Linguistic Prescriptivism

A estandarización é un dos procesos máis discutidos no ámbito sociolingüístico, tanto pola súa dependencia de dinámicas sociohistóricas, políticas e económicas, que inflúen de maneira determinante na configuración das variedades estándares, canto pola mesma ideoloxización de que estas son obxecto. O noso propósito neste traballo é reflexionar, desde unha perspectiva crítica, arredor dos retos e as dificultades que presentan os procesos de estandarización na actualidade.

Abstract: This paper focuses on the theoretical and methodological foundations of the third wave in Sociolinguistics and its potentialities for the study and encouragement of plurilingualism in regional cultures like the Valencian. In this regard, a first approach to the enregisterment
theory is applied in a context of Catalan linguistic minorisation – the País Valencià – , particularly, in the specific sociolinguistic context of the province of Castellón. In this sense, it is analysed which and how linguistic repertoires and variants become emblematic, i.e, acquire social meaning and create style, to perform and vindicate a local identity for the people from Castelló. The article explains the process through which the speakers themselves ideologically create boundaries between languages and varieties and which linguistic traits are made salient, so as to categorise linguistic difference and sameness and talk about the idiosyncrasy of the
dialect of Castelló.

This Special Issue (SI) sheds light on the relationship between geographical, sociocultural, historical, functional, or stylistic variation and language norms, understanding by these both objective implicit social habits and prescriptive explicit codifications. Indeed, the concept of norms as habits, as common practices, i.e., the Coserian sense of norms, can acquire an exemplary (Coseriu [1962] 1989) character and can also subsequently be codified. This is actually attested worldwide in the phenomenon of linguistic pluricentricity, with many of its language models only having an informal standardization (Stewart (1968)). This SI welcomed all theoretical and methodological frames employed to address language variation and change, particularly contributions referring to language prescription and standard languages in different communities.

In this response I address the discussion notes written in reply to my focus article, “Explaining -splain in digital discourse.” In the remarks from Andrea R. Leone-Pizzighella, Bárbara Marqueta Gracia, Chaim Noy, François Cooren, Barbara Fultner, and Ursula Lutzky and Robert Lawson, some common themes emerged regarding the instability of meanings, how we treat neologisms, and some research methods for understanding the equivocal nature of me­tapragmatic neologisms. My reply addresses these issues. With the intent to accomplish the sort of productive, interdisciplinary conversation that Language Under Discussion promotes, I hope my reflection and final contribution helps us better understand language and communication.

Біблейскі сюжэт апакаліпсічных падзей, у прыватнасці, вобразы чатырох вершнікаў на конях розных масцей, -гэта важны і цікавы аб'ект для лінгвістычных даследаванняў у семантыка-сімвалічным аспекце. У беларускамоўных лексікаграфічных крыніцах не зафіксаваны выраз коні/вершнікі Апакаліпсіса, хаця гэты біблеізм [1] (у шырокім разуменні) вядомы ўсім, хто чытаў Біблію, да таго ж ён ужываецца ў беларускамоўным асяроддзі. Адзначым, што выраз пакуль не набыў трывалай устойлівасці ва ўжыванні, таму можа вар'іравацца і фармальна (змяненне ліку, напр.), і семантычна. У роднасных мовах фіксуюцца выразы бледный конь [2], коні Апокаліпсису [3], czterej jeźdźcy Apokalipsy [4]. Кожны коннік, згодна з тэкстам Бібліі, сімвалізуе пэўную падзею ці мае пэўны атрыбут: вершнік на белым кані з'яўляецца, каб перамагчы; вершнік на чырвоным -каб забраць мір з зямлі; той, хто сядзіць на чорным, трымае ў руцэ вагі; вершнік на бледным кані атрымлівае ўладу над чацвёртай часткай зямлі, каб забіваць мячом, голадам, паморам і звярамі (НЗ, кн. Апакаліпсіса * , 6:8). Менавіта гэты, чацвёрты, вершнік у Бібліі намінуецца як Смерць, у той час як астатнія імёнаў не маюць. «..паморак, голад, вайна і смерць сімвалічна паказаны ў выглядзе чатырох конных рыцараў на белым, чырвоным, вараным і бледным конях» [5]. Даследчую ўвагу прыцягвае назва масці чацвёртага каня. Супастаўленне пэўных фрагментаў арыгінальнага тэксту Новага Запавету і яго перакладаў на ўсходнеславянскія мовы дазваляе сцвярджаць, * У розных перакладах кніга можа называцца Адкрыццё, Адкрыццё св. Іаана, Апакаліпсіс св. Яна. * Тут і далей у фактычным матэрыяле захоўваецца арыгінальная графіка. * Фактычным матэрыялам для даследавання сталі толькі даступныя ў электроннай форме пераклады. ** SBL Greek New Testament, 2010. * У старажытнагрэчаскай мове паводле звестак са слоўніка.

Apstrakt Rad ispituje aktuelna sociolingvistička pitanja u Americi. Aktuelna sociolingvistička pitanja u Americi obuhvataju varijante engleskog jezika koji se govori u Sjedinjenim Državama, obuhvataju domaće varijante govornika i uključuju etničke varijante poput Afroameričkog engleskog jezika kao i engleski jezik američkih starosedelaca i američkog slenga. Istorijski gledano, korene američkog engleskog jezika pronalazimo kod engleskih doseljenika iz sedamnaestog veka sa istočne obale. Prvi koji su izvršili formativni uticaj na američki engleski jezik su Škoti iz Alstera i njihov govor koji ima direktan nastavak uticaja na apalački engleski jezik. Kasnije će i veći broj drugih evropskih nacionalnosti koji su kroz svoju istoriju emigrirali u Americi, kao što su Nemci, Skandinavci, Holanđani, Francuzi, Poljaci i Italijani doprineti razvoju engleskog jezika u Americi. Ključne reči: Sociolingvistika, Aktuelna sociolingvistička pitanja u Americi, engleski jezik američkih starosedelaca i Afroamerikanaca, američki sleng.

La Ventana de las Controversias es un marco analítico que permite examinar sistemáticamente las diferentes dimensiones de un problema y las controversias que surgen en torno a él. A diferencia de enfoques tradicionales que conciben la argumentación como un simple ejercicio de defensa de una tesis, este modelo reconoce que los desacuerdos genuinos ocurren simultáneamente en múltiples niveles y dimensiones, y permite acercarse a esos desacuerdos cuando constituyen verdaderos intentos de resolver el problema que los genera. Por ello, es necesario identificar ese problema antes de definir cualquier postura y comprender su naturaleza y su complejidad.

This work stems from our desire to contribute to the epistemological consolidation of comparative standardology (CS) as an academic subdiscipline. It is based on the premise that CS falls into the applied linguistics (AL) domain, so it is right to discuss for CS what Kaplan (2002) and Grabe (2002) discussed for AL in general. Our research question is whether CS is an epistemologically firmly established academic subdiscipline. Our hypothesis is that it is, with CS being the theoretical field of standardisation, which in turn is the practice of CS. Our objective is to confirm this hypothesis. To do that, we follow the descriptive model adopted by Gelpí & Costa-Carreras (2007), which they used to describe the epistemological status of AL in general and of the disciplines related to it. We exemplify our reflections with the analysis of five papers. The expected result is a description of the relatively firmly established epistemological status of CS.

Lietuvių kalbos sintaksės sistema yra sudėtinga, tad ir linksnių vartojimas vis dar kelia problemų. Ydingą linksnių vartosenos atsiradimą lemia kitų kalbų įtaka, o klaidingą linksnių vartosenos paplitimą -nežinojimas, kad kalbama (rašoma) netaisyklingai vartojant linksnius, aplinkinių žmonių netaisyklinga kalbėsena, nenoras keisti kalbėjimo (rašymo) įpročius bei menka informacijos apie kalbos klaidas sklaida. Šios priežastys lemia ne tik šnekamosios kalbos, bet ir rašomosios, ypač dokumentų, kalbos vartosenos ydingumą. Atsižvelgiant į tai, šiame straipsnyje analizuojami dažniausiai policijos pareigūnų tarnybiniuose dokumentuose klaidingai vartojami linksniai -vietininkas ir įnagininkas, aptariama jų nenorminė vartosena, daromos klaidos. Pagrindinės sąvokos: sintaksė, linksnio reikšmė, policijos pareigūnų tarnybiniai dokumentai, kalbos klaida, vietininko linksnis, įnagininko linksnis. Lietuvių kalbos sintaksės sistema yra sudėtinga, tad linksnių vartojimas vis dar kelia problemų. Ydingą linksnių vartosenos atsiradimą lemia kitų kalbų įtaka, o klaidingą linksnių vartosenos paplitimą -nežinojimas, kad kalbama (rašoma) netaisyklingai vartojant linksnius, aplinkinių žmonių netaisyklinga kalbėsena, nenoras keisti kalbėjimo (rašymo) įpročius bei menka informacijos apie kalbos klaidas sklaida. Šios priežastys lemia ne tik šnekamosios kalbos, bet ir rašomosios, ypač dokumentų, kalbos vartosenos ydingumą. Visuomenės kalbos svarbos suvokimas, visuomenės ir kalbos santykis atskleidžia kalbos požiūrį į kalbą, jos vertės supratimą. Dažnai nesusimąstoma, kad kalba yra vienas iš veiksnių, lemiančių požiūrį į kalbantįjį, juk, pavyzdžiui, barbarizmų išdarkyta kalba kalbantis asmuo mums atrodo nemandagus, neišauklėtas, neišprusęs, o tvarkinga ir taisyklinga kalba bendraujančio asmens savivertę esame linkę iškelti aukščiau. Vadinasi, kalba turi ir kultūrinį atspalvį. Tad norėdami pakelti savo prestižą, įvaizdį, turėtume atkreipti dėmesį į tai, kaip ir ką kalbame, ir juo labiau -kaip rašome. Dokumentų tekstų kalbos taisyklingumas svarbus ir dėl perteikiamos minties tikslumo bei aiškumo, nes tai, kas parašyta, turime suprasti ne tik patys,

This paper addresses the question “How should applied linguists deal with the expectation that their role is to maintain prescriptive standards in a language, particularly English?” A brief discussion of prescriptivism, language standardization, descriptivism, and linguistic security is followed by a proposal for a practical approach to language teaching through the awareness raising of key metalanguage that can be of benefit to both students and teachers.

En su libro «El lenguaje como cultura» y bajo el ilustrativo epígrafe "El discurso argumentativo inglés como forma prioritaria de discurso científico", el eminente lingüista y germanista Enrique Bernárdez pasa revista oportunamente a las ventajas (para los dominantes) y las desventajas (para los dominados) que se derivan del idiomismo anglófilo. Aunque se centra fundamentalmente en su ámbito de trabajo, la lingüística, sus observaciones exceden de largo ese área.

Зборнік уключае матэрыялы Міжнароднай навукова-практычнай канферэнцыі «Архіўны дыялог. Спадчына партыйных архіваў (да 95-годдзя Нацыянальнага архіва Рэспублікі Беларусь)», «І Скалабанаўскіх чытанняў (да 75-годдзя з дня нараджэння беларускага гісторыка, літаратуразнаўца, архівіста, археографа, кандыдата гістарычных навук Віталя Уладзіміравіча Скалабана)», а таксама круглых сталоў, якія адбыліся на базе Нацыянальнага архіва Рэспублікі Беларусь у 2022 годзе. Выданне прызначана для гісторыкаў, архівістаў, краязнаўцаў, а таксама ўсіх, хто цікавіцца гісторыяй Беларусі. УДК 930.25(082) ББК 79.3я43 А87

and is a regular presenter ofhn , . . ' .• oo s on if-erent aspects oflanguage • ' guage segments on radio and TV. ' X David Crystal is honorary professor ofLinguistics at thc University ofBangor and works from horne in Holyhead, North Wales, as a writer and lecturer. He has publishcd more than 100 boo ks, many of which are directed at a wide readcrship. Those most dosely concerned with linguistic prescriptivism are The Fíp,l1t for English (2006) and his introduction and notes to the reprint of the first edition of Fowler's Moden, Enp,lis!t Usa,(!ť (2010). He has also been active in debates concerning the position of grammar in the national curriculum ofEngland and Wales.

This paper provides the reader with a linguistically-based critical analysis of the radical prescriptivism that characterizes the thought of Alex Grijelmo. This scholar is an alleged ‘language expert’ who has written a number of books denouncing the supposed degeneration Spanish language currently faces to. The article critically discusses Grijelmo’s theses and shows that they are endowed with misguided aspects, like lack of judgement, a number of contradictions and misunderstandings, a serious ignorance of linguistic facts, or a discriminatory treatment toward dialectal varieties of Spanish and their features. Through such an analysis, the paper aims at showing that the prescriptivist perspective cannot be sustained from a linguistic view. El presente articulo ofrece un analisis critico basado en premisas puramente linguisticas del pensamiento prescriptivista extremo de un supuesto ‘experto en lenguaje’, Alex Grijelmo, autor de una serie de libros que denuncian la supuesta degenera...

The first assumption of Hyperphysis is that "there is an objective Reality. This Reality is observer-independent, yet, it is understood that the observer interacts with the very same reality being able to change it and of course of being changed in a greater or lesser degree." This principle of the existence of an objective Reality explicitly includes ideas, as J. R. Croca recently defined. Language Planning has evolved from his first steps dedicated to "nation building" to a present framework that was first enunciated by Robert L. Cooper as a tool for Social Change, and recently by Bernard Spolsky as a broader, more flexible management tool, understanding the change of, either societal or diverse sizes of communities, always including, obviously, the individuals responsible for the proposed change.

Grass’s analysis focuses on extending translations as an artistic practice and considering translation as both an artistic and literary subject. The author asserts that “performative translations” can be considered as a “creative-critical practice”. Thus, Grass’s analysis of performative translations continues as an assertion of a form of reproduction and transformation. That is the reason, Grass mentions Pierre Bourdieu’s article “Cultural Reproduction and Social Reproduction” in which “translation can be considered as a social and cultural reproduction”. Grass, therefore, coins the term “transtopia”, which considers translation that uses experimental forms to challenge normativities of identity and place in literary and art translations. Hence, transtopias, as Grass argues, create a theoretical position in which to explore the creative and critical potential of translation as a way of building alternative geographies of belonging and being. Lastly, this study is an attempt to analyze how to understand the term transtopia as a “creative-critical practice” in art and literary translation regarding Delphine Grass’s book Translation as a Creative-Critical Practice (2023).

Key words: Translation as a creative-critical practice, translation studies, literary translation, art translation.

Filoloji alanında yayıncılığa ilk olarak 2014 yılında RumeliDE Dil ve Edebiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi'ni yayımlamaya başlayarak girdik. O günden bugüne 11 yılı arkada bıraktık. RumeliDE bünyesinde sıklığı belirli sayılar yayımlamanın yanında ara ara özel sayılar da yayımladık. Bu özel sayılar bazen armağan biçiminde görüldü ama çoklukla sempozyum bildirilerinin yer aldığı özel sayılar olarak yayımlandı. RumeliDE dergisinin yanında 2020 yılından itibaren RumeliYA Yayıncılık & Publication adı altında yayınevi eklendi. Yayınevini hedefi yine filoloji üzerine yayın üretmektir. Beş yıllık süre içinde 50'den fazla yayın ürettik. RumeliDE bünyesinde özel sayıları makale formatında olan yayınları yayımlamak şeklinde bir yön aldı. Dolayısıyla sempozyum bildirilerini dergide yayımlamaya son verdik, onun yerine RumeliYA yayınevi bünyesinde yayımlamaya geçtik. Bu aşamada yazarlarımız ve sempozyum katılımcılarımız için bir imkan daha doğmuş oldu. Uluslararası nitelikli olan yayınevimiz bünyesinde RumeliSE kapsamında Ocak ve Temmuz aylarında olmak üzere yılda iki kez düzenlenen Rumeli [Dil, Edebiyat ve Çeviri] Sempozyumu tam metin bildirilerinin tam metinlerini iki şekilde değerlendirmeye başladık: Rumeli [Dil, Edebiyat ve Çeviri] Sempozyumu Bildiriler Kitabı ve Rumeli Filoloji Yazıları Rumeli [Dil, Edebiyat ve Çeviri] Sempozyumu Bildiriler Kitabı her sempozyum sonunda bildirilerini bildiri kitabında yayımlamak isteyenlerin gönderdikleriyle oluşacak. Rumeli Filoloji Yazıları da bildirilerinin ulusşararası yayınevi olan RumeliYA Yayıncılık & Publication bünyesinde kitap bölümü olmasını isteyenlerin gönderdikleriyle oluşacak. Rumeli Filoloji Yazıları 2 adlı bu yayın da 7. Rumeli [Dil, Edebiyat ve Çeviri] Sempozyumu kapsamında katılımcılar tarafından gönderilen bildirilerle oluşmuş bir eserdir. Her bir bildiri kitap bölümü olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Bildiri metinlerinin yanında uygun görülen bağımsız yazılar da değerlendirilmektedir. RumeliYA Yayıncılık & Publication olarak dünyada konuşulan veya konuşulmayan bütün dillere açık bir anlayışı güdüyoruz. Yayınevi Rumeli Philological Writings 2 VI bünyesinde yer alan RumeliDE, RumeliSE ve RumeliYA sistemlerinde hiçbir dil dışarıda bırakılmaz, biri diğerinden üstün tutulmaz. Her dilden yayına imkan tanınır. Her dilden eser ve makale yayımlanır, her dilden bildiri sunulma imkânı bulur. Rumeli Filoloji Yazıları sadece sempozyum bildirileriyle ilgili olmayacak. Bunların yanında kitap bölümlerini muhtevi filolojiyle ilgili çeşitli yayınlar da yer alabilecek. Yazılarıyla yayınlarımıza destek olan bütün bilim insanlarımıza en içten şükranlarımı sunarım.

With the advent of the covid-19 pandemic, several Greek prescriptive or “descriptive” linguists and folk-linguists raised the issue: which form of the Greek loanword for ‘coronavirus’ is the “correct” one. We have consulted 74 metalinguistic texts on this issue, all published online over the period Jan. 22 – April 3, 2020. Four variants have been prescribed (κορον-ο-ϊός, κορων-ο-ϊός [koronoiós], κορον-α-ϊός, and κορων-α-ϊός [koronaiós]), varying wrt 1. the spelling of the first compound (<o> or <ω>) and 2. the linking ‘thematic vowel’ (-o- or -a-).
We have traced the use of the prescribed variants in multiple monitor corpora consisting mainly of texts published in news websites, mined with web scraping techniques and analyzed using NLP libraries in a Python programming environment. Monitor corpora allow the study of prescriptivism in real time, providing valuable insights into its workings. Phase 1 of our corpus (May 2013 and April-May 2014) consists of 71,343 texts (totaling 21,807,666 words), drawn from 6 news websites; the references in this period are to other corona viruses such as MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV; variation during this phase has been unattended by prescriptivists. Phase 2 (December 2019  - April 2020), the focus of our study, consists of a total of 123,250 texts (42,204,247 words), drawn from the same 6 news websites; finally, Phase 3 consists of 20,706 texts (7,037,279 words) drawn from a much larger corpus of 18 websites at a later period of time (May 26 – June 1, 2020). We have also analyzed a Phase 3 corpus of radio broadcasts (total of 19h 21m).
Our statistical analysis shows:
1. a radical shift in usage between Phase 1 and Phase 2, suggesting a strong influence of prescriptivism.
2. Phase 2 and Phase 3 variation is increasingly compartmentalized (consistent use ranging from 68.18% to 88.84% in Phase 2 and from 73.76% % to 98.44% in Phase 3).
3. The variants with ‘thematic’ -o- are preferred over variants with -a- (87.91% vs. 12.07% respectively in Phase 3). The thematic -o- prevails in radio broadcasts (97,8%).
Our analysis supports the following claims:
a. Metalinguistic discourse is itself variable. Although prescriptivism aims at eliminating variation, it could also introduce or foster some variation, albeit in a highly compartmentalized manner.
b. The more “effective” prescriptions seem to be the ones that are compatible with an already established usage trend; but for this same reason these prescriptions could be considered to be “null”.

Doktorska disertacija pod nazivom Glagoli komunikacije u engleskom i srpskom jeziku: forma i funkcija u diskursu bavi se proučavanjem glagola komunikacije i analizom njihove upotrebe u pisanom i govornom diskursu, na materijalu engleskog i srpskog jezika. U prvom poglavlju definiše se problem istraživanja, navode se ciljevi, metode, hipoteze i opseg istraživanja. Jedan od ciljeva ovog rada je da se uporede postojeće klasifikacije glagola komunikacije, te da se utvrde oblici i uloga pomenutih glagola u govornom i pisanom diskursu. U radu ćemo kombinovati statističku, semantičku i sintaksičku analizu, kao i komparativni metod. Statistička analiza osiguraće nam relijabilnost, dok će nam upotreba komparativnog metoda pomoći da u različitim registrima engleskog i srpskog pisanog, ali i govornog jezika, sagledamo sličnosti i razlike između glagola komunikacije. U drugom poglavlju dajemo teorijski prikaz pojmova koji su usko vezani sa podjelama i morfosintaksičkim i semantičkim karakterist...

Esta investigación estudia el proceso histórico del movimiento social que busca la oficialidad en el Principado de Asturias desde 1974 hasta la actualidad. La investigación, de naturaleza cualitativa, utiliza el marco teórico tanto de los Estudios para la Paz y la Resistencia Civil como de la Sociolingüística, con el objetivo de construir un puente entre ambas disciplinas. Como método de recogida de datos se utiliza principalmente la revisión bibliográfica y la realización de 5 entrevistas cualitativas y semiestructuradas. Los resultados muestran una gran cantidad de procesos de resistencia y de construcción de paz que pueden ser encajados dentro del propio proceso de transformación noviolenta del conflicto lingüístico y cultural encontrado en el Principado. Dichos procesos se encuentran caracterizados por varios factores, entre ellos, un relevo generacional que ha permitido la entrada de nuevos procesos culturales dedicados a la lucha por la dignificación de la lengua asturiana.

This chapter analyses and compares prescriptivism in the context of five polities that are engaged in defining and implementing linguistic standards for Chinese: the People’s Republic of China (PRC), Hong Kong, Macao, Singapore, and Taiwan. It conceptualizes prescriptivism as the unfolding of a cluster of different normative linguistic features, including the selection of a standard language, the sociolinguistic position of the standard language vis-à-vis other languages, and the selection of traditional or simplified Chinese characters as the written standard. The comparison reveals that despite many similarities, prescriptivism unfolds differently in each polity. The resulting claim that Chinese prescriptivism must be understood in pluricentric terms is examined from the perspectives of language history and social history.

Las actitudes han sido reconocidas como una parte importante del aprendizaje que propicia o desalienta la construcción del conocimiento. Se cimentan a partir de creencias, a veces subconscientes, que afectan la disposición que el estudiante tiene a la lección, su sentido de relevancia y pertinencia del contenido, incluso la auto-regulación de su atención. Así, las ideas con que los estudiantes llegan al aula operan como alicientes u obstáculos para el aprendizaje de contenidos básicos de diferentes disciplinas. El objetivo de este capítulo es proponer una estrategia para el diagnóstico y la identificación de creencias que pudieran interferir con los objetivos pedagógicos de una asignatura en el contexto universitario, así como un plan de intervención para atender esas creencias y propiciar perspectivas que ayuden al estudiante a ampliar su criterio para la construcción de su aprendizaje. La propuesta se aborda desde un problema emblemático en la enseñanza de lenguas y lingüística: la tensión entre actitudes prescriptivistas y descriptivistas en el aprendizaje y uso de la lengua. Para ello revisaré los conceptos de actitudes y creencias, y cómo estos están ligados al de epistemología personal cuando intervienen en el aprendizaje y construcción del conocimiento, desde la psicología educativa y la pedagogía. Estos términos los transferiremos al área de la lingüística para hablar de actitudes lingüísticas, más específicamente, aquellas relacionadas con nociones prescriptivistas y descriptivistas de las lenguas.

U radu se pokazuje kako je jedan od važnih uvjeta uspješnoga ovladavanja standardnim jezikom pozitivan stav prema njemu, koji je povezan i s razumijevanjem uloge i važnosti standardnoga jezika kao komunikacijskoga sredstva šire jezične zajednice. Kako bi se utvrdilo postoji li povezanost između pozitivnoga stava prema standardnome jeziku, spremnosti na njegovo ovladavanje i njegova boljega ovladavanja, anketom s ponuđenim tvrdnjama i nekoliko zadataka utvrđen je stav ukupno 155 zagrebačkih studenata kroatistike, razredne nastave i predškolskoga odgoja prema standardnomu jeziku, uključujući i njihovo poznavanje gramatičke i pravopisne norme. Osim stavova cijele skupine prema pojedinim tvrdnjama i njihove uspješnosti u rješavanju pojedinih zadataka, uspoređivale su se i pojedine skupine. U zaključku se predlažu postupci koji bi mogli pridonijeti razvoju pozitivnoga stava prema standardnomu jeziku te tako općenito pridonijeti njegovu boljemu ovladavanju.

Мэтай даследавання з’яўляецца спроба вызначыць і вытлумачыць парадак узнікнення польскіх назваў асіны і сасны, размеркаваных у дыялектах. Яна ажыццяўляецца праз прыцягненне даных атласаў польскай мовы, а таксама даных гістарычнага мовазнаўства і гісторыі краіны.

With the advent of the covid-19 pandemic, several Greek prescriptive or “descriptive” linguists and folk-linguists raised the issue: which form of the Greek loanword for ‘coronavirus’ is the “correct” one. We have consulted 74 metalinguistic texts on this issue, all published online over the period Jan. 22 – April 3, 2020. Four variants have been prescribed (κορον-ο-ϊός, κορων-ο-ϊός [koronoiós], κορον-α-ϊός, and κορων-α-ϊός [koronaiós]), varying wrt 1. the spelling of the first compound (<o> or <ω>) and 2. the linking ‘thematic vowel’ (-o- or -a-).
We have traced the use of the prescribed variants in multiple monitor corpora consisting mainly of texts published in news websites, mined with web scraping techniques and analyzed using NLP libraries in a Python programming environment. Monitor corpora allow the study of prescriptivism in real time, providing valuable insights into its workings. Phase 1 of our corpus (May 2013 and April-May 2014) consists of 71,343 texts (totaling 21,807,666 words), drawn from 6 news websites; the references in this period are to other corona viruses such as MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV; variation during this phase has been unattended by prescriptivists. Phase 2 (December 2019  - April 2020), the focus of our study, consists of a total of 123,250 texts (42,204,247 words), drawn from the same 6 news websites; finally, Phase 3 consists of 20,706 texts (7,037,279 words) drawn from a much larger corpus of 18 websites at a later period of time (May 26 – June 1, 2020). We have also analyzed a Phase 3 corpus of radio broadcasts (total of 19h 21m).
Our statistical analysis shows:
1. a radical shift in usage between Phase 1 and Phase 2, suggesting a strong influence of prescriptivism.
2. Phase 2 and Phase 3 variation is increasingly compartmentalized (consistent use ranging from 68.18% to 88.84% in Phase 2 and from 73.76% % to 98.44% in Phase 3).
3. The variants with ‘thematic’ -o- are preferred over variants with -a- (87.91% vs. 12.07% respectively in Phase 3). The thematic -o- prevails in radio broadcasts (97,8%).
Our analysis supports the following claims:
a. Metalinguistic discourse is itself variable. Although prescriptivism aims at eliminating variation, it could also introduce or foster some variation, albeit in a highly compartmentalized manner.
b. The more “effective” prescriptions seem to be the ones that are compatible with an already established usage trend; but for this same reason these prescriptions could be considered to be “null”.

The Hague, the third largest city of The Netherlands, is a multicultural and multi-ethnic urban centre with many migrant churches scattered across the city. This article examines the linguistic presence and identity of a select number of English-speaking churches and their identification through Linguistic Landscaping. Our findings show that, while it is claimed that Dutch society is becoming increasingly secularised, the many migrant and other international churches currently present in The Hague suggest the opposite. In addition, it appeared that English-language churches in The Hague attract large numbers of Dutch congregants for whom English is their second language. Reasons for this are that English is perceived as a lighter language than Dutch for practising their religion, and that it brings fresh perspectives to their faith. The use of English is thus expanding to the religious domain in The Netherlands in a new way (cf. Edwards, A. 2016. English in the Netherlands: Functions, Forms and Attitudes. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins). Applying Linguistic Landscaping as a research tool was found to work only for older heritage-language churches, which have a more established and sometimes even officially recognised position in the city, than newer migrant churches, whose presence is often transient in line with the changing nature of superdiverse cities.

La perspectiva comparada de l’estandardologia ha estat considerada inherent al seu naixement i desenvolupament. En aquest context el grup Estandarología Comparada de las Lenguas de España fa una recerca de l’estandardització del basc, el català, el gallec i l’espanyol. Aquest article aplica l’objectiu del grup, comparant la definició de estàndard que les acadèmies oficials del català i de l’espanyol donen en les seves lexicografies i terminografies: serà el motiu de plantejar si les definicions dels diccionaris oficials constitueixen el concepte amb el qual treballen les acadèmies i quins criteris de comparació sorgeixen del seu acarament. El primer constatatable és que hi ha una oposició diametral en l’explicitesa en la definició: la RAE/ASALE no dona cap definició explícita de estàndard. Pel que fa als criteris de comparació, hem confirmat la hipòtesi que el criteri més important són els marcs teòrics i metodològics en què es poden inscriure. La distinció entre centres “inicials· i “posteriors· de codificació acaba no essent rellevant, ja que tots treballen actualment i tenen moltes interrelacions entre ells. La comparació de les definicions i els usos d’aquestes acadèmies en els seus “paratextos” (pròlegs, introduccions i documents diversos) en totes dues tradicions són objecte d’anàlisi a Costa Carreras (en avaluació).

Беларуская праца на навуковай ніве. Інтэрв'ю са сп. А. Луцкевічам // Наша слова.pdf № 12 (116), 20 сакавіка 2024.;
Praca białoruska na niwie naukowej. Wywid z p. A. Łuckiewiczem // Kurjer Wileński. 1935. № 186.;

У беларускай гімназіі. Уражанні ад непасрэднага назіральніка // Наша слова.pdf № 12 (116), 20 сакавіка 2024.Praca białoruska na niwie naukowej. Wywid z p. A. Łuckiewiczem // Kurjer Wileński. 1935. № 186.;
G. K. W gimnazjum białoruskiem (Wrażenia bezpośredniego obserwatora) // Kurjer Wileński. 1934. № 340.

Bu yazıda, Türkiye'deki popüler dil tartışmalarında, dil kullanımının çoğunlukla doğru/yanlış karşıtlığında değerlendirilmesi irdelenmiştir. Son dönemlerde artan bu tartışmalara katılanlar, genellikle yanlış olduğunu düşündükleri kullanımları bulup derleyerek, onların doğrularını gösterme amacını gütmektedir. Sorunlu dil kullanımları değerlendirilirken, bazen kişisel görüşlere dayanılarak bazen de "Türkçede böyle bir şey yok!" denerek, bilimsellikten uzak bir şekilde, bir kullanımın yanlış olduğu söylenebilmektedir. Dilde bir sorunla karşılaşınca hemen doğru veya yanlış deme yerine, söz konusu kullanım dil bilgisel kurallar, toplumsal kabul edilebilirlik ve kurala dayalı bireysel yaratıcılık çerçevesinde değerlendirilmelidir. Ayrıca, popüler dil tartışmalarının amacı, sadece yanlışları bulup doğrularını göstermek değil, kişilerde dil bilincini yükseltmek olmalıdır.

У артыкуле разгледжана гістарыяграфія па пытаннях субкультуры дзяцінства Паўночнай Беларусі ў айчыннай гуманітарыстыцы. Вылучаны асноўныя перыяды ў вывучэнні праблематыкі, раскрыта значэнне даследаванняў і іх уклад у вывучэнне субкультуры дзяцінства. У артыкуле прааналізаваны працы, якія былі апублікаваныя з сярэдзіны ХІХ ст. і да нашага часу.

Aquest treball presenta una bibliografia exhaustiva classificada i comentada sobre les activitats i la recerca relatives a la planificacio del corpus. Es fa partint de la definicio que fa Kloss (1969) d&#39;aquesta planificacio i seguint les fases de l&#39;estandarditzacio linguistica establerta per Haugen (1983). El treball acaba amb una exposicio de la recerca que caldria fer a partir d&#39;ara i la que caldria continuar fent.

This chapter has the length of two because it includes material that validates the suggestions made in the First Chapter: that linguistics as we have learned to know it is a fake science and a kind of flat-earth society, that the participants’ actions are motivated by funding politics, on the one hand, and upholding the tyranny of self-perception on the other, which call for the rejection of objective standards; and why such realizations are perceived irrelevant.

Toplumdilbilimin bir alt alanı olan dilsel manzara; dilin kamusal alanlardaki görsel varlığını oluşturan afişler, tabelalar, reklamlar, grafitiler vb. gibi dilsel göstergelerden yola çıkarak çokdillilik, dil politikası, dilsel göstergelerin anlamları, sosyokültürel ilişkiler, güç dinamikleri, kimlik çatışmaları, kamusal alandaki yazılı dilin algılanışı gibi konulara odaklanır. Bu çalışma öncelikle dilsel manzara araştırmalarını tanıtmayı ve ilgili literatürün süreç içerisindeki geçirdiği evrimi göstermeyi amaçlamıştır. Bu sürecin tamamı Türkiye'deki dil odaklı tartışmalar ekseninde işlenmiş ve bu tartışmalara yeni bakış açıları kazandırılmaya çalışılmıştır. İkinci bölümdeyse çokdilli işaretlerde dil ilişkilerinin farklı boyutları gösterilmiş ve farklı metin türlerinde gözlemlenen dil ilişkileriyle ilgili bir sınıflandırma denemesi yapılmıştır. Bu yönüyle yazının hem Türkiye'deki dil tartışmalarına yeni bir yaklaşım kazandırması hem de genel olarak dilsel manzara literatürüne dil ilişkileri açısından katkı sağlaması beklenmektedir.