches to the consideration of historical facts are used. Conclusions are drawn about the presence of characters of the ancient Greek myth about the struggle of Dionysus-Zagreus with Titans and about the use of figurative motives and techniques in creating a dynamic picture of the successive "transformation" of the characters. Some difference is noticeable in the embodiment of myth elements by means of fine arts in the Scythian animal style from how it is presented by Nonnus. Perhaps the Scythian artistic tradition of narrating the Orphic myth events differed from the oral and written ancient Greek tradition. The image of a deer is present and central in all compositions. The scene of mauling and the composition of artistic images in accordance with the myth of Zagreus make it possible to assume the spread among the Scythians of the version of Orphism already in the first half of the V century BC, that denied the absorption of Dionysus by the Titans, claiming his combining by Apollo and his further resurrection.

The article presents the results of a study of the materials from the necropolis of the Chersonesus fortified settlement, dated V–IV centuries BC. 70 individuals were examined, the main attention was paid to determining the key demographic and paleopathological features of the group. The distribution of mortality rates is consistent with the standard for paleopopulations, both within the entire group and for its male and female subsets. The group is characterized by early age at death, moderately high infant (under 15) mortality, and a low proportion of elderly population. A high occurrence of routine non-lethal injuries cases as well as the cribra orbitalia prevalence might be defined as a notable feature of the group based on the results of the paleopathological analysis. All identified characteristics may reflect the group's adaptation to the new living conditions during the initial stages of the colony growth.

The monograph is dedicated to the analysis of Attic Black-Glazed pottery which was found in Olbia Pontica at different times of the city’s research. The author examines the historiographical aspect of the issue, reveals the main technological features of this type of ware, and uses modern typological schemes to classify the finds. The monograph contains an extensive catalogue of finds, which includes both textual and illustrative parts and has about two thousand items. Much of the material is published for the first time. The publication was prepared within the framework of the scholarship program “Documenting, Recording, and Saving Ukrainian Archaeological Heritage”, provided by the German Archaeological Institute (Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, Berlin, Deutschland).

The work deals with the issue of the regional specificity of the formation and development of the Dionysian cult and Orphic teachings, common in the Northern Black Sea region during the Greek colonization of the 6th–5th centuries BC. On the extensive Scythian archaeological material of the Eastern European zone, the design of horse headbands decorated with cult symbols of Dionysus-Zagreus is being studied. S-shaped and Г-shaped Scythian cheekpieces serve as an object of study to determine whether their configuration corresponds to the inscriptions of the initial letter in the Greek name Zagreus on bone plates from Olbia, which are the first epigraphic evidence of the penetration of the Orphic teaching into the Northern Black Sea region. The results reveal the semantic content of the shape of the Scythian cheekpieces, imitating the inscription of the letter zeta, the initial letter in the name of Dionysus Zagreus, or serving as the designation of number seven, a magical number for adherents of the Dionysian cult and Orphism as a religious and philosophical doctrine. The symbols of the Dionysian cult and the Orphic teachings, used by the Scythians in the manufacture of decorative elements for horse equipment, performed an apothropeic and mystical function for those initiated or close to this cult, or served as a certain distinctive sign in society. Further study of Scythian artifacts for the presence of Dionysian symbolism will allow us to trace the extent of the spread of the cult of Dionysus, as well as make a comparative description with other areas of the Scythian-Siberian world and reveal the semantic load of animal images in connection with the shape of products decorated in the Scythian animal style.

In the immediate vicinity of the citadel in Tyras (Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi, Ukraine), a Ukrainian-Romanian expedition discovered
part of a mysterious building with an apse in the 1990s. Although the structure was located outsidethe defensive
walls, in light of the current state of research, it was interpreted as a Christian basilica, headquarters building (principia)
or bathhouse (balneum). Dating the accompanying layers to the 2nd–3rd century may indicate a connection to the Roman
garrison stationed in the citadel during this period. The location of the extra muros, as well as the plan and size of the
structure, prompts a search for analogies among temples where Roman soldiers participated in private worship outside
garrisons. Therefore, it was assumed that the building with the apse served as a Mithraeum or Dolichenum. The impossibility
of carrying out the excavation verification prompted the authors of this study to conduct geophysical surveys. The
obtained results confirmed that the size and proportions of the building with the apse are very similar to such structures
as e.g., the temple of Jupiter Dolichenus, founded by Roman soldiers near the fort in Balaklava.

Аннотация Габор Балинт (Gabor Balint de Szentkatolna, 1844-1913)-выдающийся венгерский языковед, монголовед и тюрколог, был одним из ведущих ученых и просветителей эпохи возрождения венгерской национальной культуры и идеологии второй половины XIX-начала ХХ в. Современная венгерская историография играет ведущую роль в изучении рукописного монголоведческого наследия этого ученого и просветителя Венгрии. Об этом ярко свидетельствуют различные публикации, посвященные Г. Балинту, одному из ведущих специалистов Австро-Венгрии и Европы в области исследования монгольского языка и фольклора, в том числе в «Журнале Евроазиатских исследований» («Journal of the Gábor Bálint de Szentkatolna Society»), основанном в 2009 г. Цель статьи-публикация трех неизвестных писем Габора Балинта Н. И. Ильминскому, написанных в период с декабря 1872 г. по ноябрь 1874 г. (из Санкт-Петербурга и Будапешта) после научной командировки в Казань и Астрахань и завершения путешествия в Монголию, которые хранятся в Государственном архиве Республики Татарстан (ГА РТ. Ф. 968. Оп. 1. Д. 93).

SKEPTOUCHOI IN THE CAUCASUS AND THE NORTHERN BLACK
SEA REGION IN THE ANCIENT ERA. Among the terms used by ancient authors for barbarian rulers is the term
skeptouchoi. This article raises the problem of the content of this term to characterize the barbaric
societies of the Northern Black Sea region and the Caucasus. Strabo reports on skeptouchoi in the
Pre-Caucasus and skeptouchoi in Colchis. Skeptouchoi are known in Tacitus' description of the
Sarmatian raid on Transcaucasia, they are also mentioned in the decree of the Protogenes of the
second half of the III century BC – the beginning of the II century AD, which tells about the tributary relations of Olbia and the Sayy tribe. Of particular importance is the information of Strabo,
where he speaks about two levels of power. The presence of such a form of political organization as
chiefdom in these societies has been established. The article also analyzes the archaeological situation in the Northwestern Caucasus and Colchis. It is concluded that the ancient authors, speaking of
skeptouchoi, meant regional rulers, often subordinate to rulers of a higher level – czars.

THE ETHNIC SITUATION IN THE NORTHERN BLACK SEA AND AZOV
SEA REGION ACCORDING TO THE TABULA PEUTINGERIANA
The purpose of the article is to determine the ethnic situation in the steppe zone
of the Northern Black Sea and the Azov Sea according to the Tabula Peutingeriana
and to date this information. The article avoids the cities of the Bosporus and the
North Caucasus. Changes of the ethnic and political situation in the steppe zone of
Europe under the influence of migrations of nomads and other peoples (for example, Goths) permit to date the information on the Tabula Peutingeriana. The attention
is mostly paid to the locations of such peoples as Roxolani, Sarmatians of Central
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Europe, Maeotians, Caucasian Alans. At the same time such ethnonyms like Siraces,
Aspurgiani, Psaccani, being in accordance with anticient tradition, prevent narrowing
the chronological framework of the Tabula’s data. The Maeotians of the Lower Don
existed from the boundary of the two eras till the middle of the 3rd century. The Roxolani dwelled between the Carpathian Mountains and the Dnieper from the middle
of the 1st century to about the middle of the 3rd century. Caucasian Alans could not
appear on the Tabula earlier than the 2nd century. Archeological realities permit to
supplement and arrange the ethnic situation. Also, the author draws attention to the
peoples which are not present on the Tabula Peutingeriana, such as Goths, Alans and
Aorsi in the Northern Black Sea, and Huns. All these data permit to suggest that the
Tabula shows the location of the peoples of the Northern Black Sea and the Azov Sea
between mid-2nd and mid-3rd centuries or maybe rather between the boundary of the
2nd/3rd centuries and the first half of the 3rd century. One can clearly see that the central
idea of the Tabula Peutingeriana is its being a comprehensive itinerary, a bunch of the
roads connecting the Roman Empire and the Orient. Therefore, everything behind the
road net, the Tabula’s edge, its periphery, is not very important. Its source was not a
literary tradition (like in the case of Ammianus Marcellinus’ work), but rather more
contemporaneous data. Apparently, the author of the version of the 3rd century desired
to fill the space of the oikumene with relevant information, but did not delve into the
information on the regions distant from the road net

В книге публикуется длившаяся более 30 лет переписка старейшего сотрудника Государственного исторического музея А.В. Орешникова с филологом-классиком академиком В.В. Латышевым. Эпистолярный комплекс представлен 138 письмами за 1886-1920 гг., из которых 122 принадлежат перу В.В. Латышева и 16-А.В. Орешникова. Главная тематика переписки-греческие лапидарные надписи и античная нумизматика. Письма являются важным источником для изучения античной эпиграфики и нумизматики Северного Причерноморья, они снабжены подробными комментариями. В виде приложений представлены различные документы о В.В. Латышеве: автобиография, некрологи, материалы к биобиблиографии. Для эпиграфистов, нумизматов, специалистов в области истории и археологии Северного Причерноморья, а также для историков науки об античности.

The article is devoted to a marble relief from Olbia, which was published by A.S. Uvarov in 1851 and has since been almost forgotten. This monument belongs to the fourth century BC. Aspects of the religious procession presented in the relief are explored. The article argues that there is a reason to believe that the deity whom this procession is approaching is neither Asclepius nor Zeus, but Achilles.

At the turn of the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age in the steppe belt of Eurasia there were significant cultural transformations which probably had been connected with Rapid Climatic Cycles (RCC) in this time, around 3,2 ka calBP. The correlation of data obtained on the base of radiocarbon dating, paleoclimatic reconstructions and cultural and historical chronology for eastern and western zones of the Great Steppe allowed us to reconstruct these processes. In the Late Bronze period bearers of the Кarasuk culture spread in the steppe zone of the Southern Siberia from Central Kazakhstan to Mongolia and Northern Chine. Formation of the Late Bronze Age cultures Sabatinovka and Belozerka Active cultures took place during period of favorable environment. Then the bearers of the early Hallstattian Carpathian-Danubian cultures and the Cimmerian nomads appeared in the beginning of the Early Iron Age during the aridization episode. Since the middle of 9th century BC expansion of the nomadic Scythian cultures within the whole steppe belt began because of wet climatic conditions.

About the origin and purpose of the Karaul Castle
The collection "The Ancient Black Sea Region" is based on the materials of the XIV Readings in memory of P.Y. Karishkovsky, an international conference held by the I. I. Mechnikov National University of Odesa and the Odesa National Scientific Library on March 10-12, 2023.

The article analyzes several previously not introduced into scientific circulation sources from the fund of the Genoese Office of the Care of Romania (Officium Provisionis Romaniae) – an institution that in 1363-1453 exercised control over the overseas territories of the Republic of Genoa, including Kaffa. The examined documents refer to the second, unpublished register of the fund, which includes documents from 1447–1449. This paper analyzes those that relate to the reign of Consul Antoniotto de Franca Turturino in Caffa, that is, to the first half of 1447. At this time, the Genoese colonies in the Northern Black Sea region are experiencing a difficult period of financial crisis and attempts to reform the management system from the central authorities. At the same time, a tense international situation is developing in the region, associated with the formation of a kind of antigenue coalition consisting of Venice, Theodoro, Moldavia, Byzantium, as well as Trebizond and the state of the
Jandarids. The presented documents are analyzed in the context of these two historical processes. The considered sources make it possible to detail the course of these processes, to establish their influence on Caffa and Genoa, and to trace the reaction of the Genoese authorities to them

Саратовский государственный университет имени Н.Г. Чернышевского Институт истории и международных отношений Кафедра истории древнего мира Институт археологии и культурного наследия АНТИЧНЫЙ МИР И АРХЕОЛОГИЯ Межвузовский сборник научных трудов Основан в 1972 г.

The article deals with the issue of the ethnic origin of the Varangians. According to an ancient legend preserved by the Russian sources of the second half of the 17th century, they had lived on the banks of the Dnieper before Kiev was founded. Taking into account archeological and linguistic data, the author provides justification for their East Germanic origin and approximate location on the map of the late antique ecumene. As a separate issue, the author considers the relation between the exodus of Kyi and his brothers from the north to the Varangian territories in the Dnieper region and the exodus of the bearers of the Kiev archaeological cultural antiquities to the Gothic lands of the Northern Black Sea region. The author substantiates the opinion about the existence of an East Slavic heroic song in the past, in which the ancient Goths of the realm of Ermanaric were mentioned as inhabitants of the lower reaches of the Dnieper long before the exodus of the Slavs. The article confirms some of the original evidence of a little-studied late chronicle topos (17th century) about Kyi the robber who founded the city of Kiev. The author puts forward the idea that not only did the Novgorod chronicler want to belittle Kiev, but he also tried to rework a certain folklore plot. According to the author, the lost heroic song referred to the Goths, whom the chronicler called the Varangians for a number of reasons. In the song, the Varangians inhabited the territory of the Lower Dnieper. This locus was the center of the Greuthungian realm of Ermanaric (ca. 350 – ca. 376), where its capital was located (it is identified with the settlement of Bashmachka). When analyzing the original excerpt from the legend about Kyi the robber, the author used the present-day data from archeology, linguistics, and physical anthropology, which lends undoubted novelty to this study.

For citation: Тарасов И.М. Об упоминании «днепровских варягов» в контексте предания о начале Киева // Historia provinciae – журнал региональной истории. 2023. Т. 7, № 1. С. 22–71. / Tarasov, I.M. “On the Mention of the Dnieper Varangians in the Context of the Legend of the Beginning of Kiev.” Historia Provinciae – the Journal of Regional History, vol. 7, no. 1 (2023): 22–71. https://doi.org/10.23859/2587-8344-2023-7-1-1

Nozzle of red-lacquer lamp found during excavations in Tyras in 2011 is being reported in the article. The remaining fragment enables us to compare it with plastic lamps of the Late Roman period representing a sitting man. The man appears to throws his hands around the bending upwards nozzle-phallus. Some researchers consider it an image of Silenus and place it at 2nd-5th centuries AD; the others think it was representing a character with Negroid face features and symbolizing human vices and refer these lamps to production of Copt craftsmen of the 5th-6th centuries AD.
Such items, in most cases made of bronze, are mainly known in the Danube provinces of Roman Empire.
The context of the find from Tyras enables us to date it as 2nd – 3rd century AD. Probably such lamps were the continuation of a series of items containing grotesque phallic creatures well known in Greco-Roman art.

На основе палеоантропологического материала из 228 полностью изученных погребений могильника
Фронтовое-3 можно охарактеризовать частоту встречаемости деформированных черепов и их форму в погребениях
конца I — начала V вв. н. э. Деформация здесь связана с гендерной культурой, которая передается от одного поколения
женщин к другому. Выявлено всего семь случаев деформаций, что составляет менее 3 % от общего числа исследованных костяков. При сравнении контуров сагиттальных швов черепа на шести мужских черепах зрелого и старшего
возраста обнаружены следы небольшой кольцевой деформации. На черепе одной молодой женщины наблюдаются
следы кольцевой деформации с эффектом небольшого удлинения черепа. Обсуждается гипотеза о том, что традиция незначительной деформации головы ребенка соблюдалась очень ограниченной частью общества. Тем не менее, эта традиция сохранилась на протяжении всего существования некрополя. Эту же картину можно наблюдать в серии
палеоантропологических материалов римского периода из некрополей Херсонеса, Фанагории и могильников полуострова Абрау. Эта ситуация контрастирует с высокой частотой и значительной степенью выраженности деформированных черепов у степного населения Нижнего Дона, Нижнего Поволжья, Северного Предкавказья
The paleoanthropological materials from fully studied 228 burials of Frontovoye-3 burial ground it is possible to characterize the deformed skulls frequency and their shape in burials dating back to late 1st — early 5th centuries AD. We esteem
the tradition of baby’s head artificial deformation as related to gender culture, which is passed on from one generation of
women to the next. There were found only seven cases of deformities, which is less than 3 % of the total number of individuals studied. With the contours of the skull sagittal sutures compared, traces of slight annular deformation were found
on six male skulls of mature and older age. The skull of one young woman shows traces of annular deformation with the
effect of slight skull elongation. We discuss the hypothesis that the tradition of insignificant deformation of baby’s head was
observed by a very limited part of society. Nevertheless, this tradition has been preserved throughout the entire existence
of the necropolis. The same picture can be observed in a series of paleoanthropological materials from the Roman period
from the necropolises of Chersonesos, Phanagoria, and burial grounds of the Abrau Peninsula. This situation contrasts with
the high frequency and significant severity of deformed skulls among the population of the Lower Don and Volga regions,
Northern Ciscaucasia.

The article deals with the “Chapter on Idiki” (“Faṣl-ı İdiki”) from the manuscript miscellany titled “Abu-l-Ghazy. Genealogy of the Turks” (F. V, No. 3780) from the collection of Institute of Manuscripts of V. I. Vernadsky National Library of Ukraine, in Kyiv (Fund V “Odessa Society of
History and Antiquities”, No. 3780). It is located at the beginning of the part of the handwritten manuscript miscellany, which we conditionally called “Nogai” part. It was found out that the “Chapter on Idiki” is directly connected with the “Chapter that tells the dastan of Idige-bek” from
“Daftar-i Chingiz-name”.
The difference between the text of the Edigey’s genealogy in the Kyiv manuscript and the corresponding chapter from “Daftar-i Chingiz-name” lies in the exclusion of a part of the text before the final words “And Allah knows the truth” (“Ve Allahü aʻlem”), which is not directly related to the list of Edigey’s descendants, in the reduction of separate words and phrases in a number of sentences, as well as in the absence of three episodes in it, the nature of which suggests that they were omitted by the copyist. Another difference is the discrepancy between some names of places
and people.
Two variants of the prayer formula that refers to the name of Edigey in the “Chapter on Idiki” and in its source show the degree of sacralization of his personality in the environment in which they were created. In the Kyiv manuscript, it was erased and the name Edig Sary (“fair-haired”, “blond”) was added over this place. This indicates a lack of reverence for Edigey in the person who did this (probably the owner of the Kyiv manuscript, Muhammad-efendi b. Khota).
The main difference of the “Chapter on Idiki” is connected with the changing in it the Chagatai-based language of the source to the Ottoman-Turkish, which was carried out due to phonetic and lexical changes in the text. At the same time, it contains certain elements that may be associated with the original text or with the Turkic languages of the North Caucasus. Taking into account the regular replacement of Chagatai elements in the text with Ottoman-Turkish ones, it can be assumed
that this is due to the influence of the Turkic languages of the North Caucasus. In particular, the use of the word kişi (“junior”), which reflects the phonetic features of the Nogai language (the transition from /ch/ to /sh/ at the root of the word), suggests that such a language could be
Nogai and that the author of the abbreviation or copyist who copied the text into the Kyiv manuscript, was a Nogai.
The exact time of the appearance of the “Ottoman-Turkish” version of the genealogy of Edigey from “Daftar-i Chingiz-name” is not known. Its appearance is apparently associated with the strengthening of the Ottoman cultural influence in the Northern Black Sea region and the North
Caucasus and the transformation of the Ottoman-Turkish language in the 17th – 18th centuries in the language of literacy and diplomacy in these regions. The need to create an “Ottoman-Turkish” version of the “Chapter” could be caused by the need to substantiate any claims of the Nogai elite
in the new historical conditions that developed in the North Caucasus or in the Northern Black Sea region.
Keywords: “Chapter on Idiki”, Kyiv manuscript, “Daftar-i Chingiz-name”, Turkic languages of the North Caucasus, “Ottoman-Turkish” version, genealogy of Edigey, Nogais

“Розділ про Ідікі” з рукописного збірника “Абу-л-Газі.
Родовід тюрків” ІР НБУВ (походження, мова і зміст)

У статті розглядається “Розділ про Ідікі” (“Faṣl-ı İdiki”) з рукописного збірника “Абу-л-Газі. Родовід тюрків” (ф. V, № 3780), який міститься в зібранні Одеського товариства історіїта старожитностей, що зберігаються у фондах Інституту рукопису Національної бібліотеки
України ім. В. І. Вернадського в Києві. Вона міститься на початку частини збірника, яку умовно названо нами “ногайською”. З’ясовано, що “Розділ про Ідікі” безпосередньо пов’язаний з “Розділом, що розповідає дастан про Ідіге-бекa” з “Дафтар-і Чингіз-наме”.
Відмінність тексту родоводу з київського рукопису від відповідного йому розділу з “Дафтар-і Чингіз-наме” полягає у вилученні частини тексту перед завершальними словами “А істину знає Аллах” (“Ve Allahü aʻlem”), яка не має безпосереднього стосунку до перерахування нащадків Едигея, у скороченні окремих слів і фраз у низці речень, а також у відсутності в ній трьох епізодів, характер яких свідчить про те, що вони були пропущені переписувачем. Ще однією відмінністю є різночитання окремих географічних назв та особових
імен.
Варіанти молитовної формули при імені Едигея в “Розділі про Ідікі” та її джерелі показують міру сакралізації його особистості в середовищі, у якому вони були створені. У київському збірнику вона була затерта і над цим місцем дописано ім’я Едіг Сари (“світлово-
лосий”, “блондин”), що свідчить про відсутність в особи, яка це зробила (ймовірно, увласника київського манускрипту Мухаммеда-ефенді б. Хота), пієтету щодо Едигея.
Головна відмінність “Розділу про Ідікі” пов’язана зі зміною в ньому чагатайської в основі мови джерела на османсько-турецьку, яка здійснена за рахунок змін у фонетиці та лексиці тексту. Водночас у ньому є окремі елементи, які можуть бути пов’язані з первісним
текстом або тюркськими мовами Північного Кавказу. Зважаючи на регулярну заміну в тексті чагатайських елементів на османсько-турецькі, можна припустити, що це пов’язано із впливом тюркських мов Північного Кавказу. Зокрема, використання слова kişi (“молодший”), яке відображає фонетичні особливості ногайської мови (перехід /ч/ у /ш/ у корені слова), свідчить про те, що такою мовою могла бути ногайська і що автором скорочення або
переписувачем, який скопіював текст до київського збірника, був ногаєць.
Точний час появи “османсько-турецької” редакції родоводу Едигея з “Дафтар-і Чингіз-наме” не відомий. Її поява, судячи з усього, пов’язана з посиленням османського культурного впливу в Північному Причорномор’ї і на Північному Кавказі та з перетворенням османсько-турецької мови в XVII–XVIII ст. у зазначених регіонах у мову писемності та дипломатії. Потреба у створенні “османсько-турецької” редакції “Розділу” могла бути ви-
кликана необхідністю обґрунтування якихось претензій ногайської еліти за нових історичних умов, що складалися на Північному Кавказі чи в Північному Причорномор’ї.
Ключові слова: “Розділ про Ідікі”, київський манускрипт, “Дафтар-і Чингіз-наме”, тюркські мови Північного Кавказу, “османсько-турецька” редакція, генеалогія Едигея, ногайці

At the current stage of Scythology, numerous studies of archaeological monuments have been carried out, their historical and cultural interpretation has been given; zones of move- ment and regions that did not have a permanent population were determined; potential initial foci of migration and innovation have been identified. A general methodological approach has been proposed for synchronizing Asian materials with Scythian chronology; the concept of the formation of nomadic cultures in the Asian mountain-steppe regions has been put forward, archaeological materials has been combined into cultural and chronological hori- zons. However, there are tendencies towards subjectivity of assessments and interpretations concerning the entire spectrum of Scythian issues. The absence of ethnic attribution of the concept of "Scythian" and generally accepted definitions of the concepts of "Scythian cul- ture" and "Scythian archaeological culture" are considered by the authors the reasons for the complexity of the ever expanding topical issues of the "Scythian question". The difficulty of their identifying is due to the intersection and blurring of the boundaries of the areas of distribution of monuments of the "culture of the Scythian type", equally belonging to the territory of the Northern Black Sea region and other territories of the "Scythian world". In the further development of the complex issues of the genesis of the Scythians and their culture, the authors consider inevitable and expedient rational and systemic integration and further development of various hypotheses put forward by the classics of archaeology, as well as their deepening at a new epistemological level of modern knowledge.

Abstract. The amphora stamps of the Chalcidian city-state Akanthos were localized a little over 30 years ago due to discovering of ceramic workshops remains, where defective stamped fragments were found. The complete amphorae forms have come to be known quite recently, with a significant part of the findings being attributed to the Black Sea region. Taking into account materials from the Akanthos amphora workshops and numerous findings of vessels in the Akanthian necropolis, it became possible to develop a container typology used in this center and provide a detailed chronology of ceramic containers of this city-state. However, the findings from the Northern Black Sea region are of special significance. They were recovered in well-dated burial and settlement complexes: the Prikubanskiy necropolis, in Olbia, Phanagoria, Gorgippia, Chersonesos, Luzanovka, a kurgan cemetery near the village settlement Bogachevka, etc. While we only know one Akanthian amphora belonging to the 5th century BC, then, for the following 4th century BC within the first – third quarters, at least 4 types of containers are identified within several variants: I-A, I-B, II, III-A, III-B, IV. There are reasons for considering that some samples of amphorae on a “shot glass-shaped” toe (“Mendean”) dating back to the 5th and 4th centuries BC are qualified as Akanthian products. They were manufactured outside of Mende in a number of other centers of Chalkidiki: Scione, Aphytis and Thoron.
Key words: Akanthos, Northern Black Sea region, amphorae, ceramic stamps, ceramic complexes.

Цель статьи: целью исследования является изучение одного из населенных пунктов Днестровско-Днепровского междуречья-Ак-Мечети. Также автор поставил перед собой цель собрать и проанализировать весь доступный материал, который относится к Ак-Мечети; выявить самые ранние письменные источники; локализировать и идентифицировать современное название; проследить за источниками: был ли здесь брод, мост, перевоз или что-то иное через р. Южный Буг; установить, проходил ли торговый путь через Ак-Мечеть. Материалы исследования: в работе задействованы два нарративных источника XVI века (хорографический труд польского посла Мартина Броневского «Описание Татарии» и анонимного автора «Мечети в полях, по-татарски кешени»), а также несколько опубликованных источников XVII-XVIII вв. Кроме того, быд сделан сопоставительный анализ 18 карт. Результаты: установлено, что само название Ак-Мечеть относительно новое (фиксируется в источниках с последней четверти XVIII в.). В более ранних источниках (XVI века) этот населенный пункт назывался по-разному: Cercicesseniam, Getricessenia, Chryczkieszemi H. Кроме кешень, что явствует из самого названия, здесь также были гробница купца и мечеть. Поселение занимало важное стратегическое место: на пересечении торговых путей (с севера на юг, вдоль течения Южного Буга, а также с запада на восток). Здесь через р. Южный Буг имелось несколько бродов (Осенний, Сенокосный, Овечий), самый известный-Чертайский. Скорее всего, тут не было ни замка, ни крепости. На основании имеющихся фактов из письменных источников, а также данных археологического обследования 1930 г., сделано предположение о существовании золотоордынского городища на территории современного села Цветково Доманевского района Николаевской области. Трансформация названия, возможно, была следующей: Черталкешени-бывшая Мечеть-Ак-Мечеть-Цветково-хутор Незаможников-Жовтневое-Цветково. Село же Акмечетка, появившееся на географической карте в начале XIX в., скорее всего, было выселком Ак-Мечети (ныне c. Прибужье Доманевского района Николаевской области) и к золотоордынским древностям не имеет никакого отношения. Научная новизна: новизна работы состоит в том, что сопоставительный анализ письменных и картографических источников позволил автору найти здесь новый населенный пункт (неизвестный раннее ученым), в названии которого отразились географические реалии (р. Чертала) и наличие культовых сооружений-кешень. В связи с разным написанием этого населенного пункта в источниках как Cercicesseniam, Getricessenia, Chryczkieszemi H., было принято решение назвать его Черталкешени.

The article is devoted to a marble relief from Olbia, which was published by A.S. Uvarov in 1851 and has since been almost forgotten. This monument belongs to the fourth century BC. Aspects of the religious procession presented in the relief are explored. The article argues that there is a reason to believe that the deity whom this procession is approaching is neither Asclepius nor Zeus, but Achilles.

This article is a translation of: Виноградов Ю.А., Шауб И.Ю. Об одном забытом ольвийском рельефе // Vestnik drevnei istorii 81/2 (2021), 331–339. DOI: 10.31857/S032103910014830-6

The paper analyzes a total of 43 Scythian burials of the Northern Black Sea region dating back to late 5th - 3rd quarter of the 4th centuries BC with an accompanying burial of a horse or horses in the entrance pits of the catacombs and undercuts, or their replacements in the form of a horse bridle in the same areas, with due account of the anthropological definitions and dating of the complexes. It has been established that the accompanying burials of horses in the entrance pits of the Scythian catacombs at barrows and burial grounds are a reliable indicator of male burials, and in the case of burials in a catacomb with two entrance pits, additional male burials. In contrast to the accompanying horse burials in separate pits, which became widespread in Scythia during the 5th century BC, (and widely spread since the mid-5th century BC), the rite of burying horses in the entrance pits only appeared at the end of the 5th century. BC and was relatively widespread in the 2-3rd quarters of the 4th century BC. For this time period, such burials have mainly been discovered in the Lower Dnieper region and are only partially spread in the Dnieper-Danube interfluve. For the 3rd-2nd centuries BC such burials have mainly been discovered in the Lower Dniester region and in significantly smaller numbers in the Crimea, whereas there are no such burials in the Lower Dnieper region. Later, this tradition only preserved in the Late Scythian culture of the Crimea in the period from the 2nd – 1st centuries BC until the 3rd-4th centuries AD. They become especially widespread and diverse in the 1st-4th centuries AD.

The article for the first time publishes the Scythian barrow 17 of the "Sluiceway" group near Glinoe village, Slobodzeya district, on the left bank of the Lower Dniester. This mound did not contain a burial structure and was surrounded by a ditch. Similar Scythian complexes are known throughout the Northern Black Sea region, but they are not numerous everywhere (the left bank of the Lower Danube, the left bank of the Lower Dniester, and the NorthWest Azov region). The analysis of the available information shows that some of these barrows could be used as symbolic burials-cenotaphs. At the same time, other similar structures, obviously, were "public" cult areas for holding commemorative feasts. These areas were located close to barrows containing Scythian graves.

В работе рассматриваются материалы довоенных раскопок В.Д. Блаватского на грунтовом биритуаль- ном могильнике Ай-Тодор у римской крепости Харакс. Результаты раскопок опубликованы лишь частично. Рассматри- ваются вопросы хронологии, уточняется верхняя хронологическая граница некрополя (конец IV в.). Проведен палеоан- тропологический анализ костных останков из кремаций и одного ингумационного захоронения.

Analysis of the various remote sensing data allows to divide the ancient roads of the Taman Peninsula into two types. One type is hollow ways and the second type is boundary ways. The article examines in more detail the first type. The hollow ways of the Taman Peninsula find a good analogy with hollow ways in Upper Mesopotamia which formed in the Early Bronze Age. The article concludes that a significant part of the hollow ways of the Taman Peninsula had been appeared after the desolation of extensive land division systems created during the golden age of the Bosporan grain trade.

In 2012 in the part of ancient Greek settlement Patraeus submerged by the waters of the Taman Bay (the modern village Garkusha of the Krasnodar Kray, Russia) a lead letter was found. The letter belongs to the category of business correspondence and contains a list of debtors with enumeration, in decreasing order, of the sums to be exacted. The gold staters mentioned in the letter are most likely kyzikenoi. In addition, the letter contains an accusative of a personal name that has not been
encountered before: Sapasin (Sapasij, Sapasioj?).

The paper proposes a new dating and reading of a graffito from Phanagoria, which comes from the 1962 research of a pavement in the coastal part of the site. The graffito was introduced into scientific literature by I.A. Emets, who interpreted it as a list of names which did not have a clear content, and dated it to the 4th century BC. When the ostracon was analysed at the “Historical and Archaeological Museum ‘Phanagoria’”, it revealed gaps and inaccuracies compared to the text of the editio princeps. As a result, it was established that the graffito is a private letter and that it comes from the period between the second half of the 5th and the beginning of the 4th century BC. The letter has not been fully preserved; only five lines out of the six are readable. According to the text, Polemarkhos informs Hegesagores that he (Polemarkhos) lied to Athenodoros regarding the fact that Agyas has done something. All in all, the new letter replenishes our knowledge of anthroponomy, private life, and the linguistic characteristics of the language used by the Phanagoreans in the Classical period.

In the 9th century the Lower Dniester region was included in the sphere of influence of Khazaria,
Danube Bolgaria, Byzantium and Kievan Rus. Due to this fact, there are sources containing some information on the life of nomadic peoples in the region and certain events which took place in the area. According to the available reports, it can be concluded that in the 9th century the region was also populated by the Hungarians. This fact is confirmed by the archaeological materials discovered in the region during the study of medieval sites, despite the fact that their ethno-cultural interpretation remains unclear. Therefore, of particular interest are the medieval graves of Slobodzeya cemetery allowing to attributing them to the antiquities of the Subbotsy type.
A number of researchers reasonably associate such sites with the Hungarians who populated the Northern Black Sea region. A comprehensive analysis of the available data allows to argue that the Hungarians actually lived in the Lower Dniester before migrating to Pannonia and significantly influenced the interactions of the local population.