Languages in Contact

The surprising presence of Arabic anthroponyms in the Aramaic ostraca of Idumea, several centuries before the earliest known Arabic texts, reveals unexpected insights into interesting morphological phenomenon. This paper examines the Arabic anthroponyms found in this corpus to explore the status of case endings in ancient Arabic during the Persian Period. Current research on Arabic largely focuses on the internal historical and genealogical development of its case system. The corpus of anthroponyms of Persian Idumea uniquely reflect an intense language contact situation, a multi-ethnic and multilingual milieu which captures linguistic features from oral dialects otherwise not reflected in the historical epigraphic sources. Applying modern linguistic methodology, including cognitive linguistics, sociolinguistics, and language contact studies, we conceptualize the complex dynamics of oral communication in this setting. Specifically, we analyze the interaction between the lingua franca and lingua receptiva axes which likely shaped this linguistic phenomenon.

Although Robert Klein (1918–1967), well known for his erudition and the originality of his research, was an important, even paradigmatic figure for the field of art history in the twentieth century, no sustained study has yet been dedicated to his work. Klein undertook to rethink Renaissance art and its history from the Aristotelian notion of technē as early as the 1950s, long before anyone was interested in this other genealogy of Renaissance art. For him, the Mannerist work is intended to create awe and wonder, inviting the viewer to question the technical process, a combination of intelligence and manual skill, that made it possible to realize in this specific form. As his newly discovered papers and unpublished manuscripts testify, technē and Mannerism are far from being Klein’s only preoccupations. Other concepts have been studied with great originality by Klein, such as mnemonic art, paragone, dream, and responsibility.

This book, proceeding from a conference organized by Villa I Tatti, Kunsthistorisches Institut in Florence, and the Institut national d’histoire de l’art (INHA) in Paris, sheds light on Klein’s investigations as well as on the intellectual journey of an important art historian and philosopher of the past century.

Adverbs play a crucial role in language by providing additional information about various elements of a sentence such as verbs, adjectives, other adverbs, prepositional phrases, subordinate clauses, and even complete sentences. Very little attention has been given to usage-based approach to parts of speech, particularly the use of adverbs in different dialects, this study investigates the use of adverbs in Ngor-okpala dialect of Igbo. Adverbs in Igbo language is known as Nkwuwa or Enyemaka Ngwaa, Adverbs in the dialect are used to answer questions such as "Olee ?-where, Olee nke-which, Olee otu-how, Olee onye-who, Olee mgbe-when, Olee ihe-what, etc. It aims to understand their role, their varied usage, the implications they hold for linguistic expression and impact in the dialect. The study adopts a descriptive approach, identifying and analyzing adverbs and their usage in the Ngor-Okpala dialect, to reveal patterns of usage, syntactic structures, and semantic implications. This work adopts the Universal grammar theory. The study reveals that the use of various adverbs in the Ngor-okpala dialect help to convey details about how, when, where, how often, or to what extent an action occurs or a quality is expressed in the dialect, intensifying the meaning of the words they modify, making them a significant component of linguistic expression in Ngor-okpala dialect. The study concludes that adverb is an essential component of the dialect's linguistic expression, providing various details about actions, qualities, and relationships within sentences. An understanding of this is crucial for effective communication in the dialect where precision and clarity are paramount.

This work arises from the need to document the linguistic landscape of Roraima and to disseminate the findings to the scientific community. Alongside this demand is the field of language teaching, since it is nearly impossible not to associate linguistic description with education, especially considering that most local researchers are also involved in teacher education in undergraduate language programs.

This collection brings together six texts: three on Roraima Portuguese (covering pronominal variation, toponymy, and a synthesis of research on the variety of Portuguese spoken in Roraima); two on language teaching from the perspective of Applied Linguistics, addressing the teaching of both Portuguese and other languages; and one on the syntactic organization of sentences in Yekuana, a language spoken by peoples located between Roraima and Venezuela.

The authors of these texts are affiliated with institutions such as the Colégio de Aplicação of the Federal University of Roraima (CAP-UFRR), the Public Education Network of the State of Roraima (SEED-RR), the University of Pernambuco (UPE), the State University of Roraima (UERR), the Federal University of Roraima (UFRR), the Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), and the Federal University of Sergipe (UFS). These affiliations demonstrate the interaction between universities and basic education, particularly in the training of teachers engaged with the local linguistic context.

This work represents yet another bibliographic milestone, joining other editorial initiatives carried out by scholars and educators of the languages spoken in Roraima, in the far north of the Amazon region.

We are grateful for the support of EDIÇÕES UERR and for the special contributions of the reviewers, who assisted us in the selection and evaluation of the texts.

Logophorique et pronom destinataire en gbanzili (langue oubanguienne, Afrique centrale) : proprietes morphologiques et fonctionnement en discours rapporte (d'apres les donnees publiees dans Rombi et Thomas, Un continuum predicatif : le cas du gbanzili (Republique Centrafricaine), Peeters, 2006).

■ Data comes from the Guaraché-Child Corpus, (ADOP, language documentation project, funded through the DoBeS Dokumentation bedrohter Sprachen initiative by Volkswagen Foundation, the data is The Language Archive, TLA, MPI, Nijmegen: www.mpi.nl/dobes/ache) ■ Descriptive account of Guaraché Negation, compared to the three source languages: Aché, Paraguayan Guaraní, and Paraguayan Spanish ■ First quantitative analysis of negation data among adult caretakers and the child/teenage speakers, the latter being considered, in our research, the first generation of L1 speakers of Guaraché 'The jaguar never tried to run, he was really brave.' (2) No sé qué día es. 'I don't know what day (it) is.' (3) Me pasa la leche, no más.

This contribution provides a description of Maltese from a perspective of language contact: this language, in fact, reflects the history of the Maltese islands and the various permutations that have characterised it. Language contact is described and investigated through the lens of the lexicon and
morphology, and focuses mainly on the Italo-Romance strata of Maltese. In the second part of the contribution, some sociolinguistic considerations are outlined, especially in relation to Italian in Malta today, where the increasing number of Italian migrants has led to new milieus in which this language
is used.

La légitimation du pouvoir politique en question…………………………….. OUATTARA Kesséto E. (Université Felix Houphouët-Boigny -Côte d'ivoire) Mogoya et prévention des conflits : repenser la cohésion sociale et la paix en Afrique subsaharienne …………………………………….………… BORUGH BU DJORH Antoine (Université Omar Bongo -Gabon) Le concept de « force du droit » chez Hobbes à la lumière des lectures critiques de Rousseau et Kant…………………………………………………… BALDÉ Moctarou (Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar -Sénégal) La problématique de l'union du corps et de l'âme : Descartes et Spinoza…. MICKALA Cyrille (Université Omar Bongo -Gabon) BISSA-BI-NZUE Astride (Ecole Normale Supérieure -Gabon) Pensée technoscientifique et dépoétisation du monde. Autour de science et esthétique chez Maurice Merleau-Ponty…………………………………..…… COULIBALY Katinan Timothée (Université Alassane Ouattara -Côte d'Ivoire) L'Afrique sous le pouvoir des dictateurs : analyse politico-sociale de la longévité au pouvoir……………………………………………………….. KOUTTE Moussa (Université de N'Djaména -Tchad) Appropriation des projets de renforcement de la résilience climatique dans le Sahel : cas des aménagements climato-résilients dans le département du Guera/Tchad……………………………………………….. La libre circulation des personnes en Afrique centrale à l'épreuve de la gestion du covid : quelles ont été les conséquences à la frontière Gabon-Cameroun ?.

This paper aims to investigate the usage and frequency of what we refer to as K-suffixes in Classical New Persian of the ninth to thirteenth centuries, Contemporary Written Persian of the late nineteenth to mid-twentieth centuries, and Contemporary Spoken Persian. It shows that K-suffixes are most likely to be the reflexes of earlier evaluative morphemes, traditionally called “diminutives,” and are characterized by a high degree of multifunctionality. While evaluative functions continue to dominate in the Classical New Persian works, they have largely been lost in contemporary spoken Persian, and the suffix is now systematically used to express definiteness. The development of the K-suffix as a definiteness marker in contemporary colloquial Persian appears to be innovative, and is mainly dependent on genre, speaker, and speech situation.Data for Classical New Persian is taken from critical editions of works from the ninth to thirteenth centuries. The data for Contemporary Written Pe...

This paper analyzes some aspects of the cultural history of northern Albania that reveal patterns and linguistic elements reflecting a network of intense mutual relations that developed over the centuries on both sides of the Adriatic. One example of these relations is the oldest printed Albanian book, commonly referred to as the «Meshari» by Gjon Buzuku (1555). The alphabet used in this book is based on the Latin alphabet, but also contains some Cyrillic letters adopted from the Bosnian variant. Another example from much later times is the activity of Father Vincenzo Basile, a Jesuit missionary in Albania, Croatia and Herzegovina. He is the author and translator of religious works in Albanian and Croatian. He can be considered an important figure in the development and dissemination of religious exts in the first half of the 19th century.

As more written language data become available, the interest in written language mixing / codeswitching (LM/CS) is increasing (Sebba, Mahootian & Jonsson 2012; Sebba 2013). LM/CS in non-naturalistic (e.g., literary) texts raises issues related to gauging (1) the authenticity and representativity of a textual corpus, and deciding (2) whether categories/mechanisms of spoken LM/CS apply to written LM/CS.1 We focus on Guarani-Spanish LM/CS (Jopara) as represented in the Paraguayan novel Ramona Quebranto (RQ). We apply the framework of Muysken (1997; 2000; 2013), developed as a taxonomy of spoken LM/CS. Our contribution extends its applicability to written LM/CS. We show that Jopara has a mix of insertional and backflagging strategies, with infrequent alternations.

In this paper we examine the use of Guarani affixes and clitics in colloquial Paraguayan Spanish. We depart from the traditional view of these as "borrowings, " and instead explore the idea that these phenomena can be integrated within Muysken's ( , 2013Muysken's ( , 2014) ) typology of code-mixing. We claim that most of these uses may stem from a strategy of backflagging that bilingual speakers employ to mark their use of a (historical, colonial) L2 (Spanish) with elements from the original community L1 (Guarani). In so doing, however, we identify some problematic areas in applying Muysken's model to these data. We conclude by showing how this perspective shift in the analysis of Guarani-Spanish contact phenomena can both increase our understanding of this particular contact situation, as well as of code-mixing typology.

Previous studies view the use of Guarani grammatical morphemes in Paraguayan Spanish simply as grammatical borrowings (if one focuses on the morphosyntactic status of mixed forms) or as an ill-defined “interference”. But so far there has been no examination of the bilingual planning mechanisms that license and constrain these language mixes. In this paper, I explore the idea that the emergence of grammatical borrowings can be explained by message conceptualization procedures that are influenced by asymmetries in each language’s cognitive dominance. This work thus contributes to our understanding of language contact by applying what we know about language processing and utterance planning to explaining the outcomes observed in language mixing. In so doing, I hope to facilitate a tighter integration between the psycholinguistic planning and language contact literatures.

Regreso a la ciudad lingüística celebra las tres primeras décadas de andadura del Grupo de investigación Vernáculo Urbano Malagueño (Grupo VUM), fundado en 1995 por Juan Andrés Villena Ponsoda. Este volumen conmemorativo presenta un conjunto de estudios inéditos que exploran exhaustivamente las particularidades del español hablado en Málaga, ciudad que, a lo largo de estos años, ha visto una notable evolución en sus dinámicas sociales y culturales que se manifiestan directamente en la manera en que se comunican sus habitantes. El Grupo VUM, reconocido por su enfoque innovador y su aplicación de metodologías tanto cuantitativas como cualitativas, ha desarrollado estudios detallados en los niveles fonético, morfosintáctico, léxico y pragmático de esta variedad urbana. Todos esos niveles tienen cabida en Regreso a la ciudad lingüística.
A partir de corpus que abarcan diferentes periodos históricos, el libro ofrece una perspectiva diacrónica de la evolución lingüística en Málaga. La obra se distingue, además, por su enfoque interdisciplinario, integrando aportes de la antropología, la sociología y la etnografía, lo que permite un análisis más profundo de la interacción entre el lenguaje y factores sociales como el género, la edad y la identidad.
Pero Regreso a la ciudad lingüística no es solo un tributo académico, sino también un reconocimiento a la ciudadanía malagueña, cuyo apoyo y colaboración han sido fundamentales para el desarrollo de las investigaciones del Grupo VUM. Este libro busca, finalmente, inspirar a futuras generaciones para continuar explorando la rica y dinámica realidad lingüística de Málaga con el propósito de valorar su diversidad cultural

This paper presents a comprehensive overview of Slavic diasporic communities worldwide from the early 20th century to the present, integrating historical, demographic, sociolinguistic, and linguistic perspectives. It critically examines the complex relationships among key parameters used to describe diasporas, with particular attention to how sociopolitical and extralinguistic factors influence the formation and evolution of scholarly paradigms. By comparing various diaspora contexts, the study highlights both shared patterns and unique developments, offering insights into the current status, challenges, and future prospects for the study of Slavic languages in diasporic settings.

English-based and Dutch-based languages. 299 pages. Volume II: Portuguese-based, Spanish-based, and French-based languages. 285 pages. Volume III: Contact languages based on languages from Africa, Asia, Australia and the Americas. 176 pages. New York. Oxford University Press.

As a linguist and etymologist researcher, I have worked for more than 20 years on creating an etymological dictionary of the Romanian language, which I recently completed. The dictionary includes almost all the representative words of the Romanian language, without including neologisms or a significant number of less used archaisms and regionalisms. It therefore contains all the words of importance from an etymological point of view of the Romanian language, that is, they were selected according to a criterion that took into account the history of the language, especially its origin, this criterion being essential in in the compilation of an etymological dictionary. Neologisms, of course, also have an important role in speech, some of which are even currently used, but from the perspective of the origin of the language and its historical evolution, their importance is minimal. My dictionary contains a total of 3644 words, of which 2080 are of Dacian origin, 801 of Latin origin, 304 of Slavic origin, 48 of Hungarian origin, 137 of Greek origin and 274 of Turkish origin. These figures give a good idea of the importance that terms of different origins have in the composition of the vocabulary of the Romanian language, but even more relevant than them are the percentages that words of different origins have in the main lexical fund of the language, because they show very precisely the weight that these lexical elements have in current speech, in other words, their importance in the language. And here, things are as follows: in the main lexical fund, established at a figure of 1922 terms, the words of Dacian origin number 796 (i.e. 41.42%), those of Latin origin are 615 (i.e. 32%), those of Slavic origin, 130 (i.e. 6.76%), those of Hungarian origin, 11 (i.e. 0.57%), those of Greek origin, 45 (i.e. 2.34%), and the words of Turkish origin are 37 (i.e. 1.93%). The rest of the words in the main lexical fund (until 1922) are represented by neologisms: 189 words of French origin (9.83%), 21 words of Italian origin (1.09%), 15 words of German origin (0.78%), 6 words of English origin (0.31%). There are also a number of 46 neologisms (2.39%) borrowed from Latin through scholarship. As can be easily seen, following the numbers above, in terms of its original-historical composition, the Romanian language is not, as is traditionally considered, a purely Romance language, but a Daco-Romance one, with the specification that the Dacian lexical fund is even predominant. Of course, this may surprise readers who, since their earliest school years, have been constantly instilled with the idea that the Romanian language is an essentially Romance language, both in terms of lexicon and grammatical structure. But it will also, of course, surprise foreign readers and researchers, who only know the version of linguists accredited by the Romanian Academy, regarding the origin of the Romanian language. According to this version, Romanian is a Romance language, just like Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Catalan and others that are somewhat less well-known. In reality, as we have shown, things are not like that at all! And the differentiation of Romanian from the mentioned languages is due, as we will see, to the very different conditions in which Roman rule took place in these countries. In Dacia, Roman rule, as we will show in detail below, lasted only 165 years and covered a very small territory, while in Gaul (today's France), Iberia (today's Spain and Portugal) this rule extended over approximately five centuries, and Roman influence was manifested here even before the conquest of these territories by the Empire. Returning to the influence of the Dacian and Latin languages on Romanian, we must say that, regarding the grammatical structure, things are more unclear, because, since no texts

The current computational era heralds a multitude of challe nges for linguists, mathematicians and computer scientists alike. The investi gation of linguistic feature consistencies, their implications in historical ling uistics and the detection of possible geographical and phylogenetical influences in f eature behaviors will steadily unveil the importance of each language characteri stic and its associated historical role in language evolution. The wish to develop n ew methods has made the integration of various disciplines necessary. Consequ ently, the role of computer science (and more specifically bioinformatics) has ri sen in the study of linguistic processes. By combining the strengths of bioinform atics algorithms, mathematical procedures, statistical knowledge and databases developing methodologies, various strategies have been developed and applied to the phylogenetic reconstruction of language evolution, but up till now only on s mall scales. The analysis of a worldwide ty...

This research describes the linguistic adaptation of Bali transmigrants on the mainland of Southeast Sulawesi, specifically in relation to phonological, morphological, grammatical, loanword, and language proficiency aspects. To address these issues, data collection methods such as interviews, observations, and surveys were employed. The results of the research indicated that the linguistic adaptation of Bali transmigrants can be observed phonologically, with the disappearance of retroflex sounds /t/ and /d/ among the younger generation. Generally, Bali transmigrants have limited knowledge of standardized Bali vocabulary, as evidenced by imprecise word usage. Morphologically, the formation of words combines Indonesian root forms with Balinese affixes. In terms of syntax, the use of Indonesian sentences is often accompanied by particles such as ji, mi, toh, and ki, along with the distinctive intonation of the local ethnic group. Vocabulary borrowing, particularly related to agriculture, was also commonly observed. Proficiency in colloquial language was more dominant than in formal language. Most participants were unfamiliar with formal Balinese vocabulary.

This interesting volume represents a collection of high quality essays that touch on some of the more recent and "controversial" topics in creole studies in the last 10 years. In some ways, this volume represents the shift away from dominant debates or dichotomies that had previously defined creole studies, e.g., superstrata versus substrata, substrata versus universals (or the language bio-program hypothesis [LBH]). Bickerton's work on the LBH dominated much of the creolistics research of the 1980s-1990s, even if most of the research in print reflected significantly more detractors arguing against the hypothesis than supporters of it. In the same way, McWhorter's 1998 article has come to dominate much of the research in the early 21st century. Most work seems not to support his Prototype Hypothesis (PH), but to argue against it. Several of the articles in the present volume are reactions to/against McWhorter's work. The book is dedicated to the memory of Jacques Arends. In fact, the last article (pp. 223-241) represents one of Jacques's last published works (written in collaboration with his students) since his death in 2005. As many have already written, he and his excellent scholarship will be missed. This volume of 11 papers contains a subset of those that were presented at the "Second International Workshop on the Phonology and Morphology of Creole Languages", held at the University of Siegen in October 2003. As the (sub)title suggests, the book is divided into three parts: "Section 1: segmental aspects" (pp. 3-82); "Section 2: Syllabic aspects" (pp. 85-150); and "Section 3: Morphological aspects" (pp. 153-241). Instead of giving an inventory of all the articles, I will touch upon the chapters that I found the most illuminating or provocative. The first article, by Thomas B. , presents an inventory of phonemes in so-called creole languages. Klein concludes that, as regards vowels and consonants, creole languages are fairly typical (i.e., the typological middle ground) in terms of phonemic inventory among the world's languages. That is, there is nothing reduced or simplified about the phonemes in creoles. He writes: "The vast majority of Creole languages exhibit the typical non-Creole inventory size of 20-37 phonemes" (p. 8). Klein reaches this conclusion by comparing creole

Twitter contains an abundance of linguistic data from the real world. We examine Twitter for user-generated content in low-resource languages such as local Indonesian. For NLP to work in Indonesian, it must consider local dialects, geographic context, and regional culture influence Indonesian languages. This paper identifies the problems we faced when constructing a Local Indonesian NLP dataset. Furthermore, we are developing a framework for creating, collecting, and classifying Local Indonesian datasets for NLP. Using twitter's geolocation tool for automatic annotating.

Dutch is perhaps not the first language one would mention when discussing pluricentric languages, but it functions as a language in several countries and it has three recognized standard varieties which are officially considered to be equal. In this article, we point out that the pluricentric nature of Dutch is a recent phenomenon and, despite the official equality of the varieties, the dominance of Dutch Dutch is still undeniable. This dominance is noticeable when Dutch is taught as a foreign language: Textbooks still focus on Dutch Dutch. As such, it is of importance that future teachers are made aware of the pluricentric status of Dutch (see also De Wilde, 2019). To achieve this goal, we suggest that university departments of Dutch engage in a self-evaluation to test whether they prepare their students to take up this role. In this chapter, we present background information on Dutch as a pluricentric language in Sections 9.2 and 9.3, and the dominance of Dutch Dutch in general and its dominance in textbooks for teaching Dutch in Section 9.4. Section 9.5 presents criteria for self-evaluation and Section 9.6 illustrates these criteria on the basis of the Department of Dutch Studies at the University of Oldenburg, Germany, as an example. Section 9.7 concludes our chapter. Dutch coexists in Europe with some of the world's largest languages, which may create the false impression that Dutch is a 'small' language. However, it is a language of medium importance. It has approximately 24 million L1 speakers worldwide, it is number 61 in the worldwide Ethnologue 200 ranking 1 , counted by the number of native speakers, and it is the 12th most commonly used language on the internet (Taalunie, n.d.). 2 It currently functions as a language in several countries, both as an official language and as an unofficial regional minority language. It is an official language in six countries, in Europe and South America. It is of course an official language in the Netherlands where it is spoken by approximately 17 million people.

Data collection was funded by UCMEXUS and CONACYT (Mexico) (Grant No. CN0255). We express our gratitude to research assistant, Matt Kanwit of UGA, to Jien Chen and Wei Zhang of the Statistical Consulting Center of UGA, and to the two anonymous reviewers for their insightful comments. Any remaining errors are ours.

The first part of this chapter reviews the research on the Maroon Creoles of Suriname (and French Guiana) showing that research to date has primarily focused on genesis-based, structural linguistic issues to the detriment of sociolinguistic and linguistic anthropological issues. This has much inhibited interaction with other disciplines such as anthropology and education that also have an interest in Maroon Culture and (mis)represented them as relatively static and rural languages despite the fact that their speakers have undergone rapid urbanization and social change in the last thirty years. The second part of the paper explores language practices among Kwinti and Matawai Maroons, two understudied and endangered Maroon languages, showing that while the latter is still regularly practiced as a community language in the village context, the former appears to have become an ethnic register of a generalized (eastern) Maroon variety. Matawai, Kwinti, Creoles of Suriname, code switching, sociolinguistics

A Termini magyar–magyar szótár és adatbázis 2007-től érhető el a Termini Magyar Nyelvi Kutatóhálózat weboldalán. Az internetes lexikográfiai adatbázisban azok a határon túli magyar nyelvváltozatokban előforduló államnyelvi kölcsönzések találhatók meg, amelyeket több évtizednyi szociolingvisztikai kutatómunka eredményeként gyűjtöttek össze a Magyarországgal szomszédos államokban élő nyelvészkutatók. A 2025. április 6-i állapot alapján a szótár 5577 szócikket tartalmazott, amelybe a hét határon túli régió (Felvidék, Kárpátalja, Erdély, Vajdaság, Horvátország, Muravidék, Őrvidék) anyaga mellett beletartoznak a magyar nyelv archaizmusai és a közmagyar nyelvhasználatban általánosan elterjedt kifejezések is. Az adatbázis folyamatos fejlesztés alatt áll a nyolc országból származó szerkesztőbizottság által, akik a Termini Magyar Nyelvi Kutatóhálózat különböző kutatóintézeteihez tartoznak.

This article examines Arabic loanwords in Basa Magindanawn (the Maguindanao language), as documented in what is widely considered the first Maguindanao dictionary: the Moro-Maguindanao-Spanish Dictionary, compiled by the Spanish Jesuit Jacinto Juanmartí and published in the late 19th century. The primary objective is to identify and compile all Arabic-derived terms included in this work-those explicitly labeled by the author as Arabic, those described as Malay but demonstrably of Arabic origin, and others with Arabic roots that are not overtly specified. In the second phase of the study, these terms are categorized into semantic fields based on the Spanish definitions provided by Juanmartí. This thematic classification allows for a nuanced analysis of the linguistic and cultural dimensions of the loanwords. The ultimate aim is to establish a foundation for future research, fostering deeper investigation into the Maguindanao language and encouraging new perspectives on this topic. In addition, the study emphasizes the value of such research in supporting the preservation of the Maguindanao language and in highlighting the broader linguistic and cultural diversity of the Philippines-particularly in Mindanao and other regions where Maguindanao is spoken. The methodology follows a philological and linguistic approach, centered on the analysis of Arabic terms and expressions found in Juanmartí's dictionary. Arabic equivalents are identified, and where relevant, comparisons are made regarding their usage in both Maguindanao and Arabic. Findings reveal a significant presence of Arabic loanwords in Maguindanao, many of which retain meanings close to their original forms. While religious terminology is most prevalent, numerous terms also relate to daily life, social customs, personal traits, ethical values, and belief systems-underscoring the profound cultural influence of Islam within the Maguindanao community.

A expressão da Libras se dá majoritariamente pelas mãos, mas também envolve expressões faciais e corporais e o uso do espaço de sinalização. As produções manuais podem ser, de maneira geral, de dois tipos: sinais lexicais e datilolologia. Esta última se refere à soletração manual de palavras do português escrito por meio de configurações de mão, CM, que representam as letras do alfabeto. O uso da datilologia e a consequente formação de sinais datilológicos resulta do contato com a língua portuguesa. O presente artigo discute a variação fonético-fonológica na letra manual ‘E’, observada durante a soletração manual e a produção de sinais datilológicos. Nessas produções, percebeu-se a ocorrência de alguns processos fonológicos como a assimilação. Resultados preliminares sugerem os dois possíveis alofones para a letra manual “E”, cuja realização é influenciada pelo segmento vizinho da letra manual. Proponho que os dois alofones da letra manual “E” já identificados sejam representados po...

Who is the linguistics studies' the one of innovators in Turkey, Prof. Dr. Doğan Aksan is very important scientist who fall in love with Turkish, reweal the richness and power of expression of our mother tangue. He displays a lot of European turcologits' delussions as A. von Gabain, R. Giraud, J. Kramsky for Turkish with his studies. Aksan, who writes a lot of * Yrd. Doç. Dr., Fırat üniversitesi Eğitim Fak. Türkçe Eğitimi Bölümü.

This paper investigates transgenerational change in the use of formal address forms among Polish heritage speakers in Germany by analyzing their language attitudes and usage preferences. The survey-based study involved 100 bilingual Polish speakers with a migration background, including both late and early immigrants vs. representatives of the first and second generations, respectively. The survey included two parts: (1) a questionnaire assessing language attitudes toward formal address systems in Polish and German, respectively, and (2) an Acceptability Judgment Task evaluating respondents' preferences for different address variants, including contact-induced hybrid forms, in simulated communicative situations. By comparing language attitudes and usage preferences among heritage speakers, the study seeks to identify mechanisms of transgenerational change in pragmatics of their heritage language. The findings reveal a discrepancy between language attitudes and actual language use by heritage speakers. While respondents recognize asymmetries between Polish and German formal address systems, their usage preferences align predominantly with the Polish monolingual norm, particularly in perceptually oriented tasks. However, the emergence of hybrid forms of formal address suggests a gradual shift toward increased tolerance and acceptance of contact-induced variations. This finding supports the hypothesis that pragmatics, like other linguistic levels, undergoes a transgenerational shift in migration settings, with language attitudes serving as earlier indicators of change.

This article presents new data on previously undescribed Romani varieties spoken in the eastern part of the Republic of North Macedonia, specifically in the geographical region of Maleshevo. We show that this is a South Balkan dialect that differs from other South Balkan dialects spoken in North Macedonia (especially in Skopje), while sharing several features with the Romani dialects of southwestern Bulgaria. This pattern corresponds to the geographical distribution of South Slavic dialects. Following South Slavic terminology, these Romani varieties can be referred to as Maleshevo-Pirin Romani. In addition to describing typical dialectal features, this study pays special attention to borrowings from local Macedonian dialects.

This paper challenges the prevailing etymological assumption that the Ilocano word dambel—commonly used to mean “fool” or “idiot”—is derived from the English word dumbbell. Instead, it proposes that dambel originates from the Chinese colloquial term 笨蛋 (bèndàn), which holds the same semantic meaning and bears a phonetically parallel structure. Through phonological comparison and historical contextualization, this study argues that the term dambel likely evolved through contact with Chinese migrants and traders, especially those speaking regional dialects such as Hokkien or Cantonese. The analysis includes evidence of Chinese linguistic influence on Philippine languages, particularly during the Spanish colonial era, and underscores the semantic and emotional congruence between dambel and bèndàn. This etymological reassessment not only corrects a linguistic misattribution but also highlights the enduring multicultural intertwinings present in Ilocano vocabulary.

According to the principle of invariance of linguistic complexity, every language shows a similar degree of complexity, although it may be distributed across different levels and structures. However, it is difficult to give empirical substance to this principle because it is not easy to say what complexity is and how it should be measured. In addition, a diachronic trade-off has been suggested, for instance between morphology and syntax, whereby previous morphological complexity may be discharged in favor of greater syntactic complexification. Furthermore, language contact has been observed to start simplification processes leading to inherently less complex languages such as pidgins and creoles. In this paper, it will be suggested that morphologization should be considered as the response in terms of complexity reduction to changes that render opaque morphological alternations. A case study will be discussed in support, that is drawn from Titsch, a variety of Walser German spoken in the highly multilingual context of the linguistic island of Gressoney.

There are two main objects in studying the African languages typologically. According to the Greenberg(1963a) we are searching for the universals of human language comparing the structure of genetically unrelated languages. In this line we are also searching for the diversities of the grammatical structures which do not violate the limit of the linguistic structure. Secondly we do study the language structure in order to know the relationship with other neighboring languages. Nilotic languages, which belong to the Nilo-Saharan language family, have been least studied because of the difficulties of access in the area where they are spoken. In this article I tried to characterize the main features of the structure typologically. I divided them into three parts, namely the phonological, morphological and syntactic properties. I found many interesting features, like whispered, breathy and creaky voices, which are contrasted to differentiate lexical meaning and also the grammatical functions like number category. ATR feature functions to harmonize the vowel within word. Within consonant system I found that Nilotics lack fricative sound completely, and if there is any, it is /h/ or /s/.
To mark the grammatical relationship within clause, most Nilotic utilize three main strategies, namely word order, case marking and subject, object pronominal agreement marking on verb. There are, however some varieties according to the constituents-order. Western Nilotic language like Dinke, Shilluk have basically OVS order, however in determining the order it seems that the discourse pragmatic factors like topicalization play more important role. Case marking is represented not by affixes as we know often, but by non-linear elements like tone or voicing features. At the end, we tried to explain why Luo or Datooga, so called languages in periphery have in some sense the deviated features like word order or tense system. In conclusion, we come to consider the influences from neighboring languages like Bantu, Central Sudanic or Cushitic. Due to the contact, the grammatical structure can be changed drastically.

This paper offers a preliminary investigation into the reconstruction of several consonants of Proto-Southeastern Mande (PSEM), a proposed primary branch of the Mande language family. Utilizing comparative data compiled from Vydrin (2007, 2009), we examine tentative reflexes of proposed PSEM stops (*p, *t, *k, *kp), voiced stops/implosive (*ɓ, *d, *g, *gb), and the fricative (*s) in daughter languages. This analysis explicitly addresses the challenges inherent in historical reconstruction, particularly concerning the interpretation of potentially irregular sound changes and the tentative nature of reconstructed proto-forms. We explore potential factors contributing to irregularity, such as conditioned changes, lexical diffusion, borrowing, areal effects, and/or analogy. While acknowledging the thorough and expert nature of Vydrin's work, upon which this study heavily relies, we acknowledge room for error and a need for future research with more diverse sources. The paper concludes with a discussion of phonological innovations supporting a tentative internal classification of Southeastern Mande into Southern (Guro-Yaure, Mwan-Wan-Beng, Dan-Tura-Mano) and Eastern (Busa-Boko, San-Kyenga) branches. This classification will be compared with existing hypotheses, particularly Vydrin's, and we will discuss potential avenues for future research needed to solidify these findings.

This paper presents the results of a study on Basque-French intrasentential code- switching. More specifically, the paper studies the case of prepositional phrase (PP) insertion among Basque-French bilinguals in the Northern Basque Country. The data show a clear tendency to insert PPs that function as syntactic islands, in contrast with so-called lexical insertions (N). This tendency is dominant when Basque is the base or matrix language. Nevertheless, when French is the matrix language, the opposite happens, and the ‘classic’ code-switching becomes dominant. As a conclusion, this crossing is proposed to be the result of some phonological constraints.

Music is an art that is generally practiced and most available of all the arts. In most Nigerian cultures especially in Igbo culture, musical activities are organized to meet the demands of the people in all situations of life be it good or bad. It cuts across all stages of the developmental processes of man, from childhood to old age. At each stage, music plays some significant roles in the lives of the people. Music is part and parcel of Igbo culture. Igbo society provides avenues like ceremonies, festivals, and burials to mention but a few through which music are expressed. This paper among other things tries to examine the impact of folk music In Igbo culture, the place of music in the promotion of sustainable rural development. Selected Igbo folk songs with subject matters geared towards maintenance of peace in Igbo societies were also analyzed.

Music is an art that is generally practiced and most available of all the arts. In most Nigerian cultures especially in Igbo culture, musical activities are organized to meet the demands of the people in all situations of life be it good or bad. It cuts across all stages of the developmental processes of man, from childhood to old age. At each stage, music plays some significant roles in the lives of the people. Music is part and parcel of Igbo culture. Igbo society provides avenues like ceremonies, festivals, and burials to mention but a few through which music are expressed. This paper among other things tries to examine the impact of folk music In Igbo culture, the place of music in the promotion of sustainable rural development. Selected Igbo folk songs with subject matters geared towards maintenance of peace in Igbo societies were also analyzed.

The article discusses the project of an annotated bilingual speech corpus of the Albanian historical diaspora, which is located in four Albanian-speaking villages in the Priazov’ye and Budjak regions. Using the corpus to study bilingual speech behaviour will help us solve some research problems that are of interest to bilingualism researchers. These problems relate to two types of contact-related phenomena: code switching and borrowing. In the present paper, we analyze the main approaches to the interpretation of single-word insertions in one language into speech in another language and study methods of transcribing linguistic data and annotating contact phenomena in some existing corpora of bilingual speech. Theoretical and practical solutions for selection, metatext markup and transcription of texts are proposed, and then an attempt is made to develop a standard for the annotation of contact-related phenomena in the spontaneous oral speech of bilinguals, which can subsequently be applied in similar corpora. In conclusion, the prospects for using the created corpus and further developing corpus resources for the Albanian language are discussed.

El panorama lingüístico actual hispanoamericano se caracteriza, como es bien sabido, por la coexistencia del español con un importante número de lenguas indígenas. En este sentido, el reconocimiento del multilingüismo de un país implica el respeto a su ...

Language serves as a crucial mechanism in the construction of social identity and the articulation of group belonging. In contexts of population migration and mobility, linguistic practices are subject to continuous transformation, shaped by shifting spatial and temporal dynamics. The Gansu–Qinghai region, characterized by successive waves of population movement throughout history, has consequently developed a remarkably diverse linguistic and cultural landscape. This study seeks to explore the multidimensional relationships between language and human populations by drawing on historical records and scholarly research on the Bao’an ethnic group, alongside linguistic data from the Bao’an language and existing genetic evidence pertaining to related populations. 语言是构建社会身份和归属感的重要方式。在人群迁徙或移动的过程
中，在不同的时空背景下，人群使用的语言也不断发生变化。甘青区域的人群在历史的长河中往复更替，形成现在语言文化极具多样性的面貌。本文通过保安族相关的历史材料、研究，结合保安语及目前已有的相关人群基因方面的证据，试图理解语言和人群之间多维度的关系。

Why is the word "hear" ‫)ִׁשְמָע(‬ repeated ten times in Nehemiah's memoir? This article argues that the literary motif of "hearing" ‫)ִׁשְמָע(‬ serves important structural and thematic roles within the narratives of Neh 1-7. First, the motif governs the development of the narratives regarding the rebuilding of the Jerusalem wall. Second, "hearing" also marks the various attempts to retard the progress of the rebuilding. Third, this literary trope plays a role in manifesting Nehemiah's darker side, which is most evident in chs. 5 and 13. Finally, this literary trope also signals the intensification of opposition to Nehemiah's work by external enemies. Attention is also paid to how Nehemiah's "hearing" differs from that of his adversaries and what the leitmotif reveals about Nehemiah and his antagonists.

Ambivalent voice" or "voice ambivalence" denotes a linguistic phenomenon where a single grammatical marker or form encapsulates multiple voices in a language. The present study focuses on the ambivalent voice of the dialect Linxia, a northwestern Sinitic language, employing descriptive and comparative methods to analyze its syntactic and semantic features. In Linxia, the causative, passive, and applicative voices are unified under the enclitic marker ti, contrasting with the prevalent use of the verb GIVE in adjacent languages. Nonetheless, due to deep contact with neighboring Altaic-type languages (Turko-Mongolic), the Linxia dialect exhibits linguistic convergence within the Gansu-Qinghai area.